Intra-industry trade occurs when goods from the same industry category are both exported and imported. Types of intra-industry trade are identified, and theoretical models of intraindustry trade under conditions of imperfect competition are examined. The results of thirtyseven empirical studies on the determinants of intra-industry trade are analysed. Methods of measuring intra-industry trade and marginal intra-industry trade are discussed, and various measurement problems are dealt with. The extent of intra-industry trade in South Africa in 1992 and 1997 is measured, using the Grubel-Lloyd and Michaely indices. The BrUlhart indices are applied to measure marginal intra-industry trade. South Africa has a relatively low and stable level of intra-industry trade in manufactured goods: the GrubelLloyd index for 1997 is calculated to be 37 per cent. / Economics and Management Sciences / M.Com. (Economics)

本文主要是在探討台灣與中國大陸間紡織業之垂直及水平產業內貿易之情況。本文使用The World Trade Atlas國際貿易統計數據資料庫之貿易資料，首先觀察1995-2004年兩岸紡織業之貿易現況。 本文採用國際商品統一分類制度(The Harmonized Commodity Description Coding System, HS)做為商品分類的基礎，以HS Code兩位碼及六位碼之貿易資料，根據 Grubel and Lloyd (1975)產業內貿易指數，計算各年產業內貿易程度，觀察其變動，並探討兩岸紡織業之各項產業之垂直與水平產業內貿易歷年的變化趨勢。以HS Code六位碼為分類基礎之分析中，我們可將觀察期間中，產業內貿易、垂直及水平產業內貿易歷年變動趨勢大致相同之產業分為四組，並深入探討其經濟涵義：(1) VIIT上升；HIIT維持平穩；IIT下降的產業。(2) VIIT上升；HIIT下降；IIT上升的產業。(3) VIIT上升；HIIT下降；IIT下降的產業。(4) VIIT下降；HIIT上升；IIT上升的產業。 接著，以HS Code六位碼為商品分類基礎，建立實證模型並利用一般最小平方法(OLS)，探討兩岸紡織業之產業內貿易、垂直及水平產業內貿易的決定因素。而由實證結果顯示，兩岸經濟發展差異程度、兩岸貿易開放程度、關稅及重疊性需求是影響兩岸紡織業產業內貿易重要之因素。而兩岸經濟發展差異程度、關稅及重疊性需求則為兩岸紡織業垂直及水平產業內貿易之重要影響因素。

Intra-industry trade occurs when goods from the same industry category are both exported and imported. Types of intra-industry trade are identified, and theoretical models of intraindustry trade under conditions of imperfect competition are examined. The results of thirtyseven empirical studies on the determinants of intra-industry trade are analysed. Methods of measuring intra-industry trade and marginal intra-industry trade are discussed, and various measurement problems are dealt with. The extent of intra-industry trade in South Africa in 1992 and 1997 is measured, using the Grubel-Lloyd and Michaely indices. The BrUlhart indices are applied to measure marginal intra-industry trade. South Africa has a relatively low and stable level of intra-industry trade in manufactured goods: the GrubelLloyd index for 1997 is calculated to be 37 per cent. / Economics and Management Sciences / M.Com. (Economics)

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-16T13:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Simone Cavassola_.pdf: 449259 bytes, checksum: aa80607437aaa50ea7d3b1be0fd0a433 (MD5) Simone Cavassola_.pdf: 449259 bytes, checksum: aa80607437aaa50ea7d3b1be0fd0a433 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-16T13:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Simone Cavassola_.pdf: 449259 bytes, checksum: aa80607437aaa50ea7d3b1be0fd0a433 (MD5) Simone Cavassola_.pdf: 449259 bytes, checksum: aa80607437aaa50ea7d3b1be0fd0a433 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Nenhuma / Este estudo busca identificar a existência e o nível de padrão de Comércio Intraindústria da Indústria de Transformação do Brasil com o Mercosul, tendo como referência o Brasil com o resto do mundo. Para esta análise utilizou-se o índice Grubel-Lloyd (1975), a partir dos dados de importação e exportação dos 99 setores da indústria de transformação, transacionados entre o Brasil e os países do Mercosul, e entre o Brasil e o mundo no período compreendido dos anos 2000 a 2014. Como resultados do estudo, é possível perceber o enfraquecimento do comércio brasileiro intrasetorial com o Mercosul e também com o restante do mundo. Ou seja, ao invés de aumentar a integração entre os países, em especial, membros do Mercosul, os resultados mostram uma diminuição dessa integração. Essa evidência contesta o desempenho que se espera da integração produtiva regional como um fator dinamizador econômico, visto fortemente na década de 1990. E em relação ao comércio do Brasil com o restante do mundo, identifica-se a exportação de um volume maior de bens primários, contra a importação de bens de intensidade tecnológica. Ao invés de realizar trocas dentro de um mesmo setor, como evidencia o Comércio Intraindústria, o maior volume de comércio entre o Brasil e o Mundo ocorre entre setores distintos. / This study aims to identify the existence and the level of Intra-Industry pattern between Brazilian and Mercosur industries, taking as reference to the trade pattern between Brazil and the rest of the world. For the analyses was considered the Grubel-Lloyd Index (1975), over imports and exports data of 99 sectors of the industry traded between Brazil and Mercosur countries and, between Brazil and the rest of the world from 2000 to 2014. The results revealed deterioration of Brazilian intersectoral commerce with Mercosur, as well with the rest of the world. In other words, it means that instead of improving productive integration among the countries, especially Mercosur members, the results expose the diminishing of integration. This evidence challenges the expected performance of regional productive integration as an economic enabling factor, seen strongly in the 1990's. The present work also demonstrates an increase in the exportation of primary goods from Brazil to the rest of the world, in contrast, the importation of goods of high technology. By the way, instead of indication of Intra-Industry trade, the greater trade between Brazil and the rest of the world takes place among different sectors.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-16T16:34:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean de Jesus Fernandes.pdf: 598485 bytes, checksum: 3940f5cb6a0ac96f4025905671b7595b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T16:34:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean de Jesus Fernandes.pdf: 598485 bytes, checksum: 3940f5cb6a0ac96f4025905671b7595b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este estudo investiga a evolução da especialização no comércio internacional do Brasil juntamente com a Alemanha, Áustria, China, Croácia, Estados Unidos, Finlândia, França, Irlanda, Israel, Itália, Japão, Polônia, República Tcheca e Suíça entre os anos 2000 e 2012. Por meio da aplicação do modelo de sofisticação das exportações e do comércio intraindústria, foi possível mensurar os resultados da expansão mundial da sofisticação em nível setorial e também pela pauta exportadora desses países. Os resultados indicam que a composição da sofisticação das exportações mundiais, em nível setorial, tem relativa tendência de aumento nos setores ligados aos produtos primários e pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D). Por sua vez, os resultados da sofisticação na pauta exportadora dos países analisados apontam relativa tendência para o aumento dos setores ligados aos produtos primários, com fator de produção intensivo em trabalho e economias de escala. No entanto, o crescimento da sofisticação das exportações nesses setores pode ser decorrente do aumento nos preços internacionais das commodities, da expansão do comércio intraindústria ou dos próprios processos das especializações do mercado. / This study investigate the evolution of specialization in Brazil’s international trade along with Germany, Austria, China, Croatia, United States, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Poland, Czech Republic and Switzerland between years 2000 and 2012. By the application of a sophistication model of the exports and the intra-industry trade, it was possible to measure the results of global expansion of sophistication in a sector level and also for the exporting agenda of these countries. The results indicate that the composition of the sophistication of global exports in sector level has a relative increase tendency in sectors related to primary products and research and development (R&D). In turn, the results of sophistication in the exporting agenda of the analyzed countries indicates a relative tendency of the sectors related to primary products, with intensive production factor in labor and economies of scale. However, the growth of sophistication of exports in these sectors may be due to the increase in international commodity prices, the expansion of intra-industry trade or own processes of market specialization.

The main aim of this dissertation is to provide evidence on the development of bilateral trade relations related to manufacturing industry between Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia and the old Member States of the EU (EU 15/EU 25) through focus on the intra-industry trade phenomenon during the period delimited by years 1995, 1999, 2004 and 2007. Based on data from Eurostat Easy Comext database classified according to the Standard International Trade Classification (Rev.3), Grubel-Lloyd indices are computed at the level of 3-digit and 1-digit manufacturing industries (SITC 5, 6, 7, 8) and thereafter aggregate to the level of manufacturing sector as a whole (SITC 5 - 8). Consequently, Greenaway, Hine and Milner methodology is used for disentangling intra-industry trade into its horizontal and vertical components (the latter being further separated into low quality vertical intra-industry trade and high quality vertical intra-industry trade) on the basis of unit value indices. The results show that the share of intra-industry trade in total trade between the countries in focus is increasing during the complete period in all countries and all sectors with SITC 6, 7 and 8 clearly inclining to intra-industry specialization. Altogether, the predominant specialization in high quality vertical IIT is presented, implying so far only slowly advancing convergence steps of the new Member States towards the path of the initial Members of the EU.

Magistro darbo tikslas yra apžvelgus prekybos pramonės šakos produkcija teoriją, išanalizuoti Kinijos prekybos poveikį Lietuvos tekstilės pramonei. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikiama prekybos pramonės šakos viduje teorija, jos atsiradimo priežastys, palyginimas su prekyba tarp skirtingų pramonės šakų. Aprašomas prekybos pramonės šakos viduje skaičiavimas. Analizuojama pastarosios prekybos nauda. Antrojoje darbo dalyje analizuojamas staigus Kinijos ekonominis atsigavimas, vertinama Kinijos prekyba su pasauliu. Apžvelgiamas Kinijos prekybos poveikis Europos Sąjungos tekstilės ir aprangos sektoriui po pasaulinio kvotų panaikinimo 2005 metais. Pateikiami tekstilės importo iš Kinijos, kaip problemos, galimi sprendimo būdai. Trečiojoje magistro darbo dalyje pirmiausiai pateikiama Lietuvos-Kinijos prekyba (jos mastai, struktūra). Toliau analizuojamas Kinijos prekybos tekstile poveikis Lietuvos tekstilės pramonei. Atliekami prekybos pramonės šakos viduje skaičiavimai. Vertinamas tekstilės importo iš Kinijos poveikis Lietuvos bendrai šio sektoriaus gamybai bei užimtumui. Galiausiai darbe pateikiami apibendrinti atlikto tyrimo „Kiniškos tekstilės vertinimas Lietuvoje“ rezultatai. / The goal of the Master's thesis is to review the theory of intra-industry trade and analyse the influence of Chinese trade on Lithuanian textile industry. The first part of the work presents the theory of intra-industry trade, causes for its appearance, comparison with trade between industries. Calculation of intra-industry trade is described. The benefit of the latter is analysed. The second part of the paper includes an analysis of the sudden economical recovery of China, Chinese trade with the world is estimated. Next, an overview of the influence of Chinese trade on the European Union textile and clothing industry after the lifting of global quotas in 2005 is presented. Possible solutions to problem of textile import from China are provided. The third part of the Master's thesis primarily delivers information on Lithuanian-Chinese trade (its scope, structure). The influence of Chinese textile trade is further analysed. Calculations of intra-industry trade are carried out. Influence of textiles import from China to production and employment within this field in Lithuania is assessed. Finally, the paper presents summarized results of a research „Evaluation of Chinese textile in Lithuania“.

<p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1989</p> / digitalisering@umu

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T20:24:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillabelleoliveirapinto.pdf: 1398069 bytes, checksum: a26dbfa8bcbdf30a5d13755290af49b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T15:41:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillabelleoliveirapinto.pdf: 1398069 bytes, checksum: a26dbfa8bcbdf30a5d13755290af49b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T15:41:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 priscillabelleoliveirapinto.pdf: 1398069 bytes, checksum: a26dbfa8bcbdf30a5d13755290af49b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Considerando a possível relação entre o comércio intraindústria e o deslocamento de trabalhadores, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a Hipótese de Ajuste Suavizado (HAS) para a economia brasileira no período 1997 a 2008. Teoricamente, espera-se uma relação inversa entre o comércio intraindustrial marginal (Brülhart, 1994) e deslocamento do fator trabalho no fluxo de comércio externo. Na análise da HAS para o cenário brasileiro utilizou-se a abordagem econométrica de dados em painel dinâmico para o período de 1997 a 2008. Para tanto, foi necessária a compatibilização de três bancos de dados – CNAE 1.0, CNAE 2.0 e Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM). Os resultados empíricos encontrados para o Brasil não confirmam a HAS, ou seja, a expansão de comércio intraindústria marginal não mostra significância estatística para afetar os custos de ajustes das indústrias de manufatura. / Considering the possible relationship between intra-industry trade and the displacement of workers, the aim of this paper is to analyze the “Smooth Adjustment Hypothesis” (HAS) for the Brazilian’s economy during 1997 a 2008. Theoretically, we expect an inverse relationship between the marginal intra-industry trade (Brülhart, 1994) and displacement of labor in the flow of foreign trade. In the analysis of SAH to the Brazilian scenario approach was used econometric dynamic panel data for the period 1997 to 2008. Therefore, it was necessary to reconcile three databases – CNAE 1.0, CNAE 2.0 and Mercosul Common Nomenclature (NCM). Empirical results were not found in Brazil according to HAS, ie, can not asset that intra-industry marginal causes the opposite effect the displacement of workers.

The paper provides an explanation of the mechanisms underlying trade roots of the contagion effects emanating from the recent turmoils. It is argued that under demand uncertainty risk averse behavior of firms provides a basis for international trade. The paper shows by means of a simple two-country model that risk averse firms operating in perfectly competitive markets with uncertainty of demand tend to diversify markets what gives a basis for international trade in identical commodities even between identical countries. It is shown that such trade may be welfare improving despite efficiency losses due to cross-hauling and transportation costs. The analysis reveals that change of the expectations concerning market conditions caused by the turmoil in the neighbor country (i.e., shift in the perception of market conditions) may lead to macroeconomic destabilization (increase in price level and unemployment, worsening of terms of trade, and deterioration of trade balance). / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience