L’origine de la sismicité intermédiaire est discutée dans la communauté scientifique depuis des décennies. L’occurrence des séismes sous des conditions élevées en pression et température ne peut pas être expliquée par les modèles classiques qui reposent sur le comportement fragile des matériaux. Les observations géophysiques combinées aux calculs thermodynamiques montrent que dans les zones de subduction, une partie des tremblements de terre du plan Wadati-Benioff supérieur peut être corrélée avec l’éclogitisation des schistes bleus de la croûte océanique. Ces interprétations, basées sur la géophysique et la modélisation thermodynamique, sont supportées par la présence des pseudotachylites dans les roches de haute pression sur le terrain. La motivation de cette thèse est d’établir un lien entre les réactions métamorphiques pendant l’éclogitisation des schistes bleus/granulites et la formation des séismes intermédiaires en utilisant des méthodes expérimentales (D-DIA et Griggs). Les résultats expérimentaux sur tous les échantillons testés démontrent que la densification pendant les réactions d’éclogitisation joue un rôle clé dans l’activation des mécanismes fragiles, mis en lumière par l’enregistrement d’émissions acoustiques pendant les expériences. Pour les expériences réalisées sur les échantillons de schistes bleus, la transition ductile-fragile est associée à la dégradation thermique du glaucophane pendant la réaction lawsonite- éclogite. Ce résultat est en accord avec la relocalisation et la fréquence de la sismicité intermédiaire dans la partie supérieure du plan Wadati-Benioff. Les résultats préliminaires sur la déformation des granulites montrent que les évènements fragiles enregistrés à haute pression et haute température sont associés à la dégradation thermique des plagioclases, qui induit par une importante réduction de volume. Ces résultats sont également en accord avec les observations géophysiques et géologiques. La distribution des émissions acoustiques enregistrées pendant les expériences révèlent des lois de Gutenberg-Richter similaires à celles observées pour les tremblements de terre naturels. Grace aux corrélations entre nos résultats expérimentaux et les connaissances sur les séismes intermédiaires naturels, nous concluons que les mécanismes expliquant la sismicité pendant nos expériences peuvent expliquer la formation des séismes intermédiaires naturels. Nous proposons ainsi que le processus de densification pendant les réactions d’éclogitisation, qui est associé à une réduction de la taille des grains, est un mécanisme d’affaiblissement commun qui peut expliquer la sismicité intermédiaire. / The origin of intermediate-depth seismicity has been debated for decades, because its formation at elevated depths cannot be explained by classic rock fracture and friction theory. Geophysical and field observations demonstrate that intermediate-depth earthquakes occur in hydrous rocks of the subducting oceanic crust as well as in nominally anhydrous rocks of the lower continental crust. n subduction zones the eclogitization of blueschist correlates very well with the relocation of intermediate-depth earthquakes forming the upper Wadati-Benioff plane and in continent-continent collision zones seismicity is recorded in areas of partially eclogitized granulites. The aim of this thesis is to experimentally investigate the potential of metamorphic reactions during eclogitization on the formation of intermediate-depth earthquakes in the oceanic and the continental crust. For the deformation experiments (D-DIA and Griggs) natural samples, were selected to study the eclogitization of blueschist and granulite in the laboratory. Experimental results on all investigated samples demonstrate that densification during eclogite-facies reaction plays a key role to enable faulting accompanied by acoustic emissions in the laboratory. In blueschist samples the breakdown of glaucophane during the transition from lawsonite-blueschist to lawsonite-eclogite acts as trigger for brittle failure. This is in good agreement with the relocation and frequency of natural intermediate-depth earthquakes of the upper Wadati-Benioff-plane. The preliminary results on granulite deformation show that the breakdown of plagioclase, accompanied by a pronounced volume decrease, weakens the sample to enable brittle failure at high-pressure/high-temperature conditions. Also these results match very well with geophysical and field observations. Gutenberg-Richter distribution of the acoustic emissions reveal that the events recorded during deformation follow the same physical law as earthquakes in nature. Together with the good correlation to natural observation we conclude that natural seismic events are caused by the same underlying mechanisms as our small lab-earthquakes. Based on the experimental results on various natural rock samples we propose densification in conjunction with grain-size reduction during eclogitization as a common weakening mechanism for intermediate-depth earthquakes in lower crustal rocks.

La vérification formelle de programme n'apporte pas de garantie complète si l'outil de vérification est incorrect. Et, si un programme est vérifié au niveau source, le compilateur pourrait introduire des bugs. Les compilateurs et vérifieurs actuels sont complexes. Pour simplifier l'analyse et la transformation de code, ils utilisent des représentations intermédiaires (IR) de programme, qui ont de fortes propriétés structurelles et sémantiques. Cette thèse étudie d'un point de vue sémantique et formel les IRs, afin de faciliter la preuve de ces outils. Nous étudions d'abord une IR basée registre du bytecode Java. Nous prouvons un théorème sur sa génération, explicitant ce que la transformation préserve (l'initialisation d'objet, les exceptions) et ce qu'elle modifie et comment (l'ordre d'allocation). Nous implantons l'IR dans Sawja, un outil de développement d'analyses statiques de Java. Nous étudions aussi la forme SSA, une IR au coeur des compilateurs et vérifieurs modernes. Nous implantons et prouvons en Coq un middle-end SSA pour le compilateur C CompCert. Pour la preuve des optimisations, nous prouvons un invariant sémantique de SSA clé pour le raisonnement équationnel. Enfin, nous étudions la sémantique des IRs de Java concurrent. La définition actuelle du Java Memory Model (JMM) autorise les optimisations aggressives des compilateurs et des architectures parallèles. Complexe, elle est formellement cassée. Ciblant les architectures x86, nous proposons un sous-ensemble du JMM intuitif et adapté à la preuve formelle. Nous le caractérisons par ses réordonnancements, et factorisons cette preuve sur les IRs d'un compilateur. / An end-to-end guarantee of software correctness by formal verification must consider two sources of bugs. First, the verification tool must be correct. Second, programs are often verified at the source level, before being compiled. Hence, compilers should also be trustworthy. Verifiers and compilers' complexity is increasing. To simplify code analysis and manipulation, these tools rely on intermediate representations (IR) of programs, that provide structural and semantic properties. This thesis gives a formal, semantic account on IRs, so that they can also be leveraged in the formal proof of such tools. We first study a register-based IR of Java bytecode used in compilers and verifiers. We specify the IR generation by a semantic theorem stating what the transformation preserves, e.g. object initialization or exceptions, but also what it modifies and how, e.g. object allocation. We implement this IR in Sawja, a Java static analysis toolbench. Then, we study the Static Single Assignment (SSA) form, an IR widely used in modern compilers and verifiers. We implement and prove in Coq an SSA middle-end for the CompCert C compiler. For the proof of SSA optimizations, we identify a key semantic property of SSA, allowing for equational reasoning. Finally, we study the semantics of concurrent Java IRs. Due to instruction reorderings performed by the compiler and the hardware, the current definition of the Java Memory Model (JMM) is complex, and unfortunately formally flawed. Targetting x86 architectures, we identify a subset of the JMM that is intuitive and tractable in formal proofs. We characterize the reorderings it allows, and factor out a proof common to the IRs of a compiler.

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Magister Educationis - MEd / The purpose of the study was to investigate the implementation of learning support strategies by Intermediate Phase teachers. The study also determined the factors (enhancing or limiting) that impact upon the successful implementation of learning support strategies specifically in a rural school. The study was conducted at one primary school in the Western Cape. The research participants were ten teachers involved in offering learner support at this school. Focus group discussions as well as in-depth interviews were used to explore the teachers' views of their support strategies. The data was analysed using a thematic approach. The main finding of this study is that a huge gap exists between inclusive education policy expectations and the actual manifestation of teachers' support to learners with learning difficulties. The findings of the study reveal a combination of external as well as internal and systemic factors working in conjunction and culminating in a lack of capacity amongst teachers. This study recommends a review of policies with the aim of providing opportunities for a thorough understanding of new concepts and practices, focused and professional development of teachers in the area of learner support and more monetary and infrastructural resources. / South Africa

Historically, research has placed considerable emphasis on developing a systematic body of knowledge about education in which little voice has been given to teachers themselves. The critical role that teachers play in this generative process such as reflecting, acting and theorizing upon practices that shape life in the classroom has largely been ignored in favor of technical innovation and organizational procedure. As schools straggle to reform and restructure, an understanding of how teachers interpret their practices in context and how the culture of schools influence, constrain, or encourage these practices become critical aspects of school success or failure. This study examined the perspectives on inclusion of seven middle school teachers as they attempted to include exceptional students in regular classes. The study utilized three forms of data collection: observations were made of participant interactions as they led their everyday school lives; document analysis was used as a means to gain an understanding of programs affecting exceptional students, and interviews were used to give voice to teacher’s perceptions regarding inclusion, allowing description in their own words rather than those imposed by an outside inquirer. Data collection and analysis sought to identify emerging themes, categories and patterns, allowing for the creation of substantive theory grounded in empirical data. The key issues that emerged in the study were considered in terms of three general categories. The first, teaching and learning, revealed stark contrasts in opinions regarding the type of human support thought necessary for successful inclusion. Regular educators clung to the traditional notion of solitary teachers directing all class activity, while exceptional educators preferred a more team-oriented approach. The second, school structure, revealed that highly collaborative structures were only partially successful in creating additional conversation between regular and exceptional educators. Collegiality was affected by lack of staff experience with the process as well as its implementation in a top-down fashion. The third, school culture and climate, revealed that regular educators believed the school was prepared for a limited amount of inclusion. Although exceptional educators acknowledged school readiness, they did not believe that inclusion was an important item on the school’s reform agenda.

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Tesis para optar al Grado de Magíster en Dirección y Administración de Proyectos Inmobiliarios / El tiempo ha demostrado que las ciudades son dinámicas y su transformación se debe, principalmente, a las políticas económicas y a los modelos de desarrollo subyacentes, los que derivan en las políticas gubernamentales. La flexibilidad asociada a lo anterior, ha provocado el abandono y deterioro de sus centros históricos, situación que ha sido acelerada por fenómenos naturales como los terremotos. Pese a ello, muchas ciudades han emprendido procesos de reconversión, renovación y rehabilitación, que han incidido en una revitalización urbana de este tipo de sectores, cuya integralidad ha sido discutida. En Chile se ha impartido un programa de subsidios estatales dirigidos a renovar los barrios centrales de algunas ciudades, pero en las ciudades intermedias mayores no han prosperado. La investigación determina los factores que obstaculizan la inversión inmobiliaria de viviendas en el centro histórico y urbano de una ciudad intermedia chilena. Luego, con la determinación y análisis de algunos atributos urbanísticos, se define un posible proyecto inmobiliario, que pueda servir como referente y posteriores estudios en la materia. / Time has shown that cities are dynamic and their transformation is mainly due to economic policies and underlying development models, which are derived in government programs. The flexibility associated with this has caused the abandonment and deterioration of its historical downtowns, a situation that has been accelerated by phenomena like earthquakes. Despite this, many cities have undertaken reconversion, renovation and rehabilitation processes, which have had an impact on the urban revitalization of this kind of sector, whose integrality has been discussed. In Chile, there has been a program of state subsidies aimed at renovating the central neighborhoods of some cities, but in the larger intermediate cities there have not prospered. The research determines the factors that hinder the investment property of housing in the historic and urban center of an intermediate Chilean city. Then, with the determination and analysis of some urban attributes, a possible building proyect is defined, which can help as a reference and subsequent studies in this field.