Hypertension is not consistently associated with postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and therefore not considered a major peri-operative risk factor. However, hypertension may predispose to peri-operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with perioperative morbidity and mortality, such as intra-operative hypotension and tachycardia. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre-operative hypertension was independently associated with haemodynamic changes known to be associated with adverse peri-operative outcomes. We performed a five-day multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study which included all adult inpatients undergoing elective, noncardiac, non-obstetric surgery. We recruited 343 patients of whom 164 (47.8%) were hypertensive. An intra-operative mean arterial pressure of 100 beats per minute) occurred in 126 (38.9%) patients, of which 61 (48.4%) were hypertensive. Multivariable logistic regression did not show an independent association between the stage of hypertension and either clinically significant hypotension or tachycardia, when controlled for ASA physical status, functional status, major surgery, the duration of surgery or blood transfusion. There was no association between pre-operative hypertension and peri-operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with major morbidity and mortality. These data therefore support the recommendation of the Joint Guidelines of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) and the British Hypertension Society to proceed with elective surgery if a patient’s blood pressure is < 180/110 mmHg.

This study investigates the prevalence of peri-operative anxiety and the effective management of intra-operative anxiety during awake surgery. Plastic and vascular surgical patients were selected for the study as many procedures performed within these specialities are performed under local or regional anaesthesia. The study consists of two distinct stages. The first stage was a postal survey of patients (n=213) who had undergone awake plastic, renal access or carotid surgery up to two weeks previously, in order to determine retrospectively the prevalence of peri-operative anxiety. The second stage of the study was a randomised controlled trial of interventions for the effective management of intra-operative anxiety in patients (n=128) having undergone the same surgical procedures described in stage one. The interventions tested in stage two were handholding and an anxiety management package involving a relaxation technique and a procedural information leaflet, against a 'usual care' control. The findings from stage one of the study suggest that peri-operative anxiety prevalence is low, although unacceptable levels of anxiety are seen to elevate during the intra-operative phase. The RCT in stage two demonstrated that intra-operative anxiety was no more effectively managed by the interventions tested than by usual care alone. The validity and reliability of retrospective anxiety measurement was investigated by comparing anxiety scores from stage one with contemporaneous and post-hoc anxiety scores from stage two and found to be an accurate measure of anxiety experienced at the time of the event.

This study investigates the prevalence of peri-operative anxiety and the effective management of intra-operative anxiety during awake surgery. Plastic and vascular surgical patients were selected for the study as many procedures performed within these specialities are performed under local or regional anaesthesia. The study consists of two distinct stages. The first stage was a postal survey of patients (n=213) who had undergone awake plastic, renal access or carotid surgery up to two weeks previously, in order to determine retrospectively the prevalence of peri-operative anxiety. The second stage of the study was a randomised controlled trial of interventions for the effective management of intra-operative anxiety in patients (n=128) having undergone the same surgical procedures described in stage one. The interventions tested in stage two were handholding and an anxiety management package involving a relaxation technique and a procedural information leaflet, against a ¿usual care¿ control. The findings from stage one of the study suggest that peri-operative anxiety prevalence is low, although unacceptable levels of anxiety are seen to elevate during the intra-operative phase. The RCT in stage two demonstrated that intra-operative anxiety was no more effectively managed by the interventions tested than by usual care alone. The validity and reliability of retrospective anxiety measurement was investigated by comparing anxiety scores from stage one with contemporaneous and post-hoc anxiety scores from stage two and found to be an accurate measure of anxiety experienced at the time of the event.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第23819号 / 社医博第119号 / 新制||社医||12(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 永井 純正, 教授 波多野 悦朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

O desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão é um evento adverso indesejável com incidência alta e estável ao longo do tempo. A presença deste evento acarreta dor, desconforto e aumento de morbimortalidade para as pessoas portadoras desse tipo de lesão, além do custo elevado nos diferentes serviços de saúde envolvidos no tratamento do evento. Na presente pesquisa, o foco de investigação da problemática foi o paciente cirúrgico. Assim, o objetivo geral do estudo foi analisar o risco de desenvolvimento, fatores de risco e a incidência de úlcera por pressão em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias eletivas de porte II, III e IV. Para tal adotamos a abordagem metodológica quantitativa, delineamento de pesquisa não experimental, tipo de estudo correlacional, prospectivo. A amostra foi composta por 148 pacientes adultos, de ambos os sexos, submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas, neurológicas, do aparelho digestivo, urológicas, cardiovasculares e de obesidade mórbida. Em relação ao risco de desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão, o qual foi mensurado por meio da aplicação da Escala de Braden, os pacientes que não desenvolveram esse tipo de lesão apresentaram na primeira avaliação um escore total médio de 20,12, que decresceu na segunda avaliação para uma média de 16,16. Para esse grupo o escore total mais frequente foi de 22, na primeira avaliação, o que classifica esse grupo como sem risco para o desenvolvimento de UP no pré operatório. Para o grupo que desenvolveu as lesões, a média do escore total da Escala de Braden, na primeira avaliação, foi de 15,81, caindo para 11,73, na segunda avaliação, sendo que para este grupo o escore total mais frequente na primeira avaliação foi de 18. Assim este grupo pode ser classificado, no pré operatório, de baixo risco para o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão. Na amostra estudada, a incidência de úlcera por pressão foi de 25%; as áreas corporais mais acometidas pelas lesões foram a região sacro/glútea (68%), calcâneos (18%), região dorsal (9%) e o pavilhão auricular (5%). A maioria das lesões diagnosticadas foi de grau II (57%), seguida por lesões de grau I (41%) e grau III (2%). Na amostra investigada nenhuma lesão de grau IV foi detectada. No modelo de regressão linear binominal empregado, as variáveis preditoras para o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão foram o tempo de anestesia e o porte cirúrgico quando investigadas em associação com outras variáveis relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico. Em relação às variáveis clínicas do paciente estudadas, a classificação ASA e a presença de hipertensão arterial foram preditoras para o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão quando investigadas em associação com outras variáveis. No modelo de regressão logística binária, as variáveis preditoras para desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão foram idade, sexo e o tempo de anestesia quando estudadas em associação com outras variáveis. A presente investigação buscou dar o primeiro passo para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de organização da avaliação do desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão no paciente cirúrgico, a qual é simples e fácil de ser aplicada pelo enfermeiro no perioperatório. / The development of pressure ulcer (PU) is an adverse unwelcome event with high and stable incidence throughout time. The presence of such event results in pain, discomfort, and increase of morbi-mortality in people bearing this type of lesion, besides the high costs of different health services related to the event\'s treatment. In the present research, the investigation focus of the problematic was on the surgical patient, thus the general objective of the study was analyzing the risk of development, risk factors, and the incidence of pressure ulcer in patients submitted to elective surgeries of size II, III and IV. Having that in mind, it was adopted the quantitative methodological approach, non-experimental research outlining, a type of correlational, prospective study. The sample was composed of 148 adult patients, of both genders, submitted to orthopedic, neurological, of the digestive tract, urological, cardiovascular, and morbid obesity surgeries. Concerning the risk of pressure ulcer development, which was measured through the application of Braden Scale, the patients who did not develop such type of lesion exhibited, in their first evaluation, a total average score of 20.12 that decreased in the second evaluation to an average of 16.16. For that group, the most frequent total score was of 22, in their first evaluation, fact that classifies such group as a non-risk one for the development of PU in pre-operatory period. For the group that developed the lesions, Braden Scale\'s total average score, in the first evaluation, was of 15,81 falling to 11,73 in the second evaluation, whereas in this group the most frequent total score in the first evaluation was of 18. Therefore, this group could be classified, in pre-operatory period, as of low risk for the development of pressure ulcer. In the studied sample, the incidence of pressure ulcer was of 25%; the body areas mostly affected by lesions were the sacral/gluteal area (68%), calcaneus (18%), dorsal region (9%), and the auricular pavilion (5%). Most diagnosed lesions were of grade II (57%), followed by lesions of grade I (41%) and grade III (2%). In the investigated sample, no grade IV lesion was detected. Under the employed model of binominal linear regression, the predicting variables for the development of pressure ulcer were anesthesia time and the surgical size when investigated in association with other variables related to the surgical anesthetic procedure. Concerning the patient\'s clinical variables studied, the classification ASA and the presence of hypertension were predictors for the development of pressure ulcer when investigated in association with other variables. In the binary logistic regression model, the predicting variables form the development of pressure ulcer were age, gender, and the anesthesia time when studied in association with other variables. The present investigation sought to give the first step towards the development of a proposition for the organization of the pressure ulcer development evaluation in the surgical patient, which is simple and easy to be applied by the nurse during the perioperative period.

O desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão é um evento adverso indesejável com incidência alta e estável ao longo do tempo. A presença deste evento acarreta dor, desconforto e aumento de morbimortalidade para as pessoas portadoras desse tipo de lesão, além do custo elevado nos diferentes serviços de saúde envolvidos no tratamento do evento. Na presente pesquisa, o foco de investigação da problemática foi o paciente cirúrgico. Assim, o objetivo geral do estudo foi analisar o risco de desenvolvimento, fatores de risco e a incidência de úlcera por pressão em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias eletivas de porte II, III e IV. Para tal adotamos a abordagem metodológica quantitativa, delineamento de pesquisa não experimental, tipo de estudo correlacional, prospectivo. A amostra foi composta por 148 pacientes adultos, de ambos os sexos, submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas, neurológicas, do aparelho digestivo, urológicas, cardiovasculares e de obesidade mórbida. Em relação ao risco de desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão, o qual foi mensurado por meio da aplicação da Escala de Braden, os pacientes que não desenvolveram esse tipo de lesão apresentaram na primeira avaliação um escore total médio de 20,12, que decresceu na segunda avaliação para uma média de 16,16. Para esse grupo o escore total mais frequente foi de 22, na primeira avaliação, o que classifica esse grupo como sem risco para o desenvolvimento de UP no pré operatório. Para o grupo que desenvolveu as lesões, a média do escore total da Escala de Braden, na primeira avaliação, foi de 15,81, caindo para 11,73, na segunda avaliação, sendo que para este grupo o escore total mais frequente na primeira avaliação foi de 18. Assim este grupo pode ser classificado, no pré operatório, de baixo risco para o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão. Na amostra estudada, a incidência de úlcera por pressão foi de 25%; as áreas corporais mais acometidas pelas lesões foram a região sacro/glútea (68%), calcâneos (18%), região dorsal (9%) e o pavilhão auricular (5%). A maioria das lesões diagnosticadas foi de grau II (57%), seguida por lesões de grau I (41%) e grau III (2%). Na amostra investigada nenhuma lesão de grau IV foi detectada. No modelo de regressão linear binominal empregado, as variáveis preditoras para o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão foram o tempo de anestesia e o porte cirúrgico quando investigadas em associação com outras variáveis relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico. Em relação às variáveis clínicas do paciente estudadas, a classificação ASA e a presença de hipertensão arterial foram preditoras para o desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão quando investigadas em associação com outras variáveis. No modelo de regressão logística binária, as variáveis preditoras para desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão foram idade, sexo e o tempo de anestesia quando estudadas em associação com outras variáveis. A presente investigação buscou dar o primeiro passo para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de organização da avaliação do desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão no paciente cirúrgico, a qual é simples e fácil de ser aplicada pelo enfermeiro no perioperatório. / The development of pressure ulcer (PU) is an adverse unwelcome event with high and stable incidence throughout time. The presence of such event results in pain, discomfort, and increase of morbi-mortality in people bearing this type of lesion, besides the high costs of different health services related to the event\'s treatment. In the present research, the investigation focus of the problematic was on the surgical patient, thus the general objective of the study was analyzing the risk of development, risk factors, and the incidence of pressure ulcer in patients submitted to elective surgeries of size II, III and IV. Having that in mind, it was adopted the quantitative methodological approach, non-experimental research outlining, a type of correlational, prospective study. The sample was composed of 148 adult patients, of both genders, submitted to orthopedic, neurological, of the digestive tract, urological, cardiovascular, and morbid obesity surgeries. Concerning the risk of pressure ulcer development, which was measured through the application of Braden Scale, the patients who did not develop such type of lesion exhibited, in their first evaluation, a total average score of 20.12 that decreased in the second evaluation to an average of 16.16. For that group, the most frequent total score was of 22, in their first evaluation, fact that classifies such group as a non-risk one for the development of PU in pre-operatory period. For the group that developed the lesions, Braden Scale\'s total average score, in the first evaluation, was of 15,81 falling to 11,73 in the second evaluation, whereas in this group the most frequent total score in the first evaluation was of 18. Therefore, this group could be classified, in pre-operatory period, as of low risk for the development of pressure ulcer. In the studied sample, the incidence of pressure ulcer was of 25%; the body areas mostly affected by lesions were the sacral/gluteal area (68%), calcaneus (18%), dorsal region (9%), and the auricular pavilion (5%). Most diagnosed lesions were of grade II (57%), followed by lesions of grade I (41%) and grade III (2%). In the investigated sample, no grade IV lesion was detected. Under the employed model of binominal linear regression, the predicting variables for the development of pressure ulcer were anesthesia time and the surgical size when investigated in association with other variables related to the surgical anesthetic procedure. Concerning the patient\'s clinical variables studied, the classification ASA and the presence of hypertension were predictors for the development of pressure ulcer when investigated in association with other variables. In the binary logistic regression model, the predicting variables form the development of pressure ulcer were age, gender, and the anesthesia time when studied in association with other variables. The present investigation sought to give the first step towards the development of a proposition for the organization of the pressure ulcer development evaluation in the surgical patient, which is simple and easy to be applied by the nurse during the perioperative period.

Surgical site infection is a major postoperative complication that causes patient suffering and is costly for society. The general aim of this thesis was to test and describe interventions performed by operating room (OR) nurses to prevent bacterial growth in surgical patients, with the intent to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) whilst increase patients comfort. In studies I and II, 220 pacemaker patients were tested to compare pre-heated skin disinfection with room-temperature skin disinfection regard-ing bacterial growth, skin temperature and patient experience. Preheated skin disinfection was not less effective compared to room-temperature skin disinfection in reducing bacterial growth after skin disinfection and there were no differences regarding SSIs three month postoperatively. Preheated skin disinfection reduces skin heat loss and was perceived as more pleas-ant compared to room-temperature skin disinfection. In study III, 12 OR nurses were examined regarding bacterial growth on their hands and at the sterile glove cuff end after surgical hand disinfec-tion and again after wearing sterile surgical gloves during surgery. They were compared with a control group of 13 non-health care workers. OR nurses’ hands had higher amounts of bacterial growth at two of three culture sites after surgical hand disinfection compared with the control group, and the bacterial growth increased in both groups with time during surgery. There seems to be a risk of bacterial growth at the glove cuff end during surgery, involving the same type of bacteria as isolated from the hands. In study IV, 890 OR nurses answered an online questionnaire describ-ing OR nurses interventions guided by national guidelines to reduce SSIs, such as preparation of the patient skin, patient temperature, and OR ma-terials used. The proportion of the OR nurses who complied with the national guidelines preventive interventions was high: skin disinfection solution (93.5%), drapes (97.4%) and gowns (83.8%), and double gloves (73%). However, when guidelines were lacking the interventions differed.

Dagens sjukvård förändras och utvecklas i snabb takt. Vårdtiderna kortas och allt fler ingrepp, mer och mer avancerade, övergår till att utföras under lokalanestesi med vakna patienter. En vaken patient får en upplevelse kring omvårdnaden under ett ingrepp. I vården är tid en bristvara, det kan finnas risk för att mötet mellan patient och sjuksköterska går väldigt fort. För patienten är det av stor betydelse att omhändertagandet blir bra för att upplevelsen under hela ingreppet ska bli så bra som möjligt. Omvårdnad är sjuksköterskans specifika kompetens. En viktig uppgift är att kontinuerligt arbeta med utvärdering och utveckling av olika arbetsmetoder. Att beforska patienters upplevelser inom vården är viktigt, det kan ge en indikation på om det finns behov av förbättring. Alla förändringar bör följas upp och utvärderas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur vakna patienter under en kardiologisk intervention upplever omvårdnaden. Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Instrumentet som användes var Kvalitet ur Patientens Perspektiv (KUPP). Resultatet visar på att respondenterna överlag upplever de faktiska förhållandena som mycket bra. Drygt 70% av respondenterna svarade på frågan om vad de var särskilt nöjda med och det handlade till största del om positivt bemötande. I enkäten påvisades ingen brist som kräver åtgärd men i förbättringsförslag framkom önskemål om varma filtar vilket åtgärdats. Slutsatsen är att vakna patienter som genomgår en kardiologisk intervention är nöjda med omvårdnaden och omhändertagande under hela ingreppet. Studiens resultat är begränsat till den utvalda patientgruppen av polikliniska stabila svensktalande kardiologiska patienter. För att kunna dra mer generella slutsatser krävs ett större underlag med studier av andra patientgrupper. / The health care of today is rapidly changing and developing. An increasing number of interventions, more and more advanced, are performed during local, instead of general anaesthesia, whereby inpatient times are reduced. The patients are awake and aware of the surrounding activities, including nursing. With time in short supply, the meeting between patient and nurse may go very quickly, which might be hazardous. In order to maintain a good patient experience during the procedure, it is important that the nursing care is not set aside. Nursing is the specific competence of the registered nurses, who must work continuously with development and evaluation of the quality of different working methods. Investigating patient experiences in health care is important, in order to high-light needs for improvement. Any changes should be followed-up and evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of nursing during a cardiological intervention in awake patients. The method used was a quantitative survey study. The instrument was Quality from the Patient's Perspective, (KUPP). The results show that patients generally experience the investigated conditions as very good. The free-text question asking for particularly positive experiences was answered by 70% of the patients, mainly high-lighting good care-giving conduct. The questionnaire did not reveal any significant shortcomings requiring to be acted upon, although a free-text answer proposing warm blankets has been addressed. The conclusion of the study is that awake patients undergoing a cardiological intervention are satisfied with the nursing and the care throughout the procedure. This result is limited to the current study group comprising of cardiologically relatively stable Swedish-speaking out-patients. An expanded survey group including other patient categories is necessary in order to draw more general conclusions.

This study investigates the possibility of using a time-resolved Fluorescence and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (tr-FRS) system to define tumour surgical margins of invasive ducal carcinoma of breast. UV excitation light was used for the fluorescence component and data was collected from the 370-550 nm range. A broadband source was used for diffuse reflectance collection and the emitted response was in the 400-800 nm range. 40 matched pair cases were collected from patients undergoing breast conservation surgeries. Histological analysis was performed on each sample to determine the fat and tumour content within each normal and tumour sample respectively. Statistical analysis was performed on the optical data to reveal biochemical changes in the endogenous fluorophores collagen, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as well as changes in absorption and scattering properties attributed to variances in absorber concentrations and cell density respectively. Statistical significant differences in collagen, NADH, and FAD lifetimes, collagen, NADH, FAD and NADH/FAD intensity, diffuse reflectance and reduced scatter coefficient were observed between tumour and normal breast samples. These significant factors were used in Principle Component Analysis model construction and a binary classification scheme using Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) was used as a classification tool to predict unknown breast samples as either normal or tumour with specificity of 60% and sensitivity slightly over 50%. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)