Estudos anteriores de precipitação, em outros aços superferríticos, constataram a ocorrência de precipitação das fases sigma, qui, de Laves e até de austenita, que no posterior resfriamento pode se transformar em martensita. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi estudar a precipitação de fases de Laves no aço inoxidável superferrítico X 1 CrNiMoNb 28 4 2 (Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4575). Para isto foram utilizadas algumas técnicas complementares de análise microestrutural, tais como microscopia óptica, eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A composição química das fases foi estudada por análise de raios X por dispersão de energia tanto no MEV como no MET. A estrutura cristalina das fases foi estudada por difração de elétrons em área selecionada no MET. A fase que se precipita em maior quantidade no aço 1.4575 é a fase sigma. No entanto, também foram identificadas de maneira inequívoca, nos contornos de grãos, após envelhecimento a 850 ºC, pequenas quantidades de fase de Laves do tipo MgZn2, com estrutura hexagonal compacta e composição química (Fe,Cr,Ni)2(Nb,Mo,Si). O crescimento da fase de Laves é inibido pelo envolvimento da fase sigma, que também precipita nos contornos de grãos, mas em maior quantidade. Não foram detectadas as presenças das fases qui e austenita na temperatura estudada. / Previous precipitation studies in other superferritic stainless steels observed the occurrence of precipitations of sigma, chi and Laves phases and even of austenite, which on subsequent cooling may transform into martensite. The main objective of the present work was to study the Laves phase precipitation in a X 1 CrNiMoNb 28 4 2 (Werkstoff- Nr. 1.4575) superferritic stainless steel. Therefore, several complementary techniques have been employed such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of the phases has been studied using X-ray energy dispersive analysis both in SEM and TEM. Crystal structure of the phases has been analyzed using selected area electron diffraction in the TEM. The phase that precipitates in larger quantity in the 1.4575 steel is the sigma phase. However, it has been identified, in an unequivocal manner, on grain boundaries, after aging at 850 ºC, small quantities of Laves phase of the MgZn2 type, with a compact hexagonal structure and a chemical composition of (Fe,Cr,Ni)2(Nb,Mo,Si). Growth of the Laves phases is inhibited through the involvement of the sigma phase, which precipitates in higher quantities on grain boundaries. No chi and austenite phases have been detected in the studied temperature.

Os compostos intermetálicos do tipo R IND. 6 Fe IND. 14-X Al IND. X (R = Nd, La) são antiferromagnéticos e apresentam uma transição do tipo metamagnética em campos da ordem de 2-3 Tesla. Com objetivo de caracterizar suas propriedades magnéticas, amostras policristalinas forma investigadas via medidas de magnetização, magneto-resistência, magnetostricção e difração de nêutrons. As amostras foram preparadas por meio de forno a arco e submetidas a tratamentos térmicos de 750 GRAUSC por 4 semanas. A estrutura cristalina foi identificada como sendo tetragonal do tipo La IND. 6 Co IND. 11 GA IND. 3 (grupo especial 14/mcm). Em contraste com os compostos baseados em La, as amostras de Nd apresentaram uma grande histerese magnética e um efeito dependente da história magnética na região de T<30 K, e um ordenamento dos momentos magnéticos de Nd a 70 K. As T IND. N foram determinadas por meio de medidas de suscetibilidade magnética e se encontram na região de 150-310 K e 100-230 K para os compostos de Nd e La, respectivamente. A transição metamagnética foi observada em todas as amostras analisadas, e foi observada uma variação de 3-5% da resistência elétrica no momento da transição, sugerindo uma estrutura magnética em forma de camadas magnéticas. Infelizmente através das medidas de difração de nêutrons, não foi possível determinar a estrutura magnética das amostras. Entretanto, no composto Nd IND. 6 Fe IND. 10 Al IND. 4, essas medidas nos indicaram uma mudança da estrutura espacial por meio da alteração do grupo espacial do 14/mcm para P42/mcm na região de temperatura de 70 K, onde foi observado um pico bastante saliente em nossas medidas de suscetibilidade. Por meio de medidas de espectroscopia Mössbauer não foi observado nenhum comportamento anômalo nos parâmetros hiperfinos do Fe, indicando ser esta um fenômeno isolado dos momentos do Nd. ) Um outro resultado obtido por difração de nêutrons foi a presença de uma reflexão magnética (001) que cresce na região abaixo de 30 K, indicando a existência de uma componente dos spins paralela ao plano basal. Nenhuma anomalia magnética foi observada nas amostras de La. Esse crescimento do pico (001) sugere uma tendência dos momentos do Nd a se alinharem na direção do plano basal, podendo ser esta a explicação para o efeito de irreversibilidade observado nesta região de temperatura / Rare earth-based intermetallic compounds R IND.6Fe IND.14-xAl IND.x with R=(Nd, La) are antiferromagnetic and undergo a metamagnetic transition at 2~3 T applied fields. In order to further characterize their magnetic behavior, polycrystalline samples were investigated with magnetometry, magneto resistance, magnetostriction and neutron diffraction. Samples have been prepared by arc melting under argon and annealed at 750°C for four weeks. The crystal structure is tetragonal of La IND.6Co IND.11Ga IND.3-type (space group 14/mcm). In contrast to La-based compounds, Nd IND.6Fe IND.14-xAl IND.x exhibits a large transition hysteresis and magnetic history effects at T<30 K, and antiferromagnetic ordering of Nd moments at 70 K. The T IND.N was determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements in the 150-310 K and 100-230 K range for the Nd and La compounds, respectively. The metamagnetic transition was observed for all samples and a ~3-5% resistivity drop was found to occur concomitantly, suggesting a magnetic multilayer-like structure. Unfortunately the magnetic structure of this compound could not be determined in this work by neutron diffraction. However, neutron diffraction measurements in the Nd IND.6Fe IND.10Al IND.4 compound revealed a change of space group from 14/mcm to P4 IND.2/mcm at 70 K, where the magnetic susceptibility exhibits a sharp peak. Mossbauer spectroscopy measured in the 4.2-100 K range has shown no evidence of Fe spin rotation, suggesting an isolated Nd phenomenon. Another result from neutron diffraction measurements was the presence of a magnetic (001) reflection that grows below 30 K, indicating the development of a spin component parallel to the basal plane. No such effect was observed with La-based samples. This increase is likely to be due to a canting of Nd moments towards the basal plane. The coincidence of this effect with the onset temperature for irreversible behavior in magnetic measurements is consistent with this interpretation.

A auto-organização é uma das principais características de sistemas naturais. Os fenômenos auto-organizados podem emergir em sistemas suficientemente afastados do equilíbrio termodinâmico. A não-linearidade intrínseca aos sistemas eletroquímicos, permite inúmeros exemplos de comportamento complexo, sendo, grande parte, em eletrocatálise. Apesar do considerável progresso no entendimento dos aspectos mecanísticos da eletro-oxidação oscilatória de moléculas orgânicas pequenas, aparentemente não existe nenhum estudo sistemático do impacto de modificadores superficiais na dinâmica oscilatória. Nesta tese de doutorado, a eletro-oxidação oscilatória do ácido fórmico em bimetálicos de platina, com estanho ou bismuto, é comparada com aquela obtida em platina policristalina. A modificação da superfície afeta drasticamente a dinâmica oscilatória. As oscilações auto-organizadas de potencial foram usadas como sonda para a atividade eletrocatalítica dos eletrodos bimetálicos de platina. Em intermetálicos ordenados de platina e estanho, a velocidade de envenenamento diminui significativamente, o que retarda a desativação da superfície e promove oscilações de longa duração, sem precedentes, com estabilização de mais de 2200 ciclos. Isto corresponde a 30-40 vezes mais estável com relação ao eletrodo de platina. A presença de estanho na superfície do eletrodo tem grande impacto na produção de CO2, como observado em experimentos, modelagem e simulações numéricas, com aumento na velocidade das etapas produtoras de CO2. Com as informações adicionais obtidas em regime oscilatório, frente os experimentos em estado estacionário, foi possível estimar o efeito catalítico dos modificadores como estanho ou bismuto em eletrodos de platina, bem como, alguns aspectos mecanísticos da eletro-oxidação de formaldeído, ácido fórmico, metanol e etanol. / The self-organization is one of the most important features of nature. The self-organization phenomenon can emerge in sufficiently far from thermodynamic equilibrium systems. The non-linearity laws of the electrochemistry systems, allows several examples of complex behavior, most of them in electrocatalysis. Despite the considerable progress in understanding of the mechanistic aspects of the oscillatory electro-oxidation of C1 molecules, there is a apparently no systematic studies concerning the impact of surfaces modifiers on the oscillations dynamics. In this doctoral thesis the electro-oxidation of formic acid on platinum bimetallic electrodes, with tin and bismuth, was compared to that observed on polycrystalline platinum electrodes. Overall, the obtained results were very reproducible, robust and allowed a detailed analysis on the correlation between the catalytic activity and the oscillation dynamics. The modified surfaces promote drastic effect on the oscillatory dynamics. The self-organized oscillations were used as a probe to the electrocatalytic activity of bimetallic electrodes. In ordered intermetallic electrodes of the platinum and tin, the rate of surface poisoning significantly decrease, which slow the surface deactivation and promotes long-lasting oscillations, unprecedented stabilization of more than 2200 oscillatory cycles. This corresponds to 30-40 fold stabilization with respect to the behavior of platinum electrodes. The adsorbed tin affects the reaction pathways that produce CO2, as observed in experiments, modeling and numerical simulations. Further information obtained in oscillatory regime permitted the estimative of the catalytic effect of the surface modifiers, such as tin and bismuth, and some mechanistic aspects of the electro-oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol and ethanol.

This thesis presents the formation mechanism of intermetallics formed at Fe-Al film interfaces. Al thin films with different initial film thicknesses were coated on low carbon steel substrates by physical vapor deposition (PVD). By annealing the system at different temperatures and for different time intervals, several intermetallic phases were observed. X-Ray, SEM and EDS studies showed that intermetallic phases FeAl2 and Fe2Al5 are most dominant phases which were observed and they formed sequentially on the contrary of intermetallics which formed synchronous in bulk materials.

Titanium carbide (TiC) and titanium carbonitride (Ti(C,N)) are both common components in hard, wear resistant ceramic-metal composites, or cermets. In this study the intermetallic nickel aluminide (Ni3Al) has been used as a binder for the production of TiC and Ti(C,N) based cermets. These cermets offer several improved characteristics relative to conventional WC-based ‘hardmetals’, such as lower mass and improved oxidation resistance, which are also combined with high fracture resistance, hardness and wear resistance. The cermets were produced using an in-situ, reaction sintering procedure to form the stoichiometric Ni3Al binder, with the binder contents varied from 20 to 40 vol%. However, for high N content Ti(C,N) cermets, the wettability of molten Ni3Al is relatively poor, which leads to materials with residual porosity. Therefore various amounts of Mo2C (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 vol%) were incorporated into the Ti(C0.3,N0.7)-Ni3Al cermets, with the aim of improving the densification behaviour. Mo2C was found to improve upon the wettability during sintering, thus enhancing the densification, especially at the lower binder contents. The tribological behaviour of TiC and Ti(C,N) cermets have been evaluated under reciprocating sliding conditions. The wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-flat sliding geometry, with a WC-Co sphere as the counter-face material, for loads from 20 to 60 N. The wear response was characterised using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and focused ion beam microscopy. Initially, two-body abrasive wear was observed to occur, which transitions to three-body abrasion through the generation of debris from the cermet and counter-face materials. Ultimately, this wear debris is incorporated into a thin tribolayer within the wear track, which indicates a further transition to an adhesive wear mechanism. It was found that Mo2C additions had a positive effect on both the hardness and indentation fracture resistance of the samples, but had a detrimental effect on the sliding wear response of the cermets. This behaviour was attributed to increased microstructural inhomogeneity with Mo2C additions.

Dans ce travail on a étudié l’insertion d’éléments légers dans des intermétalliques TRMX(TR = Terre-Rare, M = métal de transition, X = Si ou Ge) qui cristallisent dans le type structural CeScSi.Cette structure contient deux types de sites interstitiels dans lesquels il est possible d’insérer deséléments légers : un site tétraédrique TR4 et un site octaédrique TR2M4.Pour tous les composés étudiés au cours de ce travail (GdScGe, NdScSi, CeTiGe,...) on a observésystématiquement une insertion des atomes d’hydrogène dans les sites tétraédriques TR4. Danscertains cas les atomes d’hydrogène occupent également les sites octaédriques TR2M4. Ceci aconduit à l’obtention de deux type d’hydrures : TRMXH et TRMXH1,5 pour lesquels on observe unetrès forte diminution de l’ordre magnétique et des changements significatifs des propriétés deconduction électrique par rapport aux phases initiales.L’insertion de carbone par fusion des éléments à l’aide d’une procédure en plusieurs étapes permetd’obtenir des phases TRScSiCx avec un taux de carbone variable (0 ≤ x ≤ 0,5) qui correspond à unremplissage plus ou moins partiel du site octaédrique TR2M4. Cette insertion de carbone induitégalement une diminution des températures d’ordre magnétique (de Curie et de Néelrespectivement pour NdScSi et CeScSi).Dans une deuxième étape on a montré qu’il est possible d’insérer partiellement de l’hydrogène dansles sites TR4 laissés vacants. Des changements de type d’ordre magnétique ont été observéscontrairement aux hydrures et carbures précédents. Des études systématiques de diffractionneutronique ont permis de déterminer les structures magnétiques à basse température de la plupartde ces nouvelles phases d’insertion. / Rare earth based intermetallics RTX (R = rare earth, T = transition metal, X = Si, Ge)crystallising in the layered CeScSi structure type contain vacant interstitial sites that can be filled bylight elements to modify the initial physical properties. Hydrogenation studies on CeScSi-typecompounds show that hydrogen atoms are inserted in the tetrahedral (R4) sites and sometimes inthe octahedral (R2Sc4) sites. This causes an anisotropic expansion of the unit cell with a decreasingand c strongly increasing. It also drastically lowers the magnetic ordering temperatures of the parentmaterials and changes their resistivity behaviour.We developed a multi-step process to synthesise intermetallic carbides (RTXCX) with controllable Ccontent. Neutron diffraction shows that C occupies only the R2Sc4 sites of the RScSi compounds (R =La-Nd and Gd) causing the increase of the a cell parameter and the decrease of the c one. We obtainRScSiCX solid solutions with 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 for R = Ce and 0.25 <̰ x ≤ 0.5 for R = Nd. Carburation reducesthe Curie and Néel temperature of the NdScSi and CeScSi pristine phases, respectively.As the R4 tetrahedra are empty in the RScSiCX carbides, we have succeeded in hydrogenating thesematerials (R = Ce and Nd). However, due to the antagonistic structural distortion induced by C and Hinsertion respectively, only around 15 % of the R4 sites could be filled for a final composition ofRScSiC0.5H~0.15. It also changes the type of magnetic behaviour from a ferromagnetic order to anantiferromagnetic order in NdScSiC0.5.Neutron diffraction experiments have been performed to determine the magnetic structures ofthese new insertion compounds.

Submitted by FRANCIELLE BORTOLOTI null (franciellebortoloti@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-31T18:13:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Defesa_pronto.pdf: 3622072 bytes, checksum: 8e76232a4bb6cbf4c06ed6197450b404 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-05T13:41:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bortoliti_f_me_bauru.pdf: 3622072 bytes, checksum: 8e76232a4bb6cbf4c06ed6197450b404 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T13:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bortoliti_f_me_bauru.pdf: 3622072 bytes, checksum: 8e76232a4bb6cbf4c06ed6197450b404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Atualmente uma quantidade demasiadamente grande de glicerol tem sido produzida. O desenvolvimento de materiais que consigam eletro-oxidar essa molécula é de extrema importância, para que assim, este composto possa ter aplicações na geração de energia ou mesmo produzir produtos de interesse industrial. No presente trabalho foram estudadas as reações de oxidação do glicerol sobre as nanopartículas intermetálicas ordenadas PtSn/C, PdSn/C e as ligas PtSn/C, PdSn/C em meio alcalino. A caracterização físico-química dos materiais foi realizada por Difração de Raios-X, Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva por Raios-X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios-X. Estas análises indicaram a formação de fases intermetálicas quando utilizado o método de redução por poliol, e a formação de ligas metálicas quando empregado o método da microemulsão. O desempenho eletroquímico foi avaliado pelas técnicas de voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria. Todas as nanopartículas apresentaram atividade frente à reação de oxidação do glicerol, sendo que os materiais à base de Pt se destacaram em relação aos de Pd. Além disso, foi o intermetálico ordenado PtSn/C que demonstrou melhor desempenho eletroquímico, o que pode ser atribuído ao efeito eletrônico provocado pela adição do segundo metal (Sn). Através das análises dos espectros de massas foi identificado que para os materiais PtSn/C os produtos formados durante a eletrólise foram gliceraldeído, ácido glicólico e ácido fórmico, evidenciando a clivagem entre as ligações C-C. Em relação a PdSn/C, a quebra entre as ligações C-C não ocorreu, e os produtos formados foram gliceraldeído ou dihidroxiacetona para o intermetálico ordenado PdSn/C, e ácido tartrônico para a liga PdSn/C. Foi sugerido o mecanismo da reação de oxidação do glicerol nos materiais estudados. / Nowadays, the huge amount of glycerol produced from biodiesel obtaining process becomes an important environmental concern in our country. So, development of new and improvement of ancient methods of using glycerol urges to avoid the unappropriated discard of this compound and the consequent environmental pollution. Among the several methods early proposed, the enhancement of electrode materials able to electrooxidize glycerol appears as viable alternative to produce energy and/or high aggregated value chemicals. In the present work, it was investigated the performance of ordered intermetallic nanoparticles PtSn/C and PdSn/C and the alloys PtSn/C and Pd/Sn/C as anode materials to electrooxidize glycerol molecule in alkaline medium. The physical-chemical characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was performed by using X-Ray Diffraction, Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry, High Resolution Transmission Electronic Microscopy and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy techniques. The physical-chemical characterization confirmed the prevalence of ordered intermetallic structure from the synthetic route via polyol-modified protocol as well as the alloy structure prevalence as the materials were synthesized via micro-emulsion protocol. The electrochemical performance of the materials was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. All materials proved to be active for the glycerol electrooxidation reaction and it was observed the superior performance of the materials based on Pt as compared to the similar ones based on Pd. Moreover, ordered intermetallic PtSn/C presented the best performance among all the studied materials, which was proposed to be a consequence of the electronic effect of the neighbor Sn atom towards the Pt adsorption site. From mass spectra analysis, glyceraldehyde, glycolic acid and formic acid were detected as main products as the electrooxidation took place at Pt surfaces, evidencing the C-C bond cleavage. On the other hand, the same phenomenon was not observed for the reaction at Pd materials and the main products detected were glyceraldehyde or dihydroxyacetone for ordered intermetallic PdSn/C and tartronic acid for PdSn/C alloy. The corresponding electrooxidation mechanisms were proposed for the reaction occurring on all materials. / CNPq: 130452/2014-9

Following the continually increasing demand for high-density interconnection and multilayer packaging for chips, solder bump size has decreased significantly over the years, this has led to some challenges in the reliability of interconnects. This thesis presents research into the resulting effects of miniaturization on the interconnection with Sn-solder, especially focusing on the full intermetallics (IMCs) micro-joints which appear in the 3D IC stacking packaging. Thereby, systematic studies have been conducted to study the microstructural evolution and reliability issues of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ni IMCs micro-joints. (1) Phenomenon of IMCs planar growth: The planar IMCs interlayer was asymmetric and composed of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 mainly in Ni/Sn (2.5~5 μm)/Cu interconnect. Meanwhile, it was symmetric two-layer structure in Cu/Sn (2.5~5 μm)/Cu interconnect with the Cu3Sn fine grains underneath Cu6Sn5 cobblestone-shape-like grains for each IMCs layer. Besides, it is worth noticing that the appearance of Cu-rich whiskers (the mixture of Cu/Cu2O/SnOx/Cu6Sn5) could potentially lead to short-circuit in the cases of ultra-fine ( < 10 μm pitch) interconnects for the miniaturization of electronics devices. (2) Microstructural evolution process of Cu-Sn IMCs micro-joint: The simultaneous solidification of IMCs interlayer supressed the scalloped growth of Cu6Sn5 grains in Cu/Sn (2.5 μm)/Cu interconnect during the transient liquid phase (TLP) soldering process. The growth factor of Cu3Sn was in the range of 0.29~0.48 in Cu-Cu6Sn5 diffusion couple at 240~290 °C, which was impacted significantly by the type of substrates. And the subsequent homogenization process of Cu3Sn grains was found to be consistent with the description of flux-driven ripening (FDR) theory. Moreover, Kirkendall voids appeared only in the Cu3Sn layer adjacent to Cu-plated substrate, and this porous Cu3Sn micro-joint was mechanically robust during the shear test. (3) Microstructural evolution of Cu-Sn-Ni IMCs micro-joint: There was obvious inter-reaction between the interfacial reactions in Ni/Sn (1.5 μm)/Cu interconnect. The growth factor of (Cu,Ni)3Sn on Cu side was about 0.36 at 240 °C, and the reaction product on Ni side was changed from Ni3Sn4 into (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 with the increase of soldering temperature. In particular, the segregation of Ni atoms occurred along with phase transformation at 290 °C and thereby stabilized the (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 phase for the high Ni content of 20 at.%. (4) Micro-mechanical characteristics of Cu-Sn-Ni IMCs micro-joint: The Young s modulus and hardness of Cu-Sn-Ni IMCs were measured by nanoindentation test, such as 160.6±3.1 GPa/ 7.34±0.14 GPa for (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and 183.7±4.0 GPa/ 7.38±0.46 GPa for (Cu,Ni)3Sn, respectively. Besides, in-situ nano-compression tests have been conducted on IMCs micro-cantilevers, the fracture strength turns out to be 2.46 GPa. And also, the ultimate tensile stress was calculated to be 2.3±0.7 GPa from in-situ micro-bending tests, which is not sensitive with the microstructural change of IMCs after dwelling at 290 °C.

Os compostos intermetálicos do tipo R IND. 6 Fe IND. 14-X Al IND. X (R = Nd, La) são antiferromagnéticos e apresentam uma transição do tipo metamagnética em campos da ordem de 2-3 Tesla. Com objetivo de caracterizar suas propriedades magnéticas, amostras policristalinas forma investigadas via medidas de magnetização, magneto-resistência, magnetostricção e difração de nêutrons. As amostras foram preparadas por meio de forno a arco e submetidas a tratamentos térmicos de 750 GRAUSC por 4 semanas. A estrutura cristalina foi identificada como sendo tetragonal do tipo La IND. 6 Co IND. 11 GA IND. 3 (grupo especial 14/mcm). Em contraste com os compostos baseados em La, as amostras de Nd apresentaram uma grande histerese magnética e um efeito dependente da história magnética na região de T<30 K, e um ordenamento dos momentos magnéticos de Nd a 70 K. As T IND. N foram determinadas por meio de medidas de suscetibilidade magnética e se encontram na região de 150-310 K e 100-230 K para os compostos de Nd e La, respectivamente. A transição metamagnética foi observada em todas as amostras analisadas, e foi observada uma variação de 3-5% da resistência elétrica no momento da transição, sugerindo uma estrutura magnética em forma de camadas magnéticas. Infelizmente através das medidas de difração de nêutrons, não foi possível determinar a estrutura magnética das amostras. Entretanto, no composto Nd IND. 6 Fe IND. 10 Al IND. 4, essas medidas nos indicaram uma mudança da estrutura espacial por meio da alteração do grupo espacial do 14/mcm para P42/mcm na região de temperatura de 70 K, onde foi observado um pico bastante saliente em nossas medidas de suscetibilidade. Por meio de medidas de espectroscopia Mössbauer não foi observado nenhum comportamento anômalo nos parâmetros hiperfinos do Fe, indicando ser esta um fenômeno isolado dos momentos do Nd. ) Um outro resultado obtido por difração de nêutrons foi a presença de uma reflexão magnética (001) que cresce na região abaixo de 30 K, indicando a existência de uma componente dos spins paralela ao plano basal. Nenhuma anomalia magnética foi observada nas amostras de La. Esse crescimento do pico (001) sugere uma tendência dos momentos do Nd a se alinharem na direção do plano basal, podendo ser esta a explicação para o efeito de irreversibilidade observado nesta região de temperatura / Rare earth-based intermetallic compounds R IND.6Fe IND.14-xAl IND.x with R=(Nd, La) are antiferromagnetic and undergo a metamagnetic transition at 2~3 T applied fields. In order to further characterize their magnetic behavior, polycrystalline samples were investigated with magnetometry, magneto resistance, magnetostriction and neutron diffraction. Samples have been prepared by arc melting under argon and annealed at 750°C for four weeks. The crystal structure is tetragonal of La IND.6Co IND.11Ga IND.3-type (space group 14/mcm). In contrast to La-based compounds, Nd IND.6Fe IND.14-xAl IND.x exhibits a large transition hysteresis and magnetic history effects at T<30 K, and antiferromagnetic ordering of Nd moments at 70 K. The T IND.N was determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements in the 150-310 K and 100-230 K range for the Nd and La compounds, respectively. The metamagnetic transition was observed for all samples and a ~3-5% resistivity drop was found to occur concomitantly, suggesting a magnetic multilayer-like structure. Unfortunately the magnetic structure of this compound could not be determined in this work by neutron diffraction. However, neutron diffraction measurements in the Nd IND.6Fe IND.10Al IND.4 compound revealed a change of space group from 14/mcm to P4 IND.2/mcm at 70 K, where the magnetic susceptibility exhibits a sharp peak. Mossbauer spectroscopy measured in the 4.2-100 K range has shown no evidence of Fe spin rotation, suggesting an isolated Nd phenomenon. Another result from neutron diffraction measurements was the presence of a magnetic (001) reflection that grows below 30 K, indicating the development of a spin component parallel to the basal plane. No such effect was observed with La-based samples. This increase is likely to be due to a canting of Nd moments towards the basal plane. The coincidence of this effect with the onset temperature for irreversible behavior in magnetic measurements is consistent with this interpretation.

Orientador: Itamar Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sokei_CelsoRiyoitsi_D.pdf: 11316346 bytes, checksum: e932c9fcdcf157d83d6b6c0ab1189e49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudados os efeitos de tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento em temperaturas de 600 a 1200°C, por uma hora, e em temperaturas de 600 a 900oC, por 4 e 24 horas, após a deformação plástica a frio em 20%, por tração, na microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas do aço inoxidável austenítico ISO 5832-9, utilizado para a fabricação de implantes ortopédicos. Foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas dureza Vickers e tenacidade obtida por meio do ensaio de impacto Charpy instrumentado. Após os ensaios de tenacidade, partes dos corpos de provas foram cortadas para preparação de amostras para análise metalográfica - por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microanálise por espectrometria de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de Raios-X - e as superfícies de fratura foram utilizadas para a análise fratográfica. Os corpos de provas para análise por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram preparados de barras de diâmetro de 3mm tratados por envelhecimento entre 600 e 900oC, por 24 horas. Os resultados mostraram que o material na condição como recebido, ou seja, na condição solubilizado, apresentou propriedades mecânicas dentro dos requisitos da norma ISO 5832-9. O material tratado nas temperaturas de 800 e 900°C apresentou diminuição da tenacidade à fratura em comparação ao material na condição como recebido. Essa diminuição foi atribuída à precipitação da fase Qui (?), que ocorreu mais intensamente nessas duas temperaturas. Após o envelhecimento, a condição que proporcionou níveis mais elevados de dureza e de tenacidade à fratura foi a envelhecida a 600ºC, pois, nesta temperatura a quantidade da fase ? é menor. As fases intermetálicas, como as fases Qui (?) e Z, puderam ser observadas por meio de microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura, sendo que a fase Z foi observada em todas as temperaturas de ensaio. Além disso, foram observados também nitretos de cromo, nas temperaturas de 600 a 900oC, e nitreto de cobre-nióbio e a fase Qui, a partir da temperatura de 700oC, por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão / Abstract: In this work was studied the effects of aging treatment carried out in temperatures from 600 to 1200°C, for 1 hour, and from 600 to 900oC, for 4 and 24 hours, after cold deformation of 20%, in tension, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel ISO 5832-9, which main application is like biomaterial due to its biological and mechanical properties. Vickers hardness and fracture toughness measured by instrumented Charpy - have been used to determine the mechanical properties. After the fracture toughness testing, specimens have been used for metallographic studies carried by - optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, EDS microanalysis, and X-Ray diffraction - and fracture surface analysis. Samples of 3 mm in diameter, treated by aging between 600 and 900oC for 24 hours, have been used for transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that as received condition (solubilized) has presented mechanical properties in accordance with the ISO 5832-9 standard. Age treatments in temperatures of 800 and 900°C have presented decrease of the fracture toughness in comparison to as received condition. This behaviour was attributed to the Chi phase (?) precipitation, that happened more intensely in these two temperatures. Comparatively, the best mechanical condition was aging at 600 ºC, because in this temperature the amount of the ? phase was smaller. The intermetallics phases such as ? and Z phase could be observed by optical microscopy, and Z phase have been observed in all samples. Besides, the transmission electronic microscope analysis showed the presence of chromium nitride at the temperatures from 600 to 900oC, niobium-chromium nitride and the Chi phase from 700oC / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica