c-Cbl functions as a multifunctional adaptor and an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase. Several studies have shown that c-Cbl is involved in cytoskeleton-mediated events, but the molecular mechanisms linking c-Cbl to cytoskeletal rearrangements remain to be elucidated. Our previous results indicated that c-Cbl facilitates spreading and migration of v-Abl-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and suggested that small GTPases play important roles in the cytoskeletal effects of c-Cbl in this system. To elucidate the individual contributions of small GTPases to these effects, we assessed the roles of endogenous Rac1, RhoA and Rap1 in the c-Cbl-dependent spreading and migration of v-Abl-transformed fibroblasts overexpressing c-Cbl, using RNAi. Furthermore, since it has been shown that Rap1 can act as an upstream regulator of Rac1 in inducing cell spreading, we analyzed the interplay between Rap1 and Rac1 in the signaling pathways connecting c-Cbl to the cytoskeletal events. Our results indicate that Rac1 is essential for cell migration and spreading, whereas activation of RhoA exerts a negative effect. We have also shown that Rap1 is essential for cell spreading, although not for migration in our experimental system. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Rap1 is located upstream of Rac1 in one of the signaling pathways that regulate c-Cbl-facilitated cell spreading. Overall, our findings are consistent with the model describing the connection of c-Cbl to the cytoskeletal rearrangements via two pathways, one of which is mediated by PI3K and Rac1, and the other, by CrkL/C3G, Rap1 and Rac1. A major biological feature of glioma is the ability to invade normal brain tissue. The molecular mechanisms of glioma invasion are involved in multiple biological processes which are primarily associated with cytoskeleton-mediated events including adhesion, migration, degradation of extra cellular matrix (ECM). Biological functions of c-Cbl in glioma have not been elucidated. In this study, we examined biological roles of c-Cbl using RNAi-mediated depletion of endogenous c-Cbl and stably c-Cbl expressing glioma cells generated by lentiviral transduction and showed that c-Cbl increases invasion through degradation of ECM by upregulation of MMP2 but not through migration, adhesion, or growth of SNB19, a grade IV glioblastoma cell line. / Microbiology and Immunology / Accompanied by two .avi videos

Solenopsis invicta is an invasive ant that has caused detrimental impacts to ecosystems and economies in the Southeastern United States, recently including Virginia. In this study, we explored the invasion ecology of S. invicta through two main objectives. First, we established a comprehensive distribution map of S. invicta in Virginia through multiple survey techniques. We then compared our findings with published models quantifying the potential spread of S. invicta and created our own species distribution model. In 2020-2021, S. invicta occurrences were found in 7 counties beyond the current Quarantine and our data show that S. invicta has spread further than predicted. Our own species distribution model suggests that the distribution area for S. invicta is likely to increase under the projected climate change. This study provides insights into the range expansion of S. invicta at the border of its suitable habitat and allow for improvements to models of its spread under these conditions. Additionally, it provides useful information to inform county extension agents to know where they are to expect new infestations of S. invicta. Second, we investigated the impacts of pesticide residue on the behavior of S. invicta through neonicotinoid exposure. We found detectable levels of neonicotinoids in the soil of the ant mounds as well as in the ants themselves. In addition, we investigated the effects of dietary exposure to imidacloprid on foraging behavior in a laboratory setting. We found that unexposed colonies were able to locate the food source more quickly during the second trial while exposed ants were unable to improve their performance. We also found that more exposed ant workers were unable to successfully navigate the maze as compared to unexposed workers. Our results suggest impaired learning of maze tasks and impaired navigational skills in neonicotinoid-exposed ants. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The red imported fire ant (RIFA) is an invasive ant species found throughout the Southeastern United States that has negatively impacted ecosystems and economies. In the past few decades, RIFA has invaded the Coastal Plain of Virginia, resulting in legislation that restricts the movements of soil, plant products, and some equipment in and out of several southeastern counties and independent cities. To develop better management practices, there is a critical need to understand the spread, establishment, and impacts of RIFA in greater detail. We aimed to do this by surveying the current distribution of RIFA in Virginia and investigate the impact of insecticide use on their spread and behavior. In 2020-2021, we found RIFA occurrences in 7 counties beyond the current Quarantine, which is further than previously predicted. We then built a model using climatic variables that predicts the distribution of RIFA and found their habitable range is likely to increase under the projected climate change. Additionally, we investigated the impacts of common agricultural pesticides on the behavior of RIFA. We found these chemicals present in both the soil of the ant mounds and in the ants themselves. We also found that dietary exposure to imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, altered the foraging behavior of RIFA. This study provides useful information to advise county extension agents to know where they are to expect new infestations of RIFA. Our results also suggest that human activity alters the invasion ecology of recent arrivals such as the red imported fire ant.

The placenta is a highly vascularized, temporary organ developed in pregnancy that is composed of both maternal and fetal cells. It plays a pivotal role in gestational health by facilitating embryo implantation and fostering nutrient exchange between mother and fetus. Placental malformation and the diffusion of harmful exogenous substances through the placental barrier can cause pregnancy complications and, in more severe cases, death of the mother or the fetus. Further, the placenta undergoes profound morphological and functional changes throughout pregnancy. Establishing models to mimic these phenomena at different stages of pregnancy informs prescription drug safety and expedites the development of placental disease treatments. Mouse models are often used to simulate human fetal development despite major interspecies differences. These limitations drive researchers to developing in vitro models consisting of human-derived cells. This thesis presents three 3D vascularized placental models utilizing human placental stem cells (PSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) which can model multiple placental phenomena across early- and late-stage pregnancy. The first model features a 3D fibrin hydrogel network with self-assembled vasculature and a monolayer of syncytialized human trophoblastic stem cells (STs) serving as a platform for barrier studies at the maternal-fetal interface. By tuning trophoblast differentiation and vascularization of this model to mimic the early- and late-stage placenta, it was revealed that placental barrier permeability was dependent on placental maturity and that the vascular barrier is also a critical determinant of what molecules can be passed from the mother to the fetus. The design and manufacturing of this model were then streamlined to meet the demands of large-scale drug studies in the second placental barrier model. Placental invasion into the maternal decidua is carefully orchestrated by multiple cell types to prevent over- and under-invasion, both of which can be dangerous to the mother and fetus. Understanding the biochemical and environmental cues that permit this healthy invasion can allow for improved diagnostics and treatments of placental diseases, such as preeclampsia and placenta accreta. Thus, the third model presented herein is a placental invasion model with chorionic villus-like structures seeded with invasive extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVTs) and a perfusable vascular channel. Collectively, these models facilitate the exploration of placental morphogenesis and function throughout various stages of pregnancy. They offer a valuable tool for probing placental dysfunctions and assessing drug safety, ultimately contributing to advancements in fetal-maternal health. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The placenta is an essential organ in pregnancy and is responsible for a variety of phenomena that assure the survival of the fetus. However, many women suffer from negative pregnancy outcomes due to placental disorders, such as preeclampsia, or due to the crossing of unsafe compounds through the placenta to the fetus. Trophoblasts are the most notable placental cell type originating from the fetus and they have the capacity to mature into more specialized subtypes that are responsible for placental barrier function and placental development via invasion into the maternal tissue. In this work, we have designed three systems that either model placental barrier function or trophoblast invasion by culturing primary endothelial cells with differentiated trophoblast cells on a gel-based device. Using the barrier models, it is possible to assess the rate of transport of different compounds that may be present in the mother’s blood to the fetus, to assess their safety. Whereas the invasion model has the capacity to model the genesis of the placenta and therefore may be used to shed light on the causes for placental dysfunctions at the early stage of pregnancy.

Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly primary brain tumor with an average survival of 15 months following diagnosis. Characterized as highly infiltrative with diffuse tumor margins, complete resection and annihilation of tumor cells is impossible following current standard of care therapies. Thus, tumor recurrence is inevitable. Interstitial fluid surrounds all of the cells in the body and has been linked to elevated invasion in glioma, which highlights the importance of this understudied fluid compartment in the brain. The primary objective of this dissertation was to identify specific interstitial fluid transport behaviors associated with elevated invasion surrounding glioma tumors. We first describe our methods to measure interstitial fluid flow in the brain using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), a clinically used, non-invasive imaging modality. We highlight the versatility of the technique and the possibilities that could arise from widespread adoption into existing perfusion-based imaging protocols. Using this method, we examined transport associated with invasion in a murine GL261 cell line. We found that elevated interstitial fluid velocity magnitudes, decreased diffusion coefficients and regions with accumulating flow were significantly associated with invasion. We tested the validity of our invasive trends by extending our analysis to multiple, clinically-relevant tumor locations in the brain. Interestingly, we found invasion did not follow the same trends across brain regions indicating location-specific structures may drive both interstitial flow and corresponding invasion heterogeneities. Lastly, we aimed to manipulate flow by engaging with the meningeal lymphatics, an established pathway for interstitial fluid drainage. Over-expression of VEGF-C in the tumor microenvironment neither enhanced drainage nor altered invasion in comparison to our control, indicating other tumor-secreted growth factors, such as VEGF-A, may play a larger role in mediating flow and invasion. Taken together, by identifying specific transport factors associated with invasion, we may be better equipped to target and treat infiltrative tumor margins, ultimately extending survival in patients diagnosed with this devastating disease. / Doctor of Philosophy / Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly primary brain tumor with an average survival of 15 months following diagnosis. Characterized as highly infiltrative with diffuse tumor margins, complete resection and annihilation of tumor cells is impossible following current standard of care therapies. Thus, tumor recurrence is inevitable. Interstitial fluid surrounds all of the cells in the body and has been linked to elevated invasion in glioma, which highlights the importance of this understudied fluid compartment in the brain. The primary objective of this dissertation was to identify specific interstitial fluid transport behaviors associated with elevated invasion surrounding glioma tumors. We first describe our methods to measure interstitial fluid flow in the brain using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), a clinically used, non-invasive imaging modality. We highlight the versatility of the technique and the possibilities that could arise from widespread adoption into existing imaging projects. Using this method, we examined transport associated with cancer cell invasion in a mouse tumor cell line. We found that interstitial fluid speeds were elevated while diffusion was decreased in regions of invasion. Further, regions that had interstitial fluid flow congregation were significantly associated with invasion. We tested the validity of these invasive trends by extending our analysis to multiple, clinically-relevant tumor locations in the brain. Interestingly, we found invasion did not follow the same trends across brain regions, indicating location-specific structures may drive both interstitial flow and invasion differences. Lastly, we aimed to manipulate flow by engaging with the meningeal lymphatics, an established pathway for interstitial fluid drainage. Following administration of a meningeal lymphatic-relevant protein, we saw no changes in flow or invasion in comparison to our untreated control, indicating other tumor-secreted proteins may play a larger role in these responses. Taken together, by identifying specific transport factors associated with invasion, we may be better equipped to target and treat infiltrative tumor margins, ultimately extending survival in patients diagnosed with this devastating disease.

Fluid flow is a complex and dynamic process in the brain, taking place at the macro- and microscopic level. Interstitial fluid in particular flows throughout the interstitial spaces within the tissue, interacting with cells and the extracellular matrix. We are coming to find that this interstitial fluid flow plays an important role in both homeostatic and pathologic conditions. It helps to transport chemokines and other molecules such as extracellular vesicles within the environment, clear waste from the brain, and provide biophysical cues to cells. When this flow is disrupted however, such as in glioblastoma or Alzheimer's disease, profound events can occur, for example the build-up of plaques or an increase in tumor cell invasion. While there has recently been an up-tick in interstitial fluid flow research, there is surprisingly little known about its exact nature within the interstitial space and its effects on brain pathology such as glioblastoma. In particular, ways to manipulate and measure brain IFF magnitude at the cellular level are lacking. In this dissertation, a set of tools is created and used to explore the role that interstitial fluid flow magnitude plays in the brain through the lens of glioma invasion. We developed and implemented a flow device that is used in conjunction with an established in vitro tissue culture insert assay to manipulate fluid flow rates through a 3D matrix of tumor cells. We showed that this flow device is biocompatible and accurately recreates flow rates that have been measured previously through the use of MRI. We quantified tumor cell invasion from several glioma cell lines using this device to show a nonlinear trend of invasion in response to increasing fluid flow magnitudes. In addition, we developed a computational model to explore one potential mechanism that fluid flow magnitude might be modulating: autologous chemotaxis. Through this model we showed that increased flow magnitudes such as those seen in gliomas cause an increase in the distribution of the chemokine gradient around a cell of interest, that the morphology of the cell is important to this gradient formation, that temporal effects should not be overlooked, and that within the tumor environment, a minimum distance is required for the invading cell to develop this gradient. Finally, we developed a novel in vivo surgical technique that allows for the manipulation and measurement of interstitial fluid flow within the brain through simultaneous multiphoton imaging. We showed that this technique can be used to modulate interstitial fluid flow, as a mechanism by which to label cells of interest, and as a means to implant and monitor glioma progression. Through these means we further characterize interstitial fluid flow in the brain, allowing for its manipulation and measurement, and examine the ability of increased interstitial fluid flow magnitudes to impact glioma invasion. / Doctor of Philosophy / Fluid flows throughout brain tissue and plays an important role in creating normal conditions for proper brain function. This fluid can also play a role in brain cancer, such as glioblastoma, by causing cancer cells to travel further into the brain which is not desirable. This dissertation seeks to understand fluid flow better by studying how its speed contributes to cancer cell movement which is accomplished through the development of several tools. One tool is a new surgical technique that allows for the measurement and manipulation of fluid flow speed within the mouse brain and visualization of cells of interest, one tool is a flow device that changes fluid flow speed through cells in a gel, and the last is a computational model that predicts how a cell might move under different flow and environmental conditions. The tools were created and utilized, showing several interesting results. Using the flow device, different cancer cell lines were seen to react differently to increased fluid flow speed with two main trends: 1) increased cancer cell movement with increased fluid flow speed and 2) a peak effect where the cell movement started to increase with increasing fluid flow speed and then decreased after a certain fluid flow speed was surpassed. The surgical technique was successful at introducing fluid flow and allowed for reproducible measurements of fluid flow speed. It also was used to introduce stains that show specific cells of interest. The computational model showed that there are specific time and spatial contributions that effect cancer cell movement and that with increased fluid flow speed, cells might be able to more easily utilize a specific mechanism to move. Altogether, this work presents novel insight into fluid flow speed that can be used to further inform the field. It is our hope that the findings from this dissertation can go towards a more comprehensive treatment of a specific type of brain cancer, glioblastoma.

No description available.

Mon travail de thèse consistait à étudier la signalisation oncogénique de la tyrosine kinase (TyrK) cytoplasmique Src dans les cellules de cancer colorectal (CCR) à un stade avancé par une approche globale de phosphoprotéomique quantitative de type SILAC puis d'évaluer l'efficacité du Nilotinib, un inhibiteur de la Tyrk oncogénique BCR-Abl, sur les propriétés invasives des cellules de CCR. Dans un premier temps, nos résultats ont confirmé le rôle clé joué par Src dans l'acquisition des propriétés invasives de la tumeur. Puis, l'approche phosphoprotéomique de type SILAC a permis de mettre en évidence 136 protéines substrats de Src parmi lesquelles nous retrouvons des protéines de signalisation, des protéines associées au cytosquelette ou des protéines du trafic vésiculaire. De manière intéressante, j'ai révélé l'implication d'un réseau de TyrK dans les propriétés invasives Src-dépendantes. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'une thérapie multi-TyrK pourrait s'avérer intéressante pour traiter les CCR à un stade avancé. En complément de l'analyse SILAC, j'ai initié une approche pharmacologique pour caractériser les TyrK impliquées dans l'invasion des cellules de CCR. De manière surprenante, j'ai observé que le Nilotinib inhibe l'activité invasive des cellules de CCR avec une efficacité comparable à celle observée sur la croissance des cellules de LMC (IC50=20nM). Des approches d'invalidation génétique et de mutagénèse couplées à des tests d'invasion in vitro et in vivo ont permis de démontrer que le Nilotinib exerce son activité anti-invasive en ciblant le récepteur au collagène DDR1. Mes résultats laissent présager un intérêt thérapeutique potentiel du Nilotinib dans le traitement du cancer colorectal métastasant. / My thesis work was devoted to decipher the oncogenic signaling of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (TyrK) Src in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) cells using SILAC quantitative phosphoproteomics and to evaluate the efficiency of the oncogenic BCR-Abl inhibitor, Nilotinib, on the CRC cell invasive activity. Firstable, our results confirmed the key role of Src in the induction of cell invasion. Then, the SILAC phosphoproteomic approach revealed 136 Src substrates among which signaling proteins, cytoskeleton associated proteins or vesicular trafficking associated proteins. Interestingly, I have identified a TyrK network involved in Src-dependent invasive properties. Taken together, our results suggest that a multi-TyrK therapy may be interesting in clinic for the treatment of advanced CRC. In addition to the SILAC analysis, a pharmacological approach was set up to characterize TyrK involved in CRC cell invasion. Surprisingly, I found that Nilotinib inhibits CRC cell invasive activity with a similar efficiency to the one observed on the growth of CML (IC50 = 20nM). Knock down and mutagenesis experiments together with in vitro and in vivo invasion assay revealed the collagen receptor DDR1 as the main Nilotinib target in its anti-invasive activity. Our results suggest that Nilotinib could be of therapeutic value in metastatic CRC.

L’étude de la structure génétique des populations d’agents pathogènes à grandes échelles reste très important dans la contexte de nouvelles invasions. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST), responsable de la rouille jaune du blé, constitue un modèle fongique d’intérêt pour les études d’invasion étant donné sa capacité de migration et l’apparition récurrente de nouvelles souches localement. Nous avons analysé la structure des populations de PST à l’échelle mondiale, à l’aide de marqueurs microsatellites sur un échantillon de 409 isolats issus des six continents. Les génotypes ont été répartis en six groupes génétiques correspondant à leur origine géographique. Les analyses indiquent une forte hétérogénéité géographique de diversité génotypique, avec des signatures de recombinaison dans les régions de l'Himalaya (Népal et Pakistan) et à proximité en Chine. La structure reste clonale pour les populations des autres régions. L’assignation des isolats aux différents groupes génétiques a permis de déterminer l’origine des invasions (récentes ou anciennes). Ainsi, les souches agressives adaptées à de hautes températures, répandues de par le monde depuis 2000, sont originaires de Mer rouge-Moyen Orient ; les isolats d'Amérique du Nord et du Sud et d’Australie proviennent d’Europe du Nord-Ouest. Par ailleurs, les isolats d'Afrique du Sud appartiennent au groupe génétique de la zone méditerranéenne. La subdivision marquée entre les différentes zones géographiques indique qu’elles ne sont pas fortement marquées par les migrations récentes. De plus, les voies de migration identifiées attestent de l'importance des activités humaines dans la dispersion de PST à longue distance. La biologie des populations des zones les plus diverses (Chine et Pakistan) a été finement étudiée à l’aide d‘échantillonnages réalisés deux années consécutives. Une population échantillonnée en 2004 et 2005 dans la vallée de Tianshui, (province de Gansu, Chine), s’est révélée très diverse, fortement recombinante et non structurée spatialement et temporellement. L’observation de clones identiques entre les deux échantillons temporels a permis de développer un estimateur du taux de sexualité, i.e. du rôle relatif de la reproduction sexuée par rapport à celui de la reproduction asexuée dans le maintien de la population. Ce taux de reproduction sexuée est estimé à 74 %, alors que la taille efficace de la population est de 1735, ce qui donne les premières indications du rôle du cycle sexué. L’échantillonnage réalisé au Nord du Pakistan a permis de décrire quatre groupes génétiques ayant tous une grande diversité génotypique et une structure recombinante. Le très faible taux de ré-échantillonnage de génotypes identiques au cours de deux années suggère le rôle prédominant de la reproduction sexuée dans le maintien temporel des populations locales. La forte diversité génétique et génotypique, la signature de recombinaison et la capacité à la reproduction sexuée de PST dans la région himalayenne suggèrent que cette zone est le centre d'origine potentielle de PST. Les analyses d’approximations bayésiennes confirment la thèse d’une dispersion à partir de l’Himalaya vers les autres régions du monde. La variabilité pour la capacité à produire des téleutosores, spores indispensables à l’initiation de la phase sexuée, a été analysée (56 isolats mondiaux), et s’avère liée à la variabilité génotypique et au taux de recombinaison. Ce résultat conforte la thèse de l'apparition de la sexualité dans la zone himalayenne et à proximité de cette zone et de la perte de sexualité lors de migrations dans les zones où l’hôte alternant est absent et où le cycle épidémique est essentiellement asexué. La description de l'origine, des voies mondiale de migration de PST ainsi que de son centre de diversité contribue à la compréhension du potentiel évolutif de PST et à la construction de stratégies de gestion de lutte contre l’agent pathogène. / Analyses of the large-scale population structure of pathogens enable the identification of migration patterns, diversity reservoirs or longevity of populations, the understanding of current evolutionary trajectories and the anticipation of future ones. A detailed analysis of populations in centre of diversity should enable to infer the adaptive capacity of the pathogen and identify potential sources for new invasions. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST) is the causal agent of wheat yellow/stripe rust, and despite a worldwide distribution, this fungus remains a model species for invasion studies, due to its long-distance migration capacity and recurrent local emergence of new strains. Little is known about the ancestral relationship of the worldwide PST population with unknown center of origin. We used multilocus microsatellite genotyping to infer the worldwide population structure of PST and the origin of new invasions, analysing a set of isolates representative of sampling performed over six continents. Bayesian and multivariate clustering methods partitioned the isolates into six distinct genetic groups, corresponding to distinct geographic areas. The assignment analysis confirmed the Middle East-Red Sea Area as the most likely source of newly spreading, high-temperature-adapted strains; Europe as the source of South American, North American and Australian populations; and Mediterranean-Central Asian populations as the origin of South African populations. The existence of strong population subdivision at worldwide level shows that major genetic groups are not markedly affected by recent dispersal events. However, the sources for recent invasions and the migration routes identified emphasize the importance of human activities on the recent long-distance spread of the disease. The analyses of linkage disequilibrium and genotypic diversity indicated a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination, with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan (Nepal and Pakistan) and near-Himalayan (China) regions and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions. To explain the variability in diversity and recombination of worldwide PST populations, we assessed their sex ability in terms of telial production, the sex-specific structures that are obligatory for PST sexual cycle, in a set of 56 isolates representative of these worldwide geographical origins. We confirmed that the variability in genotypic diversity/ recombination was linked with the sex ability, pinpointing the Himalayan region as the possible center of origin of PST, from where it then spread worldwide. The reduced sex ability in clonal populations certainly reflects a loss of sexual function, associated to migration in areas where sexual alternate host is lacking, or not necessary for the completion of epidemic cycle. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses confirmed an out of Himalaya spread of PST, with Pakistan and China being the most ancestral population. A detailed analysis of Pakistani population at regional level revealed the existence of a strong population subdivision, a high genotypic diversity and the existence of recombination signature at each location reflecting the role of sexual recombination in the temporal maintenance at local level. A time spaced sampling of PST in the valley of Tianshui (China) inspired the development of a new estimator, allowing to quantify the relative contribution of sexual reproduction and effective population size on the basis of clonal resampling within and between years. A sexual reproduction rate of 74% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38-95%) and effective population size of 1735 (95% CI: 675-2800) was quantified in Chinese PST population. The description of the origin and migration routes of PST populations worldwide and at its centre of diversity contributes to our understanding of PST evolutionary potential, and is helpful to build disease management strategies.

Le paludisme est causé par un parasite appelé Plasmodium falciparum, transmis lors de la piqûre d'un moustique. Au stade sanguin, ce parasite unicellulaire, de forme ovoïde, envahit les globules rouges, s'y multiplie avant d'être libéré pour une nouvelle invasion à la fin d'un cycle de 48 heures. Ce travail de thèse porte sur le mouvement du parasite au cours du processus d'invasion. L'étape préalable à la pénétration du parasite dans sa cellule hôte est le mouvement de réorientation permettant de mettre en contact son complexe apical avec la membrane de la cellule hôte. Afin de comprendre comment le parasite génère les mouvements nécessaires à cette réorientation sans l'aide de flagelle, de cil ou de déformation, notre approche est d'observer et de décrire le mouvement des parasites sur un substrat rigide, au travers d'une analyse détaillée des trajectoires du parasite. Nous observons que le parasite explore tous les degrés de liberté qui lui sont accessibles compte tenu de son attachement au substrat: translation et rotation dans le plan et réorientation de sa partie apicale. Nous avons identifié trois types de mouvement: confiné, dirigé et circulaire. Nous caractérisons ces trajectoires et mouvements en utilisant une analyse de corrélation et en discutant les mécanismes possibles à l'origine de ces trajectoires particulières. Enfin, nous examinons le rôle des constituants du cytosquelette sur le mouvement du parasite, en affectant spécifiquement les filaments d'actine et les microtubules. Les conséquences de la polymérisation de ces structures sur le mouvement du parasites sont discutées. / Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium falciparum, transmitted via mosquito's bites. At the blood stage, these unicellular ovoidal parasites invade red blood cells (RBCs), multiply and are released at the end of a 48h cycle, ready for new invasions. This work is focused on the motion of the parasite during the invasion process. To penetrate into the host cell, the parasite reorient its apical part towards the RBC membrane. For this purpose, the parasite generates different movements that allow him to find the correct position to form a specific junction to invade the cell. To understand how the parasite is able to move and reorient without the aid of cilia, flagella or deformations, we performed a detailed analysis of the parasite trajectories and orientation on rigid substrate. We observe that the substrate-attached parasite explores all degrees of freedom with in-plane rotation, translation and flipping. Three types of motion have been identified: confined, directed circular . We characterize these trajectories and motions using correlation analysis and we discuss the possible mechanisms that could explain these peculiar trajectories. Finally, to determine the role of the cytoskeleton components in the parasite motion, specific structures such as the actin filaments and the microtubules have been specifically affected. We will describe and discuss the consequences of depolymerizing or stabilizing these structures.

Les métastases osseuses sont des complications fréquentes de nombreuses tumeurs solides et sontresponsables, sur le plan clinique, de fractures osseuses, d’hypercalcémie et de douleurs. A l’heure actuelle,il n’existe aucun traitement curatif ; la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la formation et ledéveloppement des métastases osseuses est donc nécessaire afin d’envisager de nouvelles approchesthérapeutiques.Une analyse transcriptomique comparative entre une lignée humaine de cancer du sein, les MDA-MB-231, et leur sous-population ostéotropique, les B02, a montré une surexpression de composants de la voie designalisation Slit/Robo.Les récepteurs Robo et leurs ligands Slits, initialement identifiés comme facteurs clés du guidage axonal lorsdu développement, sont également impliqués dans la migration des cellules cancéreuses.Afin d’étudier le rôle de ces récepteurs Robo1 et 4 dans la dissémination métastatique à l’os, nousavons inhibé l’expression de ces gènes dans les cellules B02. Des expériences in vitro et in vivo montrentalors un rôle antagoniste de Robo1/4. En effet, l’inhibition de Robo1 augmente la croissance des tumeursprimaires, tandis que celle de Robo4 la diminue. Ces récepteurs régulent également différemment laformation de lésions ostéolytiques ainsi que la croissance tumorale de ces métastases. In vitro, l’absence deRobo1 augmente l’invasion, tandis que celle de Robo4 la diminue. Nous avons également montré quel’inhibition de Robo4 ralentit la colonisation de la moelle osseuse par les cellules B02 à des temps précoces.Enfin, l’étude d’une cohorte de patientes atteintes d’un cancer du sein montre une corrélation entrel’expression de Robo4 et la rechute métastatique osseuse.Cette étude montre l’implication de la voie Slit/Robo dans la dissémination métastatique à l’os, etsemble par conséquent constituer une approche thérapeutique judicieuse pour traiter ces métastases. / Bone metastases are a common complication of many solid tumors and are clinically responsible ofbone fractures, hypercalcemia, and pain. Currently, there is no curative treatment; understanding themechanisms involved in the formation and development of bone metastases is therefore necessary toconsider new therapeutic approaches.A comparative transcriptomic analysis between the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, andits osteotropic subpopulation, B02, has shown an up-regulation of Slit/Robo signaling pathway.Robo receptors and their ligands Slits were initially identified as key factors in axon guidance duringdevelopment. However, these proteins are also involved in the migration of cancer cells.To investigate the role of these receptors Robo1 and 4 in breast cancer bone metastasis, theexpression of these genes was inhibited in B02 cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments point out antagonisticrole of Robo1/4. Indeed, inhibition of Robo1 expression increases primary tumors growth, while Robo4invalidation reduces it. These receptors also differently regulate the formation of osteolytic lesions and extentof skeletal tumor burden. In vitro, Robo1 depletion induces an increased invasion, whereas Robo4 depletiondecreases it. We also showed that inhibition of Robo4 reduces survival and growth of B02 cells in the bonemarrow at early times of invasion. Finally, a cohort study of breast cancer patients shows a strong correlationbetween Robo4 expression and metastatic relapse in bone.This study shows the involvement of the Slit/Robo pathway in bone metastasis, and therefore seemsto be a judicious therapeutic approach to treat these metastases.