The study aims to establish an integrated generic investigation process that could be utilised by Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa. Secondly, it aims to determine which investigation processes are currently being utilised in South African forensics practices. An overview is given of the international utilised processes and a basic framework was developed, presented and tested by means of questionnaires to members of the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa. The development of an investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa could be utilised by the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners to provide a governance structure for the Institute that would enhance the quality of forensic investigations and contribute to the successful investigation and prosecution of commercial crime in South Africa. To achieve the study objective, an empirical study was conducted among current members of the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa through the circulation of questionnaires via their website. These results were interpreted, taking cognisance of international practices identified in the literature review. A formalised investigation process was developed and suggested to the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners. Statisticians were involved during the process of designing the questionnaires, and analysing and interpreting the results. The research dealt with a generic investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners. It also dealt with its implementation and investigative performance in South African practices. In this study, an overview of the investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa was discussed. The research also analysed the following: * The time period in which organisations implemented the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process; * The effect of the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process on investigative performance; and * The integration of the Commercial Forensic Practitioner's process into the budgeting process. The findings of the study revealed the following: * Each of the phases of the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process is as important as the others in matters that will be presented before court. * An investigation should only be performed if it can be performed properly and in a manner that provides clarity and value to the engagement and its objectives. For this purpose, a Commercial Forensic Practitioner should only accept an assignment if free of conflicts and any independence issues. It is imperative for Commercial Forensic Practitioners to adequately assess not only their relationship to the client and the particular engagement, but also their relationship to any opposing party. This assessment should be done in the context of all other work of the practice, not only that work that is performed by the particular Commercial Forensic Practitioner and direct colleagues. * The Commercial Forensic Practitioner must design, implement and use a robust client and engagement acceptance process that is documented, standardised and, where relevant, agreed with the client. * The role of a Commercial Forensic Practitioner in an investigation process is, therefore, to gather evidence, interrogate and examine the financial evidence, develop computer applications that help in analysing and presenting the evidence, putting forward all the findings in the form of reports, exhibits and documents, and finally taking part in civil actions or litigation as an expert witness, and testifying to the court and presenting all the evidence obtained through documentation or visual aids. It is therefore of the essence that a Commercial Forensic Practitioner be well versed in financial issues and legal concepts and proceedings. * The study found that the majority of respondents (69.3%) were male, while only 30.7% were female. The majority of Commercial Forensic Practitioners fall within two age categories, namely, 35 to 44 and 45 to 54 years. These age categories fall into the productive stage of a working career in the human life-cycle. It is furthermore inferred that the level of experience is of importance, as the majority of participants were well experienced, mostly with at least ten years‟ experience. * A total of 22.7% of respondents indicated that they do not use a formalised investigation process. The majority of respondents (77.3%) thus make use of a formalised investigation process. * The study found that formalised investigation processes are not implemented for the following reasons: -- Managerial and governance processes within practices were sufficient to address the risks posed (41.2%); -- Commercial Forensic Practitioners do not have a formalised investigation process at their disposal (35.3%); -- Commercial Forensic Practitioners are not aware of a formalised investigation process being utilised in industry that could be used (23.5%); and -- The implementation of a formalised investigation process proved too difficult (23.5%). * The most important reasons for implementing a formalised investigation process included reputational risks and quality control of investigative work. It was notable that the study revealed that the industry does not require practitioners to follow any procedures. * It is noteworthy that practitioners did not regard monitoring and management review of compliance with the provisions of their formalised investigation process as an important requirement. The study revealed that the majority of Commercial Forensic Practitioners would measure compliance as an occasional requirement (33.3%); only 23.3% placed compliance as an agenda item for each monthly management meeting and 16.7% as a quarterly agenda item. * The majority (56.3%) of practitioners recognised that integration of a formalised process with the budgeting process could enhance productivity and financial benefits. * The majority of respondents (88.1%) were of the view that there was an improvement in financial performance and/or productivity after the implementation of the formalised investigation process. * 62% of respondents were of the view that there was a significant improvement in financial performance and productivity since the implementation of the formalised investigation process. This finding is significant, as it proves that a formalised process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa can have a positive effect on a practise‟s financial performance. The suggested sub-processes, as described, are accepted by the respondents, namely: * Client acceptance, service considerations, risk management procedures, independence and engagement agreements; * Planning and strategic objectives of an engagement, including documented investigative plan incorporating the relevant disciplines (accounting, law, IT, investigative and risk management skills); * Gathering information and evidence, documenting evidence in an evidence file or system and safeguarding evidence as important; * Interviewing, using best practice interviewing skills, by planning the interview to achieve strategic objectives, recording the interview and using technology; * Analysis and verification of evidence; * Quality management, with all reported findings included in referenced working papers supported by documented physical evidence; and * Reporting on findings in a detailed forensic report, clearly and concisely reflecting on the sequence of events, supported by financial information and documents, in a format that could be used in disciplinary enquiries and/or proceedings in civil and criminal courts. These findings fulfil the objective of the study, which was to establish an integrated generic investigation process that could be utilised by Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa and secondly to determine which investigation processes are currently being utilised in South African forensics practices. It was clarified whether the implementation of a formalised process can lead to an improvement in financial performance and what the result of the integration of a formalised process into a practise‟s budgeting process is. It was established that there is indeed a relationship between the integration of the formalised process into the budgeting process and the improved financial performance of a practise. The findings of this study have significant implications for the management of South African Commercial Forensic Practitioner practices. Based on the study findings, the following general and specific recommendations can be made: * The investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners should be fully integrated with the budgeting process of the practise, as this will ensure improved investigative performance by the business; and * Education and research on the investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners should be conducted by the management of a practice before implementing such a process. / MCom (Forensic Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation explored the efficacy of the new Basel III banking standards in SACU, grounded on the conjecture that they are not reflective of economies of SACU, but are merely an intensification of Basel II, rather than a substantial break with it. Firstly, loans and assets were tested for causality, since Basel III believes growth in these variables led to securitization. The leverage ratio has been introduced in Basel III as an anti-cyclical buffer. The OLS technique was employed to test for its significance in determining growth in bank assets. SACU feels the impact of debt, with credit is marginally treated in Basel III and is not introspective of the realities of its economies. ANOVA tests using debt, credit and GDP were done to determine a better method of addressing cyclicality. The leverage ratio was insignificant in Namibia, with debt and credit having momentous impacts on GDP in SACU. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

This diploma thesis deals with the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) and its possible applications in the Czech Republic. Theoretical part of thesis focuses particularly on the main differences between IFRS for SMEs and current Czech accounting regulation. Practical part aims to emphasize possible application of IFRS for SMEs on case studies. The goal of this part is also to outline the impact of these problems on real data provided by a specific Czech company. These problems are results of a field research and personal findings and opinions of the author.

A recente crise financeira global trouxe para o centro do debate internacional o tema da regulação dos mercados de capitais e, com ela, suas diversas qualificações como um fator responsável pela crise. O trabalho tem como foco entender o papel da cooperação internacional em matéria regulatória e, particularmente, a existência de incentivos, preferências, ideias e instituições inerentes à cooperação entre estados. Para tanto, realiza uma análise sistêmica de iniciativas regulatórias tomadas por quatro países entre 2007 e 2011, com o fim de verificar a existência de padrões, modalidades específicas e os caminhos da cooperação na regulação do mercado de capitais. Tendo como gatilho a eclosão da crise financeira global, os principais resultados apontam para um efetivo escrutínio doméstico das recomendações internacionais editadas e, em consequência, uma ampliação do conceito de cooperação regulatória. O que se verifica é que, além das atividades de supervisão e enforcement, emergem iniciativas regulatórias com diversos elementos e formatos comuns, que levam em conta a interação dos determinantes políticos e consequências econômicas advindos desse momentum. / The recent global financial crisis brought to the center of international discussion the debate concerning the regulation of capital markets, including its many variances, as a factor responsible for the crisis. The focus of this work is on the role of international cooperation in regard to regulation, with specific attention given to particular aspects such as the existence of incentives, preferences, ideas, and institutions inherent to cooperation between states. As such, this dissertation will provide a systematic analysis of regulatory initiatives taken by four countries between the years 2007 and 2011. The goal was to verify the existence of patterns, specific models, as well as pathways to cooperation in the regulation of capital markets. The principle results suggest an effective domestic scrutiny of international recommendations driven mostly by the outbreak of the global financial crisis, and as a result a broader concept of what is understood as regulatory cooperation. Besides new measures of supervision and enforcement, the work verified the emergence of regulatory initiatives, with both common elements and formats that take into consideration the interaction of political determinants and economic consequences arising from this momentum.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana Olgado Manfre Pena.pdf: 636509 bytes, checksum: a4fa74e0b4a3569be3fbc1b254214563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-27 / The history of the evolution of accounting, so overall, shows the relationship between the development of accounting knowledge and the environmental characteristics (political, economic, cultural and institutional). With the development and opening economic markets, the accounting is now considered the financial language of business. From then on, trying to develop organisms that could render that language converging internationally. In Brazil, with the creation of the Committee of Pronunciamentos Accounting in 2005, there is more specifically the advancement of accounting Brazilian towards international standards. The universe accounting Brazilian, who had two conceptual structures, from January 2008 announced the approval of the conceptual structure proposed by the CPC, fully convergent with international standards of the IASB, recommending the use as a conceptual document in the country. The main objective of this research was to present a critical study to identify changes or innovations brought about by the new conceptual structure, and the similarities with what was being treated conceptually until its approval. Were submitted some points still conflicting regarding the new conceptual structure, although that is more comprehensive, brings to the professional accounting of greater freedom in the choice of criteria for preparation of financial statements, mainly through the concepts of the primacy of the essence on the way, prudence, true and fair view, and not use the terminology "Accounting Principles". This guarantees the professional judgement, the ability to interpret and commitment to the best illustration, key points in the preparation of financial statements. It is understood that professionals in the accounting area should be properly prepared for such thoughts, so that the accounts can meet its goal of providing useful information for decision making / A história da evolução da Contabilidade, de maneira global, mostra a relação entre o desenvolvimento do conhecimento contábil e as características ambientais (política, econômica, cultural e institucional). Com a evolução e abertura dos mercados econômicos, a Contabilidade passou a ser considerada a linguagem financeira dos negócios. A partir de então, buscou-se desenvolver organismos que pudessem tornar essa linguagem convergente internacionalmente. No Brasil, com a criação do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis em 2005, observa-se mais concretamente o avanço da contabilidade brasileira rumo às normas internacionais. O universo contábil brasileiro, que possuía duas estruturas conceituais, a partir de janeiro de 2008 divulgou a aprovação da estrutura conceitual proposta pelo CPC, totalmente convergente com as normas internacionais do IASB, recomendando a utilização como documento conceitual no país. O principal objetivo da presente pesquisa foi apresentar um estudo crítico a fim de identificar alterações ou inovações trazidas pela nova estrutura conceitual, bem como as semelhanças com o que vinha sendo tratado conceitualmente até sua aprovação. Foram apresentados alguns pontos ainda conflitantes em relação à nova estrutura conceitual, que embora seja mais abrangente, traz ao profissional da Contabilidade maior liberdade na escolha de critérios para elaboração das demonstrações contábeis, através principalmente de conceitos de primazia da essência sobre a forma, prudência, true and fair view, e a não utilização da terminologia Princípios Contábeis . Trata desta forma o julgamento profissional, a capacidade de interpretação e o comprometimento com a melhor evidenciação, pontos chaves na elaboração das demonstrações contábeis. Entende-se que os profissionais da área contábil deverão estar devidamente preparados para tais reflexões, para que assim a Contabilidade possa atender seu objetivo de fornecer informação útil para tomada de decisão

This thesis is dedicated to the newly proposed International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 4 - Insurance contracts, lists and describes the most important points of the standard in the first and the second phase of the project. The first phase of the project establishes the definition of insurance contracts and other essential concepts. The first phase of the insurance contract provides only a temporary solution for measuring and reporting of insurance contracts until approved and adopted the final draft standard from the second phase. The second phase of the project proposes a new valuation model for insurance contracts based on four pillars, introduces new requirements for disclosure in the financial statements and presentation of financial statements.

我國的電信市場自1987年起開始逐漸邁向自由化，迄今已完成行動通信、衛星通信、固定通信等多項電信業務之開放，在2001年7月開放語音轉售業務(International Simple Release)及2002年2月完成第三代行動通信業務執照之釋出工作後，我國電信市場開放之程度已與國際電信市場發展趨勢同步。我國亦於2002年1月1日成為世界貿易組織(WTO)會員。 鑑於無線寬頻接取業務(Wireless Broadband Access Service)是全球積極研發的重點產業，我國政府為求與世界接軌，亦積極投入此一電信業務行列。國家通訊傳播委員會(NCC)為配合行政院所裁定推動的行動台灣產業政策，將政策轉化為法律，於2007年3月30日依據電信法第14條第6項之授權，發布「無線寬頻接取業務管理規則」，作為開放2.5-2.69GHz頻段提供無線寬頻接取服務之法規基礎。無線寬頻接取業務於2007年辦理執照競標，共發行6張分區特許執照，執照期限為6年。 本論文將檢視因配合政府產業政策所制定與第四代行動通訊系統有著密切關係的「無線寬頻接取業務管理規則」，是否符合我國電信法與其他國際組織所揭櫫的「技術中立」的基本精神與管制規範，以及因不合適的規範所造成在實務面上對法規與管制之影響。 關鍵字 ：無線寬頻接取、技術中立、電信法、國際標準規範。 / Liberalization of telecommunications market in Taiwan has been proceeded progressively since 1987. So far the restrictions on mobile communication, satellite communication, and fixed-network communication have all been relaxed. After the liberalization of ISR (International Simple Release) business in July 2001 and the release of the third generation mobile communication licenses in February 2002, Taiwan’s telecommunications market has become as open as all the other developed countries. In addition, Taiwan became a member of WTO on January 1st, 2002. In light of the importance of wireless broadband access services from a global perspective, Taiwan government has been actively devoting to the development of wireless broadband access to secure an early mover advantage. Given the fact that wireless broadband access is an integral part of Executive Yuan’s industry policy and the implementation demands appropriate regulations, National Communications Commission (NCC) released “Regulations on Wireless Broadband Access (WBA) Services” on March 30th, 2007 based on paragraph 6, article 14 of “Telecom Act”, which forms the legal framework for the release of 2.5-2.69GHz spectrums exclusively for the provisioning of wireless broadband access services. The licenses of wireless broadband access services were auctioned in 2007. The total number of licenses (regional) is six and the duration of permits is six years. As unbiased treatment is the core value, when international standard organizations are dealing with emerging technologies. This dissertation inspects the technical neutrality of “Regulations on WBA Services” which is induced by a government industry policy and highly relevant to the 4th generation mobile communication systems. The criteria includes the conformance of Telecom Act with the essence and standards of other international standard organizations as well as the impact on the implementation due to improper regulations from both the regulation and legal perspectives.

Different scandals around the globe during the past, in specific during the last decade, have intrigued the stakeholders to question the roles of both auditors and management. But most of the fingers since then have been raised on the role of auditors, because it is the auditors who are entrusted with the responsibility to detect any errors or frauds in the financial reports of the client-firm. Apart from this, the long-term auditor client relationship has been the center of attention in most of the discussions and debates as well. Numerous studies have been conducted by the academic researchers, financial and professional analysts, regulatory authorities and governing bodies, and in some cases by the auditors and the firms as well regarding the effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on audit quality, equity risk premium, financial reports quality, audit pricing etc. These studies provide us with different results, both with the positive and negative associations and effects of long-term auditor-client relationship on the basis of different factors and contexts. For long, auditing has been discussed in different studies and research areas but mostly in association with publicly listed companies. Less attention has been paid to the relationship of auditors and clients as far as clients in SMEs are concerned. In any country around the globe, SMEs are of major contribution in terms of backing the economy, giving it both the boost and the stability, as they collectively form the major chunk of the economy. If we specify our study to the SMEs in Sweden, then 99% of the enterprises in Sweden represent the SME sector; in addition they employ around 60% of the manpower. Based on these facts, and due to less attention given to auditor-client relationship in terms of SMEs, instead of; we have directed our concerns towards the study of effects of auditor-client relationship on audit quality in SMEs in this particular research study. In this study, we have opted for qualitative research with semi-structured interviews to be used as the tool for data collection. Interviews were conducted with two different groups of interviewees, one group representing the auditors and the other group representing the client-firms (SMEs). A total of seven interviews were conducted in order to strengthen and validate the results for our research question. Due to the limitations of this study, mostly in terms of cost and time, samples were selected from Umeå, Sweden. The data interview structure, data analysis and discussion, and conclusions were all made based on existing theories summarized in the theoretical review of this study. The results of this study suggests that (1) long-term audit tenure is beneficial for the audit quality if certain risk factors like risk of auditor independence and risk of developing complacency are controlled; and (2) factors such as NAS, industry specialization, knowledge and experience of the auditor, internal control in the client-firm, professional ethics, proper audit plan, providence of unbiased information by the client, and appointment of the auditor by the client-firm itself enhances the audit quality.

Η Διπλωματική Εργασία, έχει σαν γενικό σκοπό, την μέσα από βιβλιογραφική έρευνα (κυρίως άρθρων δημοσιευμένων στο Διαδίκτυο), αποσαφήνιση της διαδικασίας δημιουργίας Διεθνών Προτύπων για την Ηλεκτρονική Μάθηση. Για την ικανοποίηση του παραπάνω γενικού σκοπού, επιτεύχθηκαν οι εξής ειδικότεροι: 1. Η καταγραφή της τυπικής διαδικασίας για την δημιουργία de jure και de facto προτύπων για την ηλεκτρονική μάθηση. 2. Η χαρτογράφηση του πλαισίου, σύμφωνα με το οποίο, προκύπτουν οι αναγκαιότητες για την δημιουργία διεθνών προτύπων στην ηλεκτρονική μάθηση. 3. Η καταγραφή των υπαρχόντων διαφοροποιημένων τομέων εργασίας για την δημιουργία διεθνών προτύπων στην ηλεκτρονική μάθηση. 4. Η εύρεση και καταγραφή των κυριοτέρων ινστιτούτων και οργανισμών που συμμετέχουν στην παραπάνω διαδικασία, με αναφορά στην διοικητική δομή, οργάνωση, λειτουργία και στα προϊόντα της εργασίας τους. Επίσης στα πλαίσια του γενικότερου σκοπού, έγινε διερεύνηση και αναφορά και στις πλέον σύγχρονες τάσεις, αυτές της σε συνδυασμό χρησιμοποίησης ήδη υπαρχόντων προτύπων και τεχνικών προδιαγραφών, για την δημιουργία ενός de facto μοντέλου ψηφιακού εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος. / This Postgraduate Work has as general objective, the clarification of the process for the creation of International Standards in Electronic Learning through bibliographic research, mainly of articles published in the Internet. For the satisfaction of this general objective, the following more specialized objectives were achieved: 1. The recording of formal process for the creation de jure and de facto standards in electronic learning. 2. The mapping of frame, according to which, the necessities for the creation of international standards in electronic learning, result. 3. The recording of existing differentiated sectors of work for the creation of international standards in electronic learning. 4. The finding and recording of the most important institutions and organizations which participate in the above process, with reports for their administrative structure, operation and the products of their work. In the frame of the general objective, investigation and report has also been done about the latest modern tendencies. These tendencies refer to the use of combination of already existing standards and technical specifications, for the creation of a de facto model of a digital educational system.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mgreco.pdf: 2850772 bytes, checksum: 581ce608dc9749c8dcb57032e5d4fc31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / With the globalization of the economy and the growing participation of several world investors in financial markets, combining the political, economical and social differences of each country, the varying Accounting Statements based on principles, standards, procedures or idiosyncratic accounting patterns become inadequate to provide comprehensible and useful financial information to the users at international level. Considering a country¿s conditions, peculiarities and the stage of development, the need to promote the convergence of the effective accounting practices in the public sector with the emerging international accounting standards is imperative as the public entities endeavor to provide transparent and comparable accounting information that can be understood by financial analysts, investors, auditors and other users, independent of their origin and location. Consequently, the objective of this research was described through the following questions: Which are the main differences between the international and local accounting norms applicable to the public sector in Brazil? Which are the main differences between the applicable international accounting norms and the practices adopted by the Brazilian public sector? And, which are the main differences between the practices adopted by the entities of the Brazilian public sector and the practices adopted by entities of the public sector of countries that formally follow the international accounting norms? The methodology adopted in this research was the one of comparative analysis between standards and practices. To provide a basis for the comparative analysis, the Brazilian standards were used for the public sector and the international standards were identified by consulting with the main international accounting committees. In the comparative analyses of norms adopted in national accounting statements the financial accounting statements of the Municipal districts of Rio de Janeiro and of São Paulo were used, and compared with the international accounting statements of New Zealand. The results of these comparative analyses provide important conclusions about the convergence and harmonization processes in accounting norms and practices for the public sector mainly as they demonstrate some of the conflicts among the recent efforts to base and harmonize accounting practices in the near future, but today significant differences remain between the norms and practices. It was also noticed that, in practice, the divergence in Brazilian accounting practices from the international standards are accentuated by the recognition of the registrations of the budgetary execution in the patrimonial accounting; and, the comparison with the practices adopted by New Zealand demonstrated that the foreign country¿s advances towards harmonizing its standards to the international norms and practices in such an important way that New Zealand independently overcomes the minimum exigencies of harmonization, which in practice, is more complete than the practices currently adopted in Brazil. / Com a globalização da economia e a crescente participação de diversos investidores mundiais no mercado financeiro, somadas as diferenças políticas, econômicas e sociais de cada país, as Demonstrações Contábeis baseadas nos princípios, normas, procedimentos ou padrões contábeis idiossincráticos se tornaram inadequadas para prestar informações financeiras úteis aos usuários a nível internacional, no que se refere à compreensividade. A necessidade de promover a convergência das práticas contábeis vigentes no setor público com as normas internacionais de contabilidade tendo em vista as condições, peculiaridades e o estágio de desenvolvimento do nosso país torna imperativo que os entes públicos disponibilizem informações contábeis transparentes e comparáveis que possam ser entendidas e compreendidas por analistas financeiros, investidores, auditores e demais usuários, independentemente de sua origem e localização. Diante disso, o problema desta pesquisa foi descrito através das seguintes questões: Quais são as principais diferenças entre os padrões contábeis internacionais e os aplicáveis ao setor público no Brasil? Quais são as principais diferenças entre os padrões internacionais aplicáveis ao setor público no Brasil e as práticas efetivamente adotadas no setor público brasileiro? E, quais são as principais diferenças entre as práticas efetivamente adotadas pelas entidades do setor público brasileiro em relação às práticas adotadas por entidades do setor público de países que formalmente seguem os padrões internacionais? A metodologia adotada nesta pesquisa foi a de análise comparativa entre normas e práticas. Para entendimento da análise comparativa e a amostra, foram utilizadas as atuais normas brasileiras para o setor público, e para as normas internacionais foram identificados e consultados os principais comitês internacionais. Nas análises comparativas que adotaram demonstrações contábeis nacionais foram utilizadas as demonstrações financeiras dos Municípios do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, que foram confrontados com as demonstrações contábeis internacionais da Nova Zelândia. As análises comparativas e análise de resultados gerou conclusões importantes sobre o processo de convergência e harmonização contábil para o setor público principalmente por demonstrarem que o confronto entre os padrões evidenciaram o surgimento recente de uma nova ordem para fundamentar práticas contábeis harmônicas no futuro próximo, mas hoje ainda guarda significativa diferença entre os padrões. Percebeu-se também que na prática contábil brasileira as divergências entre os padrões internacionais é bastante acentuada e sofre influência dos aspectos do reconhecimento dos registros da execução orçamentária na contabilidade patrimonial; e o confronto com as práticas adotadas pela Nova Zelândia demonstrou que o país estrangeiro avança em direção a harmonizar seus padrões aos internacionais de forma tão importante que por conta própria supera as exigências mínimas de harmonização, alcançando conjunto mais completo na prática e com isso distancia-se ainda mais da prática por hora adotada no Brasil.