This master’s research investigates how Nordic cleantech firms exploit opportunities in emerging markets. Emerging markets showcase significant opportunities for provision of sustainable cleantech solutions, which can be exploited by cleantech firms to enhance their commercial viability. Opportunity exploitation studies in emerging market contexts have been largely understudied in international entrepreneurship. This qualitative research utilized semi-structured interviews, a multi case study design involving three Nordic cleantech firms, and thematic data analysis to collect detailed information on Nordic cleantech opportunity exploitation activities and stages. Analyzing the findings using a conceptual framework based on the opportunity exploitation theory, we discover that Nordic cleantech firms exploit opportunities in emerging markets in three phases namely, exploitation pre-operationalization phase, exploitation operationalization phase and exploitation post-operationalization phase. Exploitation pre-operationalization stages involve making evaluation of the opportunity, assessing stakeholders, and developing a project management plan for the exploitation operationalization; the exploitation operationalization phase covers the market entry modes, and describes activities and strategies deployed by cleantech firms to commence commercial activities within the market; and the exploitation post-operationalization phase describe steps taken to increase the firms’ knowledge and leverage such experiential knowledge for further opportunity exploitation. The research findings showed a variance from the theoretical opportunity exploitation propositions for new technology intensive firms including cleantech firms. The insights generated from this research have implications for the decision making of managers of Nordic cleantech firms looking to exploit international opportunities within emerging markets and theoretical implications for making further opportunity exploration studies considering the emerging market context.

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Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-06T15:07:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valéria da Consolação Oliveira.pdf: 1605632 bytes, checksum: 116dc11dbf1f895422ec265854ad6ba7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-06T15:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valéria da Consolação Oliveira.pdf: 1605632 bytes, checksum: 116dc11dbf1f895422ec265854ad6ba7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-19 / Nenhuma / O propósito deste trabalho é o de contribuir para os estudos sobre o empreendedorismo internacional no Brasil, por meio de uma análise exploratória da internacionalização de pequenas empresas de um estado pertencente a uma região de industrialização tardia, o Centro-Oeste brasileiro. A escassez de estudos empíricos reveladores das características desse fenômeno na região Centro-Oeste do país, motivou o presente estudo. Partiu-se do entendimento que uma análise da atividade empresarial relacionada à internacionalização em uma região de industrialização tardia, poderia revelar novas tendências a serem observadas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da pesquisa descrita neste estudo, foi o de analisar as estratégias adotadas por pequenas empresas do estado de Goiás (Brasil) para a inserção em mercados internacionais. Esta análise focou nas características do processo de internacionalização das empresas pesquisadas, nas características dos modos de entrada no mercado externo; em aspectos das estratégias de marketing que favoreceram a inserção internacional; em aspectos da aquisição de conhecimento associada à atividade internacional; em dificuldades enfrentadas pelas empresas para a internacionalização e em efeitos da atividade internacional sobre o desempenho das empresas no mercado interno. Para sustentar a análise, considerou-se como referencial teórico, teorias que explicam o processo de internacionalização de modo geral, e, em particular, estudos sobre a internacionalização de pequenas empresas. O estudo também se apóia em estudos sobre estratégias de internacionalização, marketing internacional, aquisição do conhecimento e dificuldades associadas à internacionalização e desempenho no mercado interno após a internacionalização. A pesquisa, de natureza exploratória e descritiva, contou com duas etapas. Em uma primeira etapa, por meio da consolidação de bases de dados já existentes, identificaram-se 94 pequenas empresas do estado de Goiás que têm atividades associadas à internacionalização. Em uma segunda etapa, realizou-se um levantamento de dados por meio de um questionário com 41 dessas empresas. A análise dos dados revelou que as pequenas empresas investigadas do estado de Goiás, desenvolveram seu processo de internacionalização aproveitando oportunidades que emergiram através da rede de relações dos gestores. A atratividade dos produtos está associada não apenas ao custo, mas também a customização. Na percepção dos gestores, a atividade internacional favorece ao aperfeiçoamento dos produtos ou serviços oferecidos pela empresa no mercado interno. Os dados revelaram também que o conhecimento para a atividade internacional pode ser favorecido por ações em nível de instituições públicas e que o excesso de regulamentações destaca-se como barreira para o desenvolvimento da atividade internacional. Como conclusão, o estudo leva a inferir que o empreendedorismo internacional pode ser considerado como uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento de pequenas empresas do estado de Goiás e, com efeito, do país. Sugere-se a realização de outros estudos que possam trazer uma análise mais abrangente sobre os recursos e capacidades necessárias, em diferentes setores industriais, para o incremento dessa atividade. / The purpose of this work is to contribute to the study of international entrepreneurship in Brazil, through an explanatory analysis of the internationalization of small businesses of a state that is part of a region with late industrialization, The Center?West region of Brazil. The shortage of empirical studies revealing the characteristics of this phenomenon in the Center-West region of the country motivated this study. It started from the understanding that an analysis of the entrepreneurial activity related to internationalization in a region of late industrialization, could reveal new tendencies to be observed. In this context, the objective of the research described in this study, is to analyze the strategies adopted by small companies of the state of Goiás, Brazil, to the insertion in international markets. This analysis focused in the characteristics of the process of internationalization of the companies researched, in the characteristics of the ways they entered the international market; in the aspects of the marketing strategies that favor the international insertion; in the aspects of acquisition of knowledge associated to international activity; in the difficulties faced by the companies in internationalization and in the effects of the international activity over the performance of the companies in the national market. The theoretical referral considered to sustain the analyses, were theories that explain the general process of internationalization, in particular, studies about the internationalization of small companies. The study also relies in studies about internationalization strategies, international marketing, acquisition of knowledge and difficulties associated to internationalization and its performance in the national market after internationalization. The research of exploratory and descriptive nature was done in two phases. The first phase, through the consolidation of existing data, 94 small businesses in the state of Goiás that have activities associated to internationalization, were identified. The second phase, data was collected through a questionnaire applied to 41 of the 94 companies. The data analyses revealed that the small companies investigated in the state of Goiás, developed their process of internationalization taking advantage of opportunities that emerged from manager?s network relationships. The attractiveness of the products is not only associated to its cost but also to its customization. In the manager?s perception, international activity favors the improvement of the products or services offered by the company in the national market. The data also revealed that the knowledge of the international activity can be favored by actions at the level of public institutions and that the excess of regulations stands out as the barrier to the development of international activity. In conclusion, the study infer that international entrepreneurship can be considered as an alternative to the development of small businesses of the State of Goiás, making an impact in the country. The realization of other studies is suggested, for a wider analyze of the resources and necessary capabilities in different industrial sectors, to increment this activity.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-13T18:46:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 empreendedorismo_internacional.pdf: 17153130 bytes, checksum: a5a490df4c6fa52ac21f75db9357b8ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-13T18:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 empreendedorismo_internacional.pdf: 17153130 bytes, checksum: a5a490df4c6fa52ac21f75db9357b8ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste trabalho é o de analisar os aspectos que caracterizam a inserção de steak houses de origem brasileira nos Estados Unidos. A análise se dá na ótica dos estudos sobre empreendedorismo internacional, especialmente aquele com características étnicas, uma vez que os mesmos podem ser explicativos para a inserção internacional de alguns empreendimentos. De forma complementar, considera-se os estudos sobre o ambiente de experiência que abordam os efeitos do ambiente durante as experiências interativas de serviços. Entende-se que esses estudos podem também ser explicativos para o entendimento de uma tendência sociocultural voltada à aceitação de produtos e serviços que propiciam uma percepção de identidade cultural ou étnica. Como método de investigação, realiza-se um estudo de caso do tipo exploratório e descritivo de uma steak house de origem brasileira e que atua nos Estados Unidos. A análise dos dados sugere que, a internacionalização em foco da steak house, está associada ao espírito empreendedor dos fundadores e à utilização de recursos adquiridos por meio da experiência combinados com um modelo inovador de serviço. . A análise do caso não revela características reconhecidas pela literatura como predominantes em economias étnicas, como redes sociais étnicas, redes comunitárias e de apoio na inserção e manutenção do empreendimento. Os dados sugerem que a criação de um ambiente que expressa uma tradição cultural pode ser explicativo para a inserção internacional da empresa. / The aim of this paper is to analyze the features of the insertion of steak houses of Brazilian origin in the United States. The analysis takes the viewpoint of international studies on entrepreneurship, especially those with ethnic characteristics, since they may account for the insertion of some international ventures. As a complement, it is considered the studies on the environment of experience that deal with the effects of environment during the interactive experiences of services. It is understood that such studies may also be explaining to the understanding of a sociocultural trend focused on the acceptance of products and services that provide a sense of cultural or ethnic identity. As a method of investigation, there will be an exploratory and descriptive case study of a steak house of Brazilian origin and which operates in the United States. Data analysis suggests that the internationalization of the steak house in focus, is associated with the entrepreneurial spirit of the founders and the use of resources acquired through experience combined with innovative service model. The analysis of the case does not reveal features recognized by the literature as prevalent in ethnic economies, ethnic and social networks, community networks and support in the insertion and maintenance of the enterprise. The data suggest that creating an environment that expresses a cultural tradition can be explanatory for the international integration of the company.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-08T14:48:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 capacidades_para.pdf: 5630989 bytes, checksum: 32cb596f62ee70996f62aa9111c91338 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-08T14:48:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 capacidades_para.pdf: 5630989 bytes, checksum: 32cb596f62ee70996f62aa9111c91338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-17 / Nenhuma / A economia criativa tem se revelado como contexto para novos empreendimentos que têm potencial para atender a demandas locais e globais. A peculiaridade dessa indústria reside no alcance mundial de suas atividades, o que se facilita com a mobilidade do talento e/ou da criatividade, elementos não tangíveis próprios do agir e pensar, que são recursos essenciais dessas organizações. Sob a ótica da indústria de jogos digitais, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre capacidades e empreendedorismo internacional nessas empresas. Esta pesquisa possui como alicerce teórico os temas: empreendedorismo internacional, capacidades para esse processo e economia criativa. A literatura possibilitou a elaboração de categorias que foram utilizadas na construção do instrumento de coleta de dados, bem como na análise destes. A escolha do objeto empírico foi embasada em observações não sistemáticas que apontaram os estúdios produtores de jogos como destaque na internacionalização da economia criativa. Assim foram conduzidas sete entrevistas com empresários e entidades de classe, inspiradas na técnica de estudo de caso, ampliaram a compreensão das ações que conduziram suas atividades a outros países, bem como das capacidades associadas. A organização dos achados na categorias previamente definidas permitiu evidenciar que a orientação internacional está no cerne dessa indústria, e que o know-how técnico e científico, assim como a construção de networks favorecem e facilitam a atuação no mercado externo. Da mesma maneira capacidades dinâmicas e inovativas parecem ser um caminho para acompanhar o dinamismo característico dessa indústria. A partir disso, foram construídas proposições que instigam a continuidade de estudos sobre o tema. / The creative economy has proved to be an argument for new ventures that have the potential to attend local and global demands. The distinctiveness of this industry lies in the worldwide scope of its activities, which is facilitated by the mobility of talent and/or creativity, non-tangible elements of acting and thinking, which are essential features of these organizations. In the context of digital games industry, this research aimed to analyze the relationship between capabilities and international entrepreneurship in these companies. The theoretical foundation of this research is international entrepreneurship, capabilities needed in this process and creative economy. This literature enabled the elaboration of categories that were used in the construction of data collection instrument and the analysis thereof. The choice of the empirical object was based on a non-systematic observation, that showed that the internationalization of game producers studios as a highlight in the creative economy. For that matter, seven interviews with entrepreneurs and associations were conducted, inspired in the case study technique which increased the understanding of their actions that led to foreign activities, as well as the associated capabilities. The organization of the findings in the previously defined categories highlighted that the international orientation is in the nature of this industry, and that the technical and scientific know-how as well as building networks encourage and facilitate performance in foreign markets. Likewise dynamic and innovative capabilities seem to be a way to follow the characteristic dynamism of this industry. From this, propositions that instigate the continuation of studies on the subject have been built.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-25T13:15:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Vinhas Ferreira.pdf: 2678170 bytes, checksum: fae5c498d720dacf1168eeb1d36b8408 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T13:15:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Vinhas Ferreira.pdf: 2678170 bytes, checksum: fae5c498d720dacf1168eeb1d36b8408 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-13 / This thesis aims to develop a conceptual model for the analysis of the internationalization process of an entrepreneurial university. Globalization has demanded from all worldwide competitive organizations a cross-border looking, which necessarily goes through internationalization processes. In this competitive scenario, it was arisen the concept of the entrepreneurial universities, which seek to face the current economic challenges through the practice of entrepreneurship. One of the alternatives for that challenge is higher education internationalization. Based on this context, it was conducted a multi-case study involving nine entrepreneurial higher education institutions (HEI’s) from seven countries of Latin America and Europe which are members of a cooperation network. Data collection was done by interviewing the leaders of those HEI’s, as well as by conducting a documentary survey and direct observation. Data analysis implicated the triangulation of such information with the support of qualitative analysis software (NVivo). The given conceptual model pinpointed six essential internationalization process elements of the entrepreneurial universities: internationalization as a strategic pillar, entrepreneurial capacity of the leaders, a culture of integrated internationalization, reciprocities practices among institutional partners, concerning about parity in these partnerships, and, finally, approaching to the industry. As result of this study, five propositions were suggested in order to compose the conceptual model to be used in future researches / Esta tese tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo conceitual para análise do processo de internacionalização de uma universidade empreendedora. A globalização exigiu de todas as organizações competitivas mundiais um olhar além-fronteiras, o que necessariamente passa pelos processos de internacionalização. Neste contexto competitivo, surge o conceito das universidades empreendedoras, que buscam enfrentar os desafios econômicos da atualidade por meio da prática do empreendedorismo. Uma das alternativas para este desafio é a internacionalização do ensino superior. Com base neste cenário, foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos envolvendo nove instituições de ensino superior (IES) empreendedoras de sete diferentes países da América Latina e Europa, pertencentes a uma rede de cooperação. A coleta de dados se deu pela realização de entrevistas com dirigentes destas IES, bem como levantamento documental e observação direta. A análise de dados envolveu a triangulação destes dados com ajuda de software de análise qualitativa (NVivo). O modelo conceitual proposto identificou seis elementos essenciais do processo de internacionalização das universidades empreendedoras: a internacionalização como pilar estratégico, a capacidade empreendedora do(s) dirigente(s), uma cultura de internacionalização integrada, as práticas de reciprocidade entre parceiros institucionais, a preocupação com a paridade nestas parcerias e, por fim, a aproximação com a indústria. Com estes elementos, foram feitas cinco proposições para futuras pesquisas que compõem o modelo conceitual

International entrepreneurship (IE) is “a combination of innovative, proactive and risk-seeking behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations”. The IE literature has been concerned with entrepreneurial behaviour in multiple countries and cross-border studies of entrepreneurship and international activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). Due to the potential for SMEs to serve as significant sources of export, considerable research has been conducted regarding their internationalization. However, despite attempts to integrate concrete frameworks of international entrepreneurship, some primary issues have not been adequately addressed and IE researchers are faced with challenges including insufficient micro-data for advancing quality research. The main objective of this thesis is to study and explore the limitations on researchers to access governmental data regarding small firms operating internationally and use it for scientific purposes. Despite company data being compiled and publicly available in some countries, such as Germany, other countries, including Canada, have not made any such efforts in a coherent way. There is a significant disconnect in the Canadian context between internationalization and firms’ data. This shortcoming may stem from various sources, including the legal framework in Canada for accessing data and a lack of sufficient financial support and expertise to gather and integrate such data. Furthermore, the type of data available to the research community through statistical institutions were identified and analyzed, as were access methods. With the increasing interest of researchers in accessing data gathered by the government, the formation of anonymized records or anonymized micro-datasets has acquired great importance. Therefore, the primary approach is to explore the extent to which data regarding firms’ characteristics and internationalization activities are currently available to the research community, as well as to ensure the confidentiality of official statistics, most notably in the Canadian context. The research resulted in the confirmation of data availability in Canada through government and statistical organizations. The latter bodies can provide researchers and research organizations access to some data but limitations arise in providing micro-datasets to researchers due to confidentiality issues; these constraints were identified and further analyzed. Moreover, this research has studied methods to overcome these limitations and assess the shortcomings in micro-data in order to advance quality research. Methods and recommendations were introduced and studied to allow researchers access to essential data and information while maintaining confidentiality.

International entrepreneurship (IE) is “a combination of innovative, proactive and risk-seeking behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations”. The IE literature has been concerned with entrepreneurial behaviour in multiple countries and cross-border studies of entrepreneurship and international activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). Due to the potential for SMEs to serve as significant sources of export, considerable research has been conducted regarding their internationalization. However, despite attempts to integrate concrete frameworks of international entrepreneurship, some primary issues have not been adequately addressed and IE researchers are faced with challenges including insufficient micro-data for advancing quality research. The main objective of this thesis is to study and explore the limitations on researchers to access governmental data regarding small firms operating internationally and use it for scientific purposes. Despite company data being compiled and publicly available in some countries, such as Germany, other countries, including Canada, have not made any such efforts in a coherent way. There is a significant disconnect in the Canadian context between internationalization and firms’ data. This shortcoming may stem from various sources, including the legal framework in Canada for accessing data and a lack of sufficient financial support and expertise to gather and integrate such data. Furthermore, the type of data available to the research community through statistical institutions were identified and analyzed, as were access methods. With the increasing interest of researchers in accessing data gathered by the government, the formation of anonymized records or anonymized micro-datasets has acquired great importance. Therefore, the primary approach is to explore the extent to which data regarding firms’ characteristics and internationalization activities are currently available to the research community, as well as to ensure the confidentiality of official statistics, most notably in the Canadian context. The research resulted in the confirmation of data availability in Canada through government and statistical organizations. The latter bodies can provide researchers and research organizations access to some data but limitations arise in providing micro-datasets to researchers due to confidentiality issues; these constraints were identified and further analyzed. Moreover, this research has studied methods to overcome these limitations and assess the shortcomings in micro-data in order to advance quality research. Methods and recommendations were introduced and studied to allow researchers access to essential data and information while maintaining confidentiality.

L'augmentation du nombre des entreprises qui s'internationalisent très tôt après leur création au travers d’un processus accéléré a attiré l'attention des chercheurs au cours des deux dernières décennies. Plusieurs explications souvent partielles ont été avancées par les chercheurs sur les raisons de l'internationalisation précoce des entreprises « nées globales ». Différents auteurs suggèrent que l'approche réseau serait plus appropriée pour décrire ce phénomène précoce de ces petites entreprises. L'objectif de notre recherche est d'étudier l'origine, la structure et le rôle des réseaux sociaux dans l'internationalisation précoce des entreprises nées globales.Nous étudierons la structure des réseaux, considérée comme un prérequis pour aborder les autres dimensions du réseau, bien que de nombreux chercheurs soient passés directement à l'étude du jeu de rôle des réseaux sans prêter attention à l’origine de ces liens. En outre, une grande partie de la littérature a relié les entreprises nées globales au secteur de la haute technologie, alors qu’il existe de nombreux exemples de sociétés mondiales issues de secteurs traditionnels. De la même façon, l’influence des divers contextes nationaux sur le processus d'internationalisation des entreprises est peu connue. Par conséquent, nous nous intéresserons également aux liens du réseau dans le cadre de plusieurs secteurs industriels d’une part, et aux différents niveaux de développement institutionnel du pays en comparant des firmes nées globales françaises et pakistanaises d’autre part.Nos résultats révèlent que es petites entreprises nées globales utilisent leurs réseaux pour surmonter les obstacles liés à l'internationalisation rapide, ce que les précédents résultats empiriques avaient pris en compte. Ils soutiennent également que l'origine des réseaux se trouve dans deux paramètres relatifs aux relations affaires et sociales ou hors activités affaires. Des liens, à la fois faibles et forts, ont un impact positif sur l'internationalisation précoce, mais leur composition diffère dans les entreprises de faible technicité et dans celles de haute technologie. Nous soutenons également que la composition des liens est animée par le secteur industriel dans lequel l’entreprise opère plus que par le niveau de développement institutionnel du pays. / Network approach is more appropriate measure to describe the early internationalization of born global firms. The focus of our research is to investigate the origin, structure and role of social networks in the early internationalization of born global firms. We intend to investigate the structure of networks which is considered pre-requisite to study the other dimensions of network ties. Many researchers directly jump to study the role networks play without paying any attention from where these ties originate. Furthermore, much of the literature has connected the born global firms with high technology sector however, there are many examples of born global firms in traditional sectors. Similarly, very little is known about how various national context influence the internationalization process of firms. Therefore, we also intend to investigate network ties in the context of different industrial sectors and different level of country’s institutional development by comparing born global firms from France and Pakistan.Our results reveal that these small born global firms use their networks to overcome the constraints to rapid internationalization which has been supported by previous empirical findings. The results also reveal that origin of ties is in both business-social or non-business social settings. Both weak and strong ties are found to have positive impact on the early internationalization; however composition of ties is different in low-tech and high-tech firms. We also argue that instead of country‘s level of institutional development, composition of ties is moderated by the industrial sector in which firm is operating.

In the fourth industrial revolution, technological advancement and digital transformation are inevitable, which impact individuals, organizations, and governments tremendously and extensively. The current ongoing pandemic covid -19 has been a catalyst that accelerates the pace and scale of embracing digitalization, which leads to a dramatic shift in the business environment. Artificial Intelligence (AI) attracts increasing attention based on the business opportunities and values that can be created from both internal and external aspects alike. Grounding on the digital context, AI as an enabler from the external perspective; AI as a core resource from the internal perspective, the research attempts to identify 1) AI's implication on international entrepreneurs' possibilities to explore business opportunities;2) AI's significance for international entrepreneurs to enhance performance and generate value alike in the international market.  The research conducts qualitative research based on six case studies to examine and explore the aforementioned research area.  The research supports the theoretical framework that AI as an enabler provides international entrepreneurs with conducive conditions to testify and experiment with new business initiatives, which positively impacts spurring innovation and opening a new wide window of business opportunity across borders. In parallel, the research is consistent with the theories that AI is one of the valuable resources from the resource-based view, making contributions to SMEs’ enhanced performance, which paves the way for international entrepreneurs to stay in the business competition. In addition, the study proposes a combination of entrepreneurs' heuristic approaches in making strategic decisions with the assistance of AI in uncertain circumstances is crucial in conducting business in the digital environment. The research highlights the integration of innovation resources from external and internal aspects alike to stimulate and catalyse the growth of international entrepreneurship in the digital industry in the established markets. The research accentuates pandemic Covid-19 causes the changes in the digital environment, which affects international entrepreneurial activities. The article concludes with the above-mentioned circumstances' implications on international entrepreneurship, proposing a theoretical framework and providing an agenda for future research in the area.