Depuis longtemps, il est connu que les immigrés s'insèrent difficilement sur le marché de travail des pays développés. Cette thèse vise à clarifier ce constat, en exploitant trois différentes bases de données. Elle est organisée autour de trois questions :(1)Quel est l'impact de la diaspora et de la qualité de l'enseignement supérieur sur le choix des étudiants étrangers des pays d'accueil pour poursuivre leurs études?(2)Obtenir un diplôme dans le pays d'accueil a-t-il un impact positif ou négatif sur le déclassement des Marocains Résidant à l'Etranger?(3)Quel est l'impact du déclassement sur le salaire dans les pays de l'Union Européenne chez les autochtones vs les immigrés ?La recherche aboutit à 3 résultats essentiels :•La qualité de l'enseignement supérieur et la diaspora des immigrés dans les pays de l'OCDE ont un impact positif sur la mobilité internationale des étudiants.•Les marocains résidant à l'étranger et ayant au moins le secondaire dans les pays d'accueil, sont les moins déclassés, et leur insertion professionnelle s'avère facile.•Les immigrés déclassés dans les pays de l'Union Européenne sont moins rémunérés que les autochtones déclassés / For a long time, it is known that immigrants have significant difficulties on the labor market in developed countries. This thesis tries, to a certain degree, to clarify theses difficulties, using three different databases. The analysis relies, mainly on econometric models. It is articulated on three questions:(1)Which factors determine the international mobility of students?(2)Is the fact of obtaining a degree in host country has an impact on the probability of Moroccans living abroad to be overeducated in the European labor market?(3)What is the incidence of the overeducation situation on wages of natives versus immigrants in European Union labour market?The research conducted here leads to three main results:• The quality of higher education and the network of immigrants in OECD countries have a positive impact on international mobility of student.• Moroccans residing abroad who have at least secondary level in the host country, have more opportunities to not be overeducated, and their professional insertion is easier• Immigrants overeducated are paid less than native overeducated in the European labour market.

Thesis advisor: David L. Blustein / Globalization has had many implications on the world’s economy, culture, mobility, and experience of work. Of these, global human migration, or international mobility, is often used as the prime indicator of globalization (United Nations Population Fund [UNPFA]; 2013). Evidence suggests that multiple international relocations, with the accompanying loss of familiar spatial environments, social relationships, and social institutions, are deleterious to human well-being. However, literature has yet to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the difficulties associated with high rates of international mobility. Using a multinational dataset of responses gathered from 255 internationally mobile employees at 24 worksites in 11 different countries (i.e. Botswana, Japan, Brazil, Spain, China, United Kingdom, India, United States, Mexico, South Africa), this exploratory study tested a structural model delineating the relationships among the rate of international mobility, dispositional optimism, social engagement and well-being, as defined by life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and functional health. Structural equation modeling and follow-up multiple regression analyses found optimism to have the greatest in impact on predicting the levels of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and functional health, above all other demographic and observed predictors in the study. The rate of international mobility had a significant negative impact on job satisfaction, but not on functional health or life satisfaction. In addition, the frequency of an individual’s in-person interactions with family, friends, and neighbors did not have a significant role in predicting the outcomes. Contrary to the study’s hypotheses, social engagement did not function as a mediator between optimism and well-being. These important findings highlight human resilience in international migration, and offer research, practice, and organizational policy implications for understanding and supporting internationally mobile individuals. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

En régime néolibéral mondialisé, l'appartenance à un groupe professionnel n'est plus une protection assurant à l'ensemble des membres, prestige social et revenus confortables. C'est ce que montre la série de 31 entretiens biographiques menés auprès d’une trentaine de médecins originaires d'Afrique de l'Ouest francophone (MoAO) entre 2009 et 2015. La catégorie MoAO, construite pour les besoins de l’étude, renvoie à des médecins nés dans un pays francophone d’Afrique au Sud du Sahara, qui y ont suivi une partie de leur formation (primaire, secondaire et universitaire), qui ont migré temporairement ou de façon définitive dans un autre pays soit pour acquérir une formation initiale en médecine, soit pour se spécialiser. Les MoAO sont traités ici en cas d’étude fondée sur une approche transnationalisée. Ils permettent de mettre en évidence la complexité et la multiplicité des évolutions sociales et économiques qui obligent la sociologie des professions médicales à mettre à jour ses outils conceptuels et théoriques. Plusieurs hypothèses sont explorées à cet égard. La professionnalité médicale recouvre des processus imbriqués d'acquisition des savoirs professionnels par la formation, d'individualisation des carrières professionnelles débordant des normes communément considérées. Ainsi sont décrites la forte autonomisation et la diversification des parcours de formation en médecine favorisées par l’internationalisation et la constitution d’un marché international de l'enseignement supérieur. De même, la privatisation galopante de la formation médicale observée en Afrique remet en cause le mythe de la totale autonomie de la profession médicale. Elle accompagne au Bénin et au Sénégal, le désengagement de l’Etat donnant une place de plus en plus importante aux organisations internationales (ONU, OMS, ONG) pour l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de programmes de santé, aux institutions supranationales (UEMOA, CAMES) pour l’élaboration des curricula de formation et l’accréditation des formations médicales, et des structures privées (cliniques, cabinets médicaux, centres de santé sous gestion d’ONG) pour la fourniture des soins et des services de santé. Un tel contexte est fortement structurant dans les carrières professionnelles et migratoires des praticiens enquêtés. La thèse s’intéresse ensuite aux modes d’insertion professionnelle des MoAO en France. L'Etat français a lui-même transgressé le monopole dont bénéficient les professionnels français et à diplôme français pour l'exercice de la médecine, en organisant le recrutement par les hôpitaux publics de médecins étrangers « non autorisés ». Les MoAO n'en représentent qu'une partie des Praticiens à diplôme hors Union européenne. Mais leur parcours permet d'engager la réflexion nécessaire sur la division du travail médical (entre les Nationaux et les étrangers notamment) et les enjeux en termes de reconnaissance notamment portés par les conflits au travail, et par la migration elle-même. / In the globalized neoliberal regime, belonging to a professional group is no longer a protection that ensures all members, social prestige and comfortable incomes. That is what can be learned from 31 biographical interviews conducted with French-speaking West African physicians (MoAO) between 2009 and 2015. The category MoAO, built for the needs of the study, refers to physicians born in a French-speaking African countries in south of the Sahara where they have attended primary, secondary and university training. Then they have migrated temporarily or permanently to another country to acquire a initial training in medicine, either to specialize. The MoAO are treated as study case. They highlight the complexity and multiplicity of social and economic developments that force the sociology of the medical profession to update its conceptual and theoretical tools. Several hypotheses are explored in this regard. Medical professionalism covers interrelated processes of acquisition of professional knowledge through training and individualization of professional careers, beyond commonly considered standards. Thus, self- construction of curricula and diversification of medical training paths, favored by the internationalization of higher education’s market, are described. Similarly, the rampant privatization of medical training in Africa challenges the myth of the autonomy of the medical profession. In Benin and Senegal, this accompanies the disengagement of the States, giving an increasingly predominant place to international organizations in the elaboration and implementation of health programs, to supranational institutions for the development of training curricula and medical training accreditation, to the private structures for the provision of health care and services. The thesis then focuses on the modes of professional integration of MoAOs in France. The French State itself has violated the monopoly granted to French professionals with a French diploma on te medical work market, by organising the recruitment of "unauthorised" foreign doctors. MoAOs represent only a fraction of the practitioners with a degree from outside the European Union. But their experience allow to initiate a necessary reflection on the division of medical work (between nationals and foreigners in particular), as well as on the recognition issues related to conflicts at work, and to the migration itself.

O fenômeno das migrações internacionais não é recente e há muito tempo gera interesse nas diferentes áreas das ciências humanas, entre elas, a Geografia. Dados do Itamaraty de 2014 revelam que há 2,8 milhões de brasileiros residindo no exterior. A partir dos anos 1980 a emigração de brasileiros para os Estados Unidos, Japão e alguns países da Europa desperta o interesse de muitos pesquisadores. Nosso enfoque está em um destino de brasileiros migrantes que ganha visibilidade na última década, os brasileiros na Irlanda, que é tomada, aqui, para discussão deste importante tema que são os movimentos populacionais contemporâneos. As reflexões aqui manifestas partem da constatação de que o atual período técnicocientífico- informacional e de globalização contribuíram na intensificação da mobilidade internacional, impondo novos e complexos desafios. Tomamos como premissa que os atuais movimentos migratórios resultam de um complexo conjunto de fatores, que envolve elementos da macroestrutura e do plano individual. Por este motivo, buscamos centrar a análise na importância das redes de solidariedade como agentes que reforçam os fluxos migratórios internacionais. Somamo-nos, assim, aos que tem como objeto de investigação um fenômeno presente na atual dinâmica da população brasileira. / The phenomenon of international migration is probably as old as humanity and for a long time has sparked interest in various areas of human science, including Geography. Data of the Brazilian State Department Itamaraty from 2014 showed that 2.8 million Brazilians live abroad. Since the 1980s lots of researchers have been analysing the immigration of Brazilians to the United States of America, Japan as well as some European countries. The following thesis focuses on the Brazilian immigrants that have just become notable in the last decade, taking the Brazilian immigrants in Ireland as an example to discuss a subject of utmost importance: contemporary international migration. In the thesis it is argued that both the present age of science and technology and globalization contribute to the rise of global mobility and migration causing new, complex challenges. The argumentation is based on the assumption that the current movements of migration are the result of an entire set of factors on macro and on individual level. Therefore, the analysis is focused on the significance of networks of solidarity such as mechanisms that reinforce international migration flows.

This research will try to describe the reasons and motives which produce the programs of artist-in-residence (A.I.R) and international mobility by the phenomena of globalization with the four main bodies: the organization of operating residence program, art centre, artist, funding. Furthermore, the researcher will analyse the A.I.R. programs by three operating strategies: to set up the international cultural policy; to practie the international support and the fellowship; to establish the platform of international network. The exploration are as following: 1. To clarify the meaning and value of A.I.R and discuss the strategies and patterns. 2. According to the international A.I.R. and mobility programs. To examine and analysis the models of carrying out in other countries by the above three strategies. 3. To analyse and discuss the possibilities of A.I.R and Mobility program executed by Taiwan¡¦s Government , to suggest the operating prcedures and evaluation of official operation by Taiwan¡¦s government. Also, this research will take the operation of foreign examples as comparative cases and take their models to generalize the strategies and evaluations of official operation by Taiwan¡¦s government. These strategies are literature review, research in the internet, case studies, interview, fieldwork. Firstly, the literature review will include the evolution of artistic ecology for artists, the themes of A.I.R., and the tendency of globalization. Secondly, to analyze the operating strategies and provide the suggestion from the aspects of residence program, fellowship project, the scene of residence. Finally, the study will advise the official organizations, artists and art centre managers those who concern about the programs of A.I.R and International mobility as specific suggestion and strategies.

In the last fifteen years, the Brazilian government has implemented educational policies intended to expand access to higher education for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. At the same time, research has observed the increase in the demand for international mobility of students from middle and upper classes. This PhD thesis aimed to understand the e↵ect of international mobility among Brazilian undergraduate students on educational inequality by examining the Science Without Borders (SWB) programme. This programme was established in July 2011 by the Brazilian Federal Government with the aim to promote the expansion and the internationalisation of science and technology, and increase Brazilian competitiveness through international exchange and mobility. The programme distributed 101,000 scholarships between 2011 and 2015 for undergraduate and graduate Brazilian students to study in a foreign university. The thesis draws on research on educational inequalities and international mobility. The research on education inequalities showed that in many developed countries, after the expansion of education, students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds seek to maintain their education advantage through distinctive educational trajectories. The international mobility research also indicated that students from more advantageous socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to pursue international mobility as a strategy for maintaining their privilege. However, international mobility programmes that o↵er financial bursary attract students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds as well. Hence, this research examined whether international mobility programmes which o↵er scholarships may operate as a mechanism for opening up opportunities in the education system. The dataset used for the study was created thanks to the collaboration of three di↵erent intuitions: the two funding bodies of the SWB programme and the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (INEP). The negotiations to access the data lasted around a year and a half, and was only agreed after the anonymity of the students were guaranteed. INEP merged data from the High School National Exam (ENEM) datasets with the information provided by the two funding bodies to identify students who attended the SWB programme between 2011 and 2014. Probit regression models were used to examine the association between students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and the likelihood of participating in the SWB programme. The models showed that students with parents with higher levels of education and higher income were more likely to receive a SWB scholarship. In other words, there was inequality in access to the programme. Therefore, the financial bursary o↵ered by the Brazilian government did not eliminate the e↵ect of students’ socioeconomic characteristics on access to this programme. Multilevel models were used to analyse the association between students’ socioeconomic background and prestige of the foreign university attended. The models demonstrated that there was also inequality within the SWB programme: students from more advantageous socioeconomic background tended to study in more prestigious universities. These results corroborate the results from the international mobility literature and suggest that students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds might pursue international mobility to maintain educational advantages. These results have important implications for educational policies in Brazil. In addition to the e↵ort to expand access to higher education, the government should also assure that inequalities are not being transferred to other areas, such as in the case of international mobility.

O fenômeno das migrações internacionais não é recente e há muito tempo gera interesse nas diferentes áreas das ciências humanas, entre elas, a Geografia. Dados do Itamaraty de 2014 revelam que há 2,8 milhões de brasileiros residindo no exterior. A partir dos anos 1980 a emigração de brasileiros para os Estados Unidos, Japão e alguns países da Europa desperta o interesse de muitos pesquisadores. Nosso enfoque está em um destino de brasileiros migrantes que ganha visibilidade na última década, os brasileiros na Irlanda, que é tomada, aqui, para discussão deste importante tema que são os movimentos populacionais contemporâneos. As reflexões aqui manifestas partem da constatação de que o atual período técnicocientífico- informacional e de globalização contribuíram na intensificação da mobilidade internacional, impondo novos e complexos desafios. Tomamos como premissa que os atuais movimentos migratórios resultam de um complexo conjunto de fatores, que envolve elementos da macroestrutura e do plano individual. Por este motivo, buscamos centrar a análise na importância das redes de solidariedade como agentes que reforçam os fluxos migratórios internacionais. Somamo-nos, assim, aos que tem como objeto de investigação um fenômeno presente na atual dinâmica da população brasileira. / The phenomenon of international migration is probably as old as humanity and for a long time has sparked interest in various areas of human science, including Geography. Data of the Brazilian State Department Itamaraty from 2014 showed that 2.8 million Brazilians live abroad. Since the 1980s lots of researchers have been analysing the immigration of Brazilians to the United States of America, Japan as well as some European countries. The following thesis focuses on the Brazilian immigrants that have just become notable in the last decade, taking the Brazilian immigrants in Ireland as an example to discuss a subject of utmost importance: contemporary international migration. In the thesis it is argued that both the present age of science and technology and globalization contribute to the rise of global mobility and migration causing new, complex challenges. The argumentation is based on the assumption that the current movements of migration are the result of an entire set of factors on macro and on individual level. Therefore, the analysis is focused on the significance of networks of solidarity such as mechanisms that reinforce international migration flows.

No description available.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo discutir as características das avaliações de conhecimentos em língua francesa presentes nos processos seletivos para a mobilidade de estudantes de graduação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Com base nas pesquisas e estudos na área de avaliação (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) e certificação em língua francesa (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), realizamos uma pesquisa documental referente à identificação dos requisitos exigidos em língua francesa quando da publicação dos editais que definem os critérios das seleções para a candidatura a mobilidade internacional para a França. Além disso, investigamos do ponto de vista dos responsáveis diretos e indiretos pelos processos seletivos, qual o lugar da certificação em francês língua estrangeira na política de internacionalização da USP. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste em editais publicados pela USP no período de 2008 a 2012, nos editais do programa Ciência sem Fronteiras entre 2011 e 2014 e, por último, em entrevistas com representantes institucionais implicados na seleção direta de candidatos e também nas políticas oficiais do governo francês no que se refere à certificação na língua. Para as análises, além do referencial teórico mencionado sobre avaliação, consideramos os trabalhos na área do francês para objetivos universitários (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Os resultados de nossas análises indicam que há uma diversidade de entendimentos sobre o nível exigido em relação à língua francesa para a seleção do estudante que integrará o sistema universitário francês, assim como o valor social atribuído ao documento que atesta os conhecimentos na língua, com o objetivo de validar a candidatura. Além disso, constatamos a ausência de uma política linguística adequada ao contexto de internacionalização da USP, que se expressa na falta de clareza de dispositivos de formação e de avaliação para a preparação dos estudantes que vão realizar estudos em meio universitário na França. Esta pesquisa nos ajudou a compreender a complexidade das relações entre formação, avaliação e certificação em contexto específico de mobilidade internacional. Nosso trabalho contribui com uma visão crítica que pode vir a colaborar no desenvolvimento de ações concretas para a reformulação de critérios de avaliação de competências linguísticas em francês língua estrangeira que sejam mais condizentes com as necessidades especificas às quais um estudante de graduação da USP será confrontado. / This dissertation aims to discuss the characteristics of knowledge evaluation in the French language that is current on selective processes for the mobility of undergraduate students in the University of São Paulo (USP). Based on the researches and studies in the area of evaluation (PERRENOUD, 1999; GATTI, 2003; CHUEIRI, 2008; LUCKESI, 2011) and French language certification (PORCHER, 1995, 2004; CUQ; GRUCA, 2003; TAGLIANTE, 2005; NOEL-JOTHY; SAMSONIS, 2006; CHARDENET, 1999, 2011 HUVER; SPRINGER, 2011; RIBA; MEGRE, 2014), weve performed a documentary research for the identification of the requirements of the French language when the publication of the notices the define the criteria of selection for applying for international mobility to France. Furthermore weve delved the point of view of those directly and indirectly responsible for selective processes which is the place of French certification, an international language, on the internationalization policy of USP. The corpus of this research consists on notices published by USP between 2008 and 2012, in the notices of the Science Without Frontiers between 2011 and 2014 and, at last, on interviews with institutional representatives involved on the direct selection of the candidates and also on the official policy of the French government with regard in certification in language. For the analysis, beyond the theoretical framework mentioned about evaluation, weve regarded the work in the area of French for college goals (MANGIANTE; PARPETTE, 2004). Our analysis results indicate that there is diversity of understanding about the level required in relation to French language for the selection of the students that will integrate the French college system, as well as the social value assigned to the document attesting knowledge in the language, in order to validate the candidacy. Moreover, weve noticed the lack of a linguistic policy that adequate to the context of internationalization of USP, which is expressed in the lack of clarity of training and evaluation devices for the preparation of students who will conduct studies in the French Academy. This research helped us to understand the complexity of the relations between training, assessment and certification in the specific context of international mobility. Our work contributes with a more critical vision that might cooperate with the development of concrete actions to reformulate the evaluation criteria of linguistic proficiency in French, foreign language, that are more consistent with the specific needs to which an USP undergraduate shall be confronted.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 pmdgi - paulette skierski pós-banca.pdf: 1279732 bytes, checksum: e09dd754d13123992bfb1864e22982be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / The main objective of this PhD thesis was to understand the relation between international mobility of academics (IMA) and innovation, and its impacts on the countries of origin and destination of researchers. For this purpose three diverse and complementary articles were developed with specific methodologies through which deepens relevant aspects of the proposed discussion. The aim of the first article was to perform a meta-analysis in order to understand the relation between IMA with variables, proxies of innovation, and their impacts in the countries of destination, origin, and destination and origin simultaneously of the researchers. After the elaboration of a rigorous research protocol from 36 articles selected in 15 top journals of the Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases, 20 variables were identified, including five of them, with positive, negative or null impacts for the countries. The study brings contributions to the academy insofar as IMA generates innovation through the development of research networks, the increase of publications with better quality, the increase of citations, and the generation of partnerships between universities, industries and laboratories that can improve education and science. Knowing the types of innovation that IMA generates enables governments that wish to invest in scientific, technological, economic and social development to choose the best measures of attraction and retention of brains. For industry, technological catch-up and highly skilled labour (HSL), means enhancing competitiveness and capacity building, growth of research and development (R&D), creating new products, patent filing, increased investments and expansion of internationalization. The objective of the second research was to investigate which of the following factors is most important in the academics mobility decision: the impact of the science, technology and innovation (ST&I) infrastructure, or the quality of life in the host country. Were considered journals of scientific prestige and research and development (R&D) institutions as proxies for ST&I and the human development index (HDI) as a proxy for quality of life. These data came from several databases. The results of a multiple linear regression show that, although the ST&I infrastructure takes precedence over quality of life, both are influential factors in academics mobility decisions. The results offer guidance for academics in their decisions regarding mobility, as well as offering guidance for government policy-makers with regard to national investments to address brain drain and brain gain. The third study aimed to investigate the relation between patent filing, proxy for innovation, with IMA, education and applied research. For this purpose, primary databases at the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), and secondary databases of the Lattes Platform, Linkedin and Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP) were carried out. The first two Brazilian universities according to the INPI (2014) patent ranking were the University of São Paulo (USP), with a universe of 282 inventors who filed 78 patents followed by the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) with a universe of 190 inventors who filed 60 patents. The results show a positive relation between the number of patents deposited with education, participation in IMA programs and applied research. / O objetivo central desta tese foi entender a relação entre mobilidade acadêmica internacional (MAI) e inovação, e seus impactos nos países de origem e de destino dos pesquisadores. Para isso o trabalho desenvolve três artigos diversos e complementares com metodologias específicas através das quais aprofunda aspectos relevantes da discussão proposta. O primeiro artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma meta-análise afim de entender a relação entre MAI com variáveis, proxies de inovação e seus impactos nos países de destino, de origem, e de destino e origem simultâneamente dos pesquisadores. Após a elaboração de um rigoroso protocolo de pesquisa a partir de 36 artigos selecionados em 15 top journals das bases Scopus e ISI Web of Science, foram localizadas 20 variáveis, dentre as quais cinco de inovação, com impactos positivos, negativos ou nulo para os países. O estudo traz contribuições para a academia na medida em que a MAI gera inovação através do desenvolvimento de redes de pesquisa, do incremento das publicações com melhor qualidade, do aumento de citações, além da geração de parcerias entre universidades, indústrias e laboratórios que podem trazer melhorias à educação e ciência. Conhecer os tipos de inovação que a MAI gera possibilita aos governos que desejam investir no desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico, econômico e social escolher as melhores medidas de atração e retenção de cérebros. Para a indústria o catch-up tecnológico e a mão de obra altamente qualificada significam aprimoramento da competitividade e capacitação, crescimento da pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), desenvolvimento de novos produtos, depósito de patentes, maiores investimentos e expansão da internacionalização. A segunda pesquisa teve como propósito verificar qual fator é preponderante para a decisão de MAI: o impacto da infraestrutura de ciência, tecnologia e inovação (CTI) ou da qualidade de vida no país hospedeiro. Desse modo, o objetivo do artigo foi verificar se fatores relacionados à infraestrutura de CTI e qualidade de vida estão associados à MAI dos recursos humanos em ciência e tecnologia (RHCT) e quais deles têm maior peso na decisão de mobilidade. Foi analisada a relação da mobilidade dos acadêmicos com a presença de journals de impacto e prestígio, instituições de P&D, como proxies de CTI, e o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), como proxy de qualidade de vida. A metodologia foi quantitativa por meio de uma técnica estatística descritiva confirmatória de regressão linear múltipla. Foram usados dados de fontes secundárias da OECD, UNESCO, World Bank, Global Innovation Index, United Nations Development Programme. Os resultados mostraram a preponderância da infraestrutura de CTI sobre a qualidade de vida. Todavia, embora, a primeira tenha uma importância maior para explicar a mobilidade dos acadêmicos é necessário que as duas figurem conjuntamente. A contribuição acadêmica reside na preponderância à infraestrutura de CTI, mas associada à qualidade de vida. A contribuição para os Estados reside na necessidade de garantir ambas as condições para a atração dos acadêmicos. Para os gestores de universidades ficou clara a necessidade de um investimento maciço em CTI. O terceiro estudo teve como finalidade investigar a relação entre depósito de patentes, indicador de inovação, com MAI, educação e pesquisa aplicada. Para tanto, foi realizada uma coleta de dados de bases primárias do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e secundárias da Plataforma Lattes, Linkedin, e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). As duas primeiras universidades brasileiras do ranking de patentes de 2014 do INPI foram a Universidade de São Paulo (USP), com um universo formado por 282 inventores que depositaram 78 patentes seguida pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) com um universo formado por 190 inventores que depositaram 60 patentes. Os resultados revelaram existir uma relação positiva entre o número de patentes depositadas com educação, participação em programas de MAI e pesquisa aplicada.