Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measures are central to the investigation of ischemic strokes, spreading depressions, functional and neuronal activation. Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is an optical imaging technique that has been used to obtain CBF measures in vivo at high spatial and temporal resolutions, by quantifying the localized spatial blurring of backscattered coherent light induced by blood flow. Despite being widely used for biomedical applications, LSCI's critical limitations such as its tendency to underestimate large flow changes and its inability to accurately estimate CBF through a thinned skull have not been overcome. This dissertation presents a new Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) technique that combines a new instrument and mathematical model to overcome these limitations. Additionally, in a pilot clinical study, an adapted neurosurgical microscope was used to obtain intra-operative LSCI images of CBF in humans. The MESI instrument accurately estimates experimental constants by imaging backscattered speckles over a wide range of the camera's exposure durations. The MESI mathematical model helps account for light that has scattered from both static and moving particles. In controlled flow experiments using tissue simulating phantoms, the MESI technique was found to estimate large changes in flow accurately and the estimates of flow changes were found to be unaffected by the presence of static particles in these phantoms. In an in vivo experiment in which the middle cerebral artery in mice was occluded to induce ~100% reduction in CBF, not only was the reduction in CBF accurately estimated by the MESI technique but these estimates of CBF changes were found to be unaffected by the presence of a thinned skull. The validity of statistical models used to derive the MESI mathematical model was confirmed using in vivo dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of CBF in mice. The MESI technique's potential to estimate absolute values of CBF in vivo was demonstrated by comparing CBF estimates obtained using the MESI technique to DLS measurements. The MESI technique's ability to measure CBF changes quantitatively through a thinned skull makes it particularly useful in chronic and long term studies leading to the development of better, more accurate stroke models. / text

La radiothérapie externe représente une part importante du traitement conservateur du sein. Le calendrier classique consiste à délivrer une dose totale de 50 Gy en 25 fractions sur 5 semaines. Pour certaines catégories de femmes, une radiothérapie de 5 à 6 semaines, avec des transports longs et fréquents est parfois difficile à réaliser. La radiothérapie peropératoire (RIOP) permet de prévenir le risque de récidive locale dans le lit tumoral, et ne nécessite que quelques jours d’hospitalisation. Cette étude se concentre sur l’utilisation d'une source de rayons X miniaturisée de faible énergie (50kV). Après résection chirurgicale de la tumeur, un applicateur est inséré dans le lit tumoral et le système délivre une dose unique de 20 Gy à sa surface. Cependant, il n'y a pas de prescription personnalisée ni d'information sur la dose délivrée et ce point est contestable, car un texte officiel recommande une optimisation de la dose individuelle. Dans ce contexte, un calcul Monte Carlo permet d'évaluer avec précision la dose délivrée à la patiente en simulant le transport des particules. Cette thèse propose d'évaluer ce critère de dose absorbée le plus justement possible à partir d'une modélisation réaliste de la source de rayons X et de calculs de dose individuels à l'aide de simulations de Monte Carlo en prenant en compte les hétérogénéités tissulaires du sein. Des mesures dosimétriques in vivo viennent également confirmer les résultats de simulations. / External radiation therapy is an important part of breast conservative treatment. The conventional calendar is to deliver a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. For certain categories of women, 5 to 6 weeks of radiotherapy, with long and frequent transport is sometimes difficult to achieve. Intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) helps to prevent the risk of local recurrence in the tumor bed, and only requires a few days of hospitalization. This study focuses on the use of a miniaturized low energy X-ray source (50kV). After surgical resection of the tumor, an applicator is inserted into the tumor bed and the system delivers a single dose of 20 Gy on its surface. However, there is no custom prescription and this is questionable since an official text recommends optimizing the individual dose. In this context, a Monte Carlo calculation makes it possible to accurately assess the dose delivered to the patient by simulating the transport of particles. This thesis proposes to assess the absorbed dose criterion as accurately as possible from a realistic model of the X-ray source and individual dose calculations using Monte Carlo simulations taking into account the tissue heterogeneities of the breast. In vivo dosimetric measurements also confirm the results of simulations.

A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to establish professional nurses’ and patients’ knowledge and understanding of laparoscopic surgery and to determine whether nurses are sufficiently knowledgeable to disseminate adequate information about laparoscopic surgery to patients. Two state hospitals based in KwaZulu-Natal where laparoscopic surgery is done were selected and the respondents were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected by administering questionnaires to theatre nurses (n=39), ward nurses (n=87) and patients (n=42) scheduled for laparoscopic surgery. The SPSS version 15 for Windows was used to compute the results. The findings revealed that the professional nurses were not sufficiently knowledgeable about laparoscopic surgery to give adequate information to patients and the patients themselves were not fully informed about all aspects of laparoscopic surgery including the possibility of conversion to open surgery, complications and advantages and after care. There is therefore a dire need for improvement of patient education to assist patients gaining optimal recovery / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to establish professional nurses’ and patients’ knowledge and understanding of laparoscopic surgery and to determine whether nurses are sufficiently knowledgeable to disseminate adequate information about laparoscopic surgery to patients. Two state hospitals based in KwaZulu-Natal where laparoscopic surgery is done were selected and the respondents were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected by administering questionnaires to theatre nurses (n=39), ward nurses (n=87) and patients (n=42) scheduled for laparoscopic surgery. The SPSS version 15 for Windows was used to compute the results. The findings revealed that the professional nurses were not sufficiently knowledgeable about laparoscopic surgery to give adequate information to patients and the patients themselves were not fully informed about all aspects of laparoscopic surgery including the possibility of conversion to open surgery, complications and advantages and after care. There is therefore a dire need for improvement of patient education to assist patients gaining optimal recovery / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

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