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The role of the IGF system during intestinal development of the pig, and in particular the significance of dietary IGF-I was investigated. Significant concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP were measured in milk and colostrum and in vitro immunoaffinity chromatography studies confirmed IGF-I stability in the presence of newborn and suckled intestinal contents. Specific IGF-I receptors were identified on apical and basolateral membranes, and the cytoplasm of villus/crypt enterocytes. Receptor binding data revealed binding to a single site, with an affinity of 1nM. Receptor affinity remained constant during development but in apical microvillar membranes, IGF-I receptors were transiently up-regulated in suckled animals. The specificity of receptors was confirmed using competition binding and affinity crosslinking studies, and the functional activity of receptors demonstrated using an in vitro receptor autophosphorylation assay. In Caco-2 intestinal cells IGF-I binding and IGF-I receptor mRNA expression was significantly increased in the presence of 7 and 14 day milk, suggesting that milk-borne factors may regulate the up-regulation observed in vivo. In vivo experiments were undertaken using colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived artificially-reared pigs. Significant differences in plasma IGF-I and IGF binding proteins were observed in the IGF- treated animals compared to controls suggesting that IGF-I remained bioactive in the intestine and was transported to the circulation. The in vivo effects of IGF-I were modulated by early nutrition. Plasma IGF-I increased in colostrum-deprived animals, whereas in colostrum-fed animals levels decreased.

Introducción: La evaluación radiológica es la ayuda diagnostica más eficaz para poder evaluar al paciente y poder hacer un diagnóstico diferencial con otros cuadros de dolor abdominal agudo que pueden poder en riesgo la salud del paciente. Objetivos: Identificar cuáles son las características radiológicas más frecuentemente halladas en los síndromes de obstrucción intestinal debidamente certificados en la población infantil atendida por el servicio de emergencia del hospital de emergencias pediátricas durante el periodo Enero a Julio del año 2014, grupo etáreo que con más frecuencia desarrolla síndromes de obstrucción intestinal, incidencias radiológicas más frecuentemente y las causas etiológicas que con más frecuencia conllevan a un síndrome de obstrucción intestinal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal retrospectivo. Población a estudio: niños que acudieron al servicio de emergencias del Hospital Emergencias Pediátricas con diagnóstico de obstrucción intestinal durante el periodo Enero-Julio del año 2014. Resultados: Se revisaron historias clínicas de 74 pacientes con diagnóstico de obstrucción intestinal: la distribución de frecuencia de los grupos etáreos de niños con síndrome de obstrucción intestinal: <1 (23%), 1 a 5 (25.7%), 6 a 10 (29.7%) y >10 (21.6%). Distribución de frecuencia de los tipos de incidencia radiográfica: bipedestación 40 (54.7%), decúbito lateral 4 (5.3%), decúbito supino 29 (38.7%) e invertograma 1 (1.3%). Distribución de frecuencias de las causas etiológicas: impactación fecal: 44(59.5%), invaginación: 8(10.8%), bridas y adherencias: 6(8.1%), ano imperforado: 4(5.4), atresia (duodenal-ileal):2(2.7), íleo adinámico: 2(2.7%), Mal rotación intestinal: 3(4.1%). Distribución de frecuencias de las características radiológicas: Niveles hidroaéreos: 61(44.9%).Opacidad en marco colonico 45(33.1%) Conclusiones: El grupo etáreo más afectado por la obstrucción intestinal fue el grupo conformado por niños entre 6 a 10 años. El tipo de proyección radiográfica más usada para el diagnóstico del Síndrome obstructivo intestinal fue la Bipedestación. Las causas etiológicas más frecuentemente halladas fueron la impactación fecal. La características radiográfica más frecuentes hallados en los síndromes de obstrucción intestinal fueron los Niveles hidroaereos y las Opacidad en todo el marco colonico. / Introduction: Radiological evaluation is diagnosed more effective help to assess the patient and to make a differential diagnosis with other conditions of acute abdominal pain that can be a health risk to the patient. Objectives: To identify what the radiological characteristics most often found in intestinal obstruction syndromes duly certified in child population served by the hospital emergency service pediatric emergency during the period January to July 2014, age group most frequently develops intestinal obstruction syndromes, most frequently radiological incidents and etiological causes most frequently leading to intestinal obstruction syndrome. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive retrospective observational study. Study population: children presenting to the emergency room of the Pediatric Emergency Hospital with a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction during the period January-July 2014. Results: medical records of 74 patients with diagnosis of intestinal obstruction: the frequency distribution the age groups of children with intestinal obstruction syndrome: <1 (23%), 1-5 (25.7%), 6-10 (29.7%) and> 10 (21.6%). Frequency distribution of the types of radiographic impact: standing 40 (54.7%), lateral decubitus 4 (5.3%), supine 29 (38.7%) and classical upside in January (1.3%). Frequency distribution of etiologies: fecal impaction: 44 (59.5%), intussusception 8 (10.8%), bridles and adhesions: 6 (8.1%), imperforate anus: 4 (5.4), atresia (duodenal-ileal): 2 (2.7), adynamic ileus: 2 (2.7%), intestinal rotation Mal: 3 (4.1%). Frequency distribution of the radiologic features: fluid levels: 61 (44.9%) Opacity in colonic frame 45 (33.1%). Conclusions: The age group most affected by bowel obstruction was the group formed by children between 6-10 years. The most used type of radiographic screening for diagnosis of intestinal obstruction syndrome was standing. The etiological causes were most frequently found fecal impaction. The most frequent radiographic features found in intestinal obstruction syndromes were the fluid levels and opacity in the entire large bowel. Keywords: Intestinal obstruction. Pediatrics. Simple radiology.

O experimento foi realizado na unidade de creche do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), campus de Pirassununga (SP), sendo utilizados setenta e dois leitões recém desmamados (21 dias), com peso médio de 6,5 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores: probiótico e desafio, os quais definiram os tratamentos: T 1 - emprego do probiótico, com desafio (CPCD); T 2 - emprego do probiótico, sem o desafio (CPSD); T 3 - ausência do probiótico, com desafio (SPCD); T 4 - ausência do probiótico e sem o desafio (SPSD). As faixas de ganho médio de peso diário consideradas foram: dos 21 aos 35 dias (GMPD 35); dos 35 aos 49 dias (GMPD 49); dos 49 aos 63 dias (GMPD 63) e dos 21 aos 63 dias (GMPD Total). Os leitões foram submetidos ao desafio em sala separada, 14 dias após a distribuição nos tratamentos. O desafio foi realizado com uma amostra de E. coli positiva para as toxinas LT e ST b e para as fímbrias K 88 e F 18. A colheita das fezes foi feita após o desafio, em três períodos (35, 42 e 49 dias de idade dos leitões), para contagem de coliformes fecais, sendo analisadas pelo Laboratório de Sanidade Suína da FMVZ-USP, em São Paulo. A ração oferecida aos leitões foi semelhante à empregada comercialmente nas criações, havendo somente suplementação ou não do probiótico. O experimento avaliou o desempenho dos leitões através do ganho de peso diário (GMPD) e peso (P), acrescido da verificação da consistência das fezes e da contagem de coliformes fecais. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre probiótico e desafio quanto ao GMPD 49, indicando nesse período, o ponto de inflexão que caracterizou o início da mudança no comportamento desta variável. Com relação à consistência das fezes, o probiótico agiu reduzindo o percentual de fezes cremosas, confirmando sua ação protetora da mucosa intestinal, reduzindo a perda de líquido e, conseqüentemente, a diarréia. Além de atuar melhorando os parâmetros relativos ao desempenho e à consistência das fezes, a utilização do probiótico promoveu uma alteração na contagem de E. coli, reduzindo-a para um valor inferior, 14 dias após o desafio, reforçando assim a sua ação benéfica junto á manutenção da integridade intestinal / The experiment was conducted in the nursery unit at the Swine Research Laboratory from the FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga campus, where we used 72 piglets recently weaned (about 21 days) with the average weight of 6,5 kg. The experiment was outlined in random blocks system, 2 x 2 factorial arrangements, being the factors: probiotic and challenge. The treatment was: T1 ? use of the probiotic, with challenge (CPCD); T2 ? use of the probiotic, without the challenge (CPSD); T3 ? no probiotic, with challenge (SPCD); T4 ? no probiotic and no challenge (SPSD). The intervals of weight daily gain considered were 21 to 35 days (GMPD 35); 35 to 49 days (GMPD 49); 49 to 63 days (GMPD 63) and 21 to 63 days (GMPD Total). The piglets were kept in two different rooms. One of the groups was challenged 14 days after the distribution in the treatments, in a separated room and for the challenge we used a sample of E.coli positive for the toxins LT and ST b and also for the pilli K88 and F18. The samples of feces were collected after the challenge in three periods (35, 42 and 49 days of age of the piglets) and sent to the Swine Health Laboratory at the FMVZ-USP, São Paulo campus, where the count of some species of intestinal bacteria was performed. The feed offered to the piglets was the same used in commercial swine herds. The only difference was the use or not of the probiotic. The experiment evaluated the development of the piglets through the amount of weight (AW) they gained and the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, plus the verification of the consistency of the feces and the count of some intestinal bacteria. The results showed a significant interaction between the probiotic and the challenge, as related to GMPD 49, indicating in this period the point of inflexion that characterized the beginning of the change in behavior of this variable. Analyzing the consistency of the feces we have notice that the probiotic has reduced the percentage of creamy feces, confirming its protective action in the intestinal mucus, reducing the loss of liquid and consequently the diarrhea. Together with the positive effect on the performance, the probiotic reduced the abnormal consistency of the feces, specially the creamy ones, as well as decreased the counting of E.coli 14 days after the challenge, keeping the intestinal integrity

Triatomíneos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) conhecidos no Brasil como “barbeiros” são os vetores do flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi, o parasita causador da doença de Chagas, uma das mais importantes doenças parasitárias no continente americano. O estudo da microbiota intestinal dos triatomíneos tem ganhado relevância nos últimos anos dado seu papel potencial em modular a competência vetorial, além do uso de bactérias modificadas geneticamente para inibir o desenvolvimento do inseto ou do parasita. Porém, para um uso prospectivo em estratégias de controle, se requer um bom conhecimento da interação vetor-microbiota-parasita, incluindo a composição da microbiota, rotas de transmissão e a resposta a infecção com T. cruzi. Para responder estas perguntas, neste trabalho foi amostrada a microbiota intestinal de insetos criados em colônias de laboratório de seis espécies representativas dos gêneros Triatoma, Rhodnius e Panstrongylus, usando sequenciamento em larga escala de um fragmento do gene ribossomal 16S. Nosso estudo compara insetos desafiados experimentalmente contra T. cruzi e controles não desafiados, bem como amostras obtidas de intestino e gônadas. Nossos resultados demostram que a microbiota intestinal de triatomíneos tem uma baixa diversidade dentro de indivíduos, pode ser transmitida horizontal ou tanto vertical como horizontalmente, e é altamente variável na sua composição taxonômica dentro de uma mesma espécie de hospedeiro. No entanto, as espécies bacterianas da microbiota padrão são principalmente restritas a Enterobacteriales e Corynebacteriales. Nossos resultados sugerem que desafio com T. cruzi influencia a composição da microbiota de acordo com a susceptibilidade do vetor: nas espécies com infecção não detectável, ela é variável entre os grupo desafiado e o controle, mas nas espécies com infecção detectável, ela permanece em sua maioria sem mudanças. Nossas observações são discutidas à luz do nosso conhecimento sobre a resposta imune do inseto e sobre a capacidade do parasita de modulá-la. Nós consideramos que, embora a diversidade da microbiota ser altamente variável entre espécies e indivíduos, grupos taxonômicos-chave definem a microbiota padrão intestinal dos triatomíneos, permitindo-nos explorar o papel dos simbiontes na nutrição e defesa do hospedeiro. Finalmente, nós sugerimos caminhos através dos quais novas pesquisas sobre a regulação fisiológica dos triatomíneos pela microbiota intestinal podem ser realizados a fim de avaliar a sua resposta posterior contra T. cruzi e ser usada como indicador de susceptibilidade dos insetos à infecção pelo o parasita. / Triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) known in Brazil as “barbeiros” are the vectors of flagellate Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of the Chagas disease, one of the most important parasitic diseases in the American continent. The study of triatomine gut microbiota has gained relevance in the last years given its potential role to modulate vector competence, besides the use of genetically modified bacteria to inhibit the development of either insects or parasites. However, for a prospective use in control strategies, a good understanding of the vector-microbiota-parasite interactions is required, including microbiota composition, its transmission routes, and its responses to T. cruzi infection. To answer these questions, we sampled the gut microbiota of colony-reared insects of six representative species of the genera Triatoma, Rhodnius and Panstrongylus, using high throughput sequencing of a fragment of the ribosomal gene 16S. Our study compares experimental T. cruzi-challenged and non-challenged control individuals, as well as samples obtained from guts and gonads. Our results demonstrate that the triatomine gut microbiota has a low intra-individual diversity, is either horizontally or both horizontally and vertically transmissible, and is highly variable in its taxonomic composition within the same host species. Nevertheless, bacterial species of the core microbiota are mostly restricted to Enterobacteriales and Corynebacteriales. T. cruzi-challenge seems to influence microbiota composition according to vector susceptibility: in species with non-detectable infection, it is variable between experimentally challenged and non-challenged vectors, while in species with detectable infection, the microbiota remains mostly undisturbed. This latter observation is discussed in the light of insect immune responses and the parasite capacity of modulating it. We consider that, although the microbiota diversity is highly variable between species and individuals, key taxonomic groups define the core triatomine gut microbiota, allowing us to explore their symbiotic role in host nutrition and defense. Finally, we suggest avenues through which new research on triatomine physiological regulation of gut microbiota could be conducted in order to evaluate its subsequent response to T. cruzi and be used as indicator of infection susceptibility to the parasite.

Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a relatively recently recognized disease of commercial layer and meat breeder chickens resulting from colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by anaerobic spirochaetal bacteria of the genus Brachyspira. AIS is characterised by delayed and/or reduced egg production and chronic diarrhoea. This thesis describes an investigation into the prevalence, pathogenicity and control of species of avian intestinal spirochaete in Australia. Faeces samples from chickens in 22 flocks of laying hens, 19 broiler flocks and 28 breeder flocks in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia were subjected to selective anaerobic culture for Brachyspira species. Spirochaete isolates then were speciated using phenotypic characteristics and specific polymerase chain reaction amplifications. A highly significant association was found between colonisation with Brachyspira species and the occurrence of wet litter and/or reduced production in both broiler breeder and layer flocks in eastern Australia. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) then was used to help confirm the identity of the spirochaetes, and to examine their genetic relationships and disease associations. MLEE divided the isolates into five known Brachyspira species groups: Brachyspira murdochii, B. intermedia, B. pilosicoli, B. innocens, and “B. pulli”. Three new MLEE groups each containing single isolates were also identified. All farms with production problems or wet litter were colonised with the pathogenic species, B. intermedia and/or B. pilosicoli. The pathogenic potential of single isolates of B. pilosicoli and B. innocens then were experimentally evaluated in adult broiler breeders, confirming that infection with B. pilosicoli can result in serious egg production losses, whilst B. innocens is non-pathogenic. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the pathogenic spirochaetes B. pilosicoli and B. intermedia were both susceptible to tiamulin, lincomycin, metronidazole and tetracycline, while a lack of susceptibility to tylosin was found in some isolates of B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Some isolates of B. pilosicoli were not susceptible to ampicillin. Additional studies showed that zinc bacitracin, a common feed additive, can increase susceptibility to colonisation with B. pilosicoli. Both tiamulin and lincomycin were shown to be effective in treating infection with B. pilosicoli in adult birds.