Molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of thyroid carcinomas are still not fully understood. In the present thesis the highly malignant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) was used to study regulation of apoptosis and tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Addition of a natural estrogen metabolite, 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in five out of six human ATC cell lines. Treatment with 2-ME induced DNA-fragmentation as well as activation of caspase-3. Inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAPKs activity decreased the effect of 2-ME suggesting involvement in the induction of apoptosis. Solid tumors have an elevated IFP. High IFP forms or reflects a barrier for exchange of molecules between microvessels and surrounding tissue. The mechanisms for the generation of the high IFP were investigated using a specific TGF-β inhibitor in an ATC model in athymic mice. Tumor IFP was lowered in TGF-β inhibitor-treated compared to control mice. Affymetrix microarray analysis showed a decreased expression of macrophage-associated genes in treated tumors. Furthermore, the number and activity of tumor-associated macrophages was reduced after TGF-β inhibition. A decreased protein leakage together with an increased coverage of α-smooth-muscle actin (SMA)-expressing cells indicated vessel normalization. An adjuvant treatment with the TGF-β inhibitor resulted in an increased treatment efficacy of doxorubicin. Thus, TGF-β inhibitor-treatment suggests improved microvessel function which results in a lowering of tumor IFP and increased tumor drug uptake. To create a model for specific inactivation of genes in the thyroid, a transgenic mouse with a thyrocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase was generated. The thyroglobulin promoter together with an inducible Cre recombinase (creERT2) was used. Two transgenic founder lines were identified expressing cre mRNA solely in the thyroid. Functional activity of the CreERT2 protein was demonstrated by using a ROSA26-LacZ reporter mouse.

High interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in tumours is recognized as a barrier to drug delivery resulting in reduced efficacy. High IFP impedes the normal process of convective fluid flow (CFF) from blood vessels into the interstitium. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model that could be used to measure CFF and to study its effects on drug delivery. The model consists of a transwell cell culture insert which supports the growth of multicell layers (MCL) on collagen coated membranes. A graduated tube is inserted into the transwell and a pressure gradient is applied across the membrane by raising the volume of medium in the tube above that of the bottom chamber. CFF is determined by measuring the weight of medium in the bottom chamber as a function of time. CFF was inversely proportional to MCL thickness and 41.1±3.6µm thick MCL has completely stopped CFF. Using a physiologically relevant hydrostatic pressure of 28mmHg, a CFF of 21µL/min was recorded using a DLD-1 MCL that was 12.21±3.2µm thick. Under these conditions, the rates of penetration of doxorubicin, imatinib and gefitinib were respectively 42, 26 and 13 folds greater than when no CFF exists. Reversing the CFF so that it opposed the drug diffusion gradient significantly impairs drug penetration. In conclusion, a novel in vitro model for assessing the impact of CFF on drug delivery has been developed. This model could be used to evaluate strategies designed to increase drug delivery to solid tumours by modifying the CFF.

Les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (acide docosahexaènoïque, DHA et acide eicosapentaènoïque, EPA) sensibilisent les tumeurs mammaires aux agents anticancéreux. Cette sensibilisation implique la régulation de la vascularisation tumorale. En effet, un régime nutritionnel EPA/DHA, associé à une chimiothérapie par le Docétaxel (Taxane) diminue la quantité de vascularisation (effet anti-angiogénique). Une amélioration de la qualité vasculaire est aussi observée par une diminution de la pression du liquide interstitiel, paramètre décrit comme un frein à la délivrance des drogues dans les tumeurs. Cette diminution est associée à une extravasation plus importante du bleu d’Evans, suggérant une meilleure distribution des agents anticancéreux au sein des tumeurs. L’effet antiangiogénique du DHA implique une diminution de la voie de signalisation VEGF/eNOS/NO. Ainsi, l’activation de la NO synthase endothéliale (eNOS) est diminuée dans des cellules endothéliales en culture et dans les tumeurs mammaires. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’apport d'acides gras EPA/DHA aux patients au cours de la chimiothérapie pourrait être une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour normaliser la vascularisation tumorale et améliorer l’efficacité des traitements anticancéreux. / Polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) sensitize mammary tumors to anticancer drugs. This sensitization involves the regulation of tumor vasculature. Indeed, a nutritional diet with EPA / DHA, in combination with taxane chemotherapy (docetaxel) decreases the vascular quantity (anti-angiogenic effect). An improvement of vascular quality is also observed by a decrease of interstitial fluid pressure, a parameter described as a barrier to drug delivery in tumors. This decrease improves extravasation of Evans blue, suggesting a better distribution of anticancer agents in tumors. The antiangiogenic effect of DHA involves a decrease of signaling pathway VEGF / eNOS / NO. Thus, activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is decreased in endothelial cells in culture and in mammary tumors. Our results suggest that intake of fatty acids EPA / DHA to patients during chemotherapy could be a new therapeutic approach to normalize tumor vasculature and improve the efficacy of cancer treatments.