Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common pediatric chronic illnesses. Glycemic control among patients with T1D often deteriorates during adolescence; yet little is known about the most effective way for providers to communicate with adolescents to prevent this decline. Given the importance of effective communication, examination of effective patient-provider communication strategies is needed. The current investigation used Motivational Interviewing (MI) as a framework to help characterize naturally-occurring adolescent patient-provider communication in medical encounters and examined the relations between provider communication and T1D self-management and control. Participants were five pediatric endocrine providers and 55 adolescents with T1D (49% female; 76% White; M age= 14.8 years, SD= 1.6). Mean T1D duration was 7.9 years (SD= 3.9) and mean baseline HbA1c was 8.58% (SD= 1.4). Adolescents and caregivers completed surveys related to diabetes self-management and psychosocial functioning at a routine endocrinology visit and again at one and three months post-baseline. Medical encounters were audio-recorded and coded. HbA1c was obtained via medical chart review at baseline, three, and six month appointments. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that, after controlling for prior MI training (providers) and adolescent baseline HbA1c, age, and race, use of MI non-adherent behavior (e.g., confronting, persuading) was associated with 1) poorer three month HbA1c, F(5,45)= 11.19, p < .001; R2 = .554 and 2) worse adolescent diabetes adherence, F(5, 46)= 9.86, p < .001; R2= .517. MI non-adherent behavior emerged as a significant predictor in each model, t(45)= 2.13,p = .038, β = .242 and t(46) = -2.39, p= .021, β= -.300, respectively. A mediation analysis determined that patient self-efficacy for diabetes self-management mediated the relation between the use of these MI non-adherent behaviors and lower diabetes adherence. In TalkT1me, providers’ overreliance on persuasion and confronting adolescents about the risks of non-adherence was paradoxically associated with poorer glycemic control and adherence. Certain communication techniques that are inconsistent with MI, like confronting or persuading, appear to have a negative impact on diabetes self-care and HbA1c. Results from this evaluation of naturally occurring communication can help guide targeted training efforts to enhance communication and improve diabetes self-care with these vulnerable patients.

After a crime has occurred, one of the most pressing objectives for investigators is to identify and interview any eyewitness that can provide information about the crime. Depending on his or her training, the investigative interviewer will use (to varying degrees) mostly yes/no questions, some cued and multiple-choice questions, with few open-ended questions. When the witness cannot generate any more details about the crime, one assumes the eyewitness’ memory for the critical event has been exhausted. However, given what we know about memory, is this a safe assumption? In line with the extant literature on human cognition, if one assumes (a) an eyewitness has more available memories of the crime than he or she has accessible and (b) only explicit probes have been used to elicit information, then one can argue this eyewitness may still be able to provide additional information via implicit memory tests. In accordance with these notions, the present study had two goals: demonstrate that (1) eyewitnesses can reveal memory implicitly for a detail-rich event and (2) particularly for brief crimes, eyewitnesses can reveal memory for event details implicitly that were inaccessible when probed for explicitly. Undergraduates (N = 227) participated in a psychological experiment in exchange for research credit. Participants were presented with one of three stimulus videos (brief crime vs. long crime vs. irrelevant video). Then, participants either completed a series of implicit memory tasks or worked on a puzzle for 5 minutes. Lastly, participants were interviewed explicitly about the previous video via free recall and recognition tasks. Findings indicated that participants who viewed the brief crime provided significantly more crime-related details implicitly than those who viewed the long crime. The data also showed participants who viewed the long crime provided marginally more accurate details during free recall than participants who viewed the brief crime. Furthermore, participants who completed the implicit memory tasks provided significantly less accurate information during the explicit interview than participants who were not given implicit memory tasks. This study was the first to investigate implicit memory for eyewitnesses of a crime. To determine its applied value, additional empirical work is required.

Basic research on expectancy effects suggests that investigative interviewers with pre-conceived notions about a crime may negatively influence the interview process in meaningful ways, yet many interviewing protocols recommend that interviewers review all available information prior to conducting their interviews. Previous research suggests that interviewers with no pre-interview knowledge elicit more detailed and accurate accounts than their informed counterparts (Cantlon, et al., 1996; Rivard et al., under review). The current study investigated whether (a) the benefit of blind versus informed interviewing is moderated by cautionary interviewer instructions to avoid suggestive questions and (b) whether any possible effects of pre-interview information extend beyond the immediate context of the forensic interview. Paired participants (N = 584) were assigned randomly either to the role of interviewer or witness. Witnesses viewed a mock crime video and were interviewed one week later by an interviewer who received either correct, incorrect, or no information about the crime event. Half of the interviewers were assigned randomly to receive additional instructions to avoid suggestive questions. All participants returned 1 week after the interview to recall the crime video (for the witness) or the information recalled by the witness during the interview (for the interviewer). All interviews and delayed recall measures were scored for the quantity and accuracy of information reported. Results replicate earlier findings that blind interviewers elicit more information from witnesses, without a decrease in accuracy rate. However instructions to avoid suggestive questions did not moderate the effect of blind versus informed interviewing on witness recall during the interview. Results further demonstrate that the effects of blind versus non-blind interviewing may extend beyond the immediate context of the interview to a later recall attempt. With instructions to avoid suggestive questions, witnesses of blind interviewers were more accurate than witnesses of incorrectly informed interviewers when recalling the event 1 week later. In addition, blind interviewers had more accurate memories for the witnesses’ account of the event during the interview compared to non-blind interviewers.

This is a descriptive study of play interviewing as done by Social Workers in a Child Guidance Setting, when play is used in the treatment of children with adjustment problems. The purpose of the study is twofold: 1. To demonstrate that the play interview as a social work technique is a valid part of social work practice when conducted within defined limits. 2. To identify and examine the realized and potential diagnostic and treatment features inherent in the play interview. This study contains a review of social work philosophy, concepts, principles and techniques, (formulated as a basis for viewing the play interview) a survey of the salient literature on play techniques (dealing with theoretical assumptions about the value of play as a tool in treatment) an analysis of five Individual social work play interviews. The fourth chapter contains a discussion of the findings of this study in relation to the implications of related studies focused on social work contributions to the services of the Provincial Child Guidance Clinic of Vancouver. This study complements six previous studies done on other aspects of child guidance practice by social workers at this clinic and discusses its relatedness to these studies throughout. In order to reach the major objectives of this study two schedules were employed in the analysis of the play interview recordings. A schedule of 13 social work interviewing methods drawn from Social Work literature by Glover and employed by Glover and Moslin in their studies on casework treatment methods was employed to identify interviewing methods utilized in the play interview. The second schedule made up of seven diagnostic and treatment features, drawn from the literature on play techniques. Twelve of the thirteen social work interviewing methods were identified in the play interviews thus demonstrating the similarity of the play interview as a social work technique to it's counterpart the social work interview. These findings support the findings implicit in Glover's study; that most social work interviewing methods are identifiable in play interviews. A second schedule made up of diagnostic and treatment features drawn from the survey of the literature on play techniques was applied; for the purpose of identifying diagnostic and treatment features inherent in the play interview and support or point up any contra-indications to the first hypothesis, that the play interview is a valid part of social work practice. Six of the seven diagnostic and treatment features were identified in the play interview records. These features were then matched with their counterparts or equivalents in the social work interview. These findings further demonstrated that the play interview is similar to and just as much a valid part of social work practice as the social work interview. This study thus provides a glimpse of the treatment potential of the play interview as a valid part of social work practice and points up the value of extending and developing the use of play interview as a social work treatment method. Conversely this study (by comparison) illuminates the richness of the treatment potential of the social work interview per se. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

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This thesis combines a theoretical perspective and a methodological technique in order to clarify the concept of negotiation. The theoretical perspective represents a merging of a formal analysis as suggested by Georg Simmel and Erving Goffman and an interactional emphasis upon reciprocity of actions as proposed by Herbert Blumer. Accordingly, a methodological scheme was constructed to examine negotiations in terms of their forms and content.

The present study investigated the expressive and interpersonal functioning of nonverbal behavior within a dyadic relationship. A questionnaire derived from the Interpersonal Perception Method of Laing, Phillipson, and Lee (1966) was developed to assess the impact of an interviewer’s nonverbal behavior on the interviewee’s experience of herself, the interviewer, and their relationship. To determine this impact and evaluate the usefulness of the instrument, two interviewer nonverbal behavior sets were defined. Two female interviewers interviewed a total of sixteen female interviewees for each behavior set, using the same verbal style and interview format throughout each one-time interview. The interviewees then filled out the questionnaire which consisted of 160 statements constructed from five categories of issues and four relational phases. The interviewees endorsed each statement along and evaluative, true-false continuum. The interviewees’ responses to the items were grouped according to phase, category, and behavioral set.

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