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The two studies follow free nucleic acids in urine in search for biomarkers to distinguish urinary bladder cancer patients from controls. Bladder cancer forms 4 % of newly diagnosed oncological diseases in the Czech Republic. Nowadays, there is no accredited non-invasive method for its diagnosis, which is sufficiently accurate. Urine supernatant, which is washing the bladder mucosa and which does not contain cell debris, seems to be an appropriate source of biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis. miRNAs, as a non-invasive biomarker of urinary bladder cancer, were studied in one of the studies. miRNAs are short noncoding RNA, which block the process of translation. miRNAs occur in all body fluids and are relatively stable. A study with three phases was assessed to find a suitable miRNA marker. 109 individuals were examined in total (36 controls and 73 bladder cancer patients). The analysis of miRNAs was based on RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction). In the first phase, the urine of 59 individuals was analyzed on TaqMan array card with 381 miRNAs. In the second phase, the results of the first phase were confirmed on the same cohort by a single miRNA assay. In the third phase, a new cohort was used (23 controls and 27 bladder cancer patients), analyzed by a single miRNA assay again....

Non invasiv ventilatorbehandling, NIV, är en behandlingsmetod för patienter med akut respiratorisk svikt. Både ventilatoriska och hypoxiska tillstånd kan behandlas med denna metod som blivit vanligare inom akutsjukvården de senaste decennierna. Det ställs stora krav på sjuksköterskan att arbeta både patientsäkert och personcentrerat inom akutsjukvården. Krav om behandlingsmetod, effekt och omvårdnadsåtgärder vid biverkningar leder till att sjuksköterskan kan arbeta självständigt och effektivt. För att kunna minska patientlidande och vårdskador som kan leda till höga kostnader för hälso- och sjukvården krävs att kunskapen om NIV-behandling följer normen för aktuell evidens samt riktlinjer. Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att genomföra non invasiv ventilatorbehandling av patienter med akut respiratorisk svikt. Litteraturöversikt valdes som metod. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed och PsycINFO samt manuell sökning med hjälp av sökord som bedömds besvara studiens syfte. Sökningarna genererade 16 vetenskapliga originalartiklar av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ design, publicerade år 2008 – 2018, som inkluderades i studien. Artiklarna analyserades med en integrerad analys. Tre huvudteman framkom i analysen: fördelning vid riskbedömning och ansvar, samverka i interprofessionellt team och faktorer som påverkar omvårdnad vid NIV-behandling. Alla teman hade i sin tur två till fyra underkategorier. Samarbete och kommunikation var ett av de mest framträdande teman som framkom i studien. Slutsatsen av sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att genomföra NIV-behandling involverar flera olika faktorer. Såsom kunskapen om behandlingen, interaktion med patienten och samarbete samt kommunikation med läkaren som var otillräckliga för att genomföra och upprätthålla en högkvalitativ vård för patienten. För att kunna bedriva en god vård krävs att sjuksköterskan erhålls kunskap, utbildning och träning samt får stöd och återkoppling för sitt arbete. Stödet kan erhållas från både kollegor och organisationsledningen för att kunna skapa förutsättningar för ökat samarbete. Genom att tillse personal och arbeta för goda arbetsförhållanden. / Non-invasive ventilation treatment, NIV, is a treatment method for patients with acute respiratory failure. Both ventilatory and hypoxic conditions can be treated with this method, which has become more common in emergency care in recent decades. There are great demands on the nurse to work both patient-safe and person-centered in emergency care. Requirements for treatment method, effect and nursing measures in case of side effects lead to the nurse being able to work independently and efficiently. In order to reduce patient suffering and healthcare injuries that can lead to high costs for health and medical care, knowledge of NIV treatment must comply with the norm for current evidence and guidelines.  The aim of this study was to highlight nurses' experiences of carry out non-invasive ventilator treatment to patients with acute respiratory failure. A literature review was chosen as a method. The data collection was carried out in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO as well as manual search using keywords that were judged to respond to the purpose of the study. The searches generated 16 original scientific articles of both quantitative and qualitative design, published year 2008 – 2018, which were included in the study. The articles were analyzed with integrated analysis. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: distribution of risk assessment and responsibility, collaborate in interprofessional teams and factors that affect nursing in NIV treatment. The themes in turn had two to four subcategories. Cooperation and communication were one of the most prominent themes that emerged in this study. The conclusion of the nurse's experience of carrying out NIV treatment is lined with several different factors. Such as the knowledge of the treatment, interaction with the patient and collaboration as well as communication with the doctor who were insufficient to carry out and maintain a high-quality care for the patient. In order to be able to carry out good care, the nurse must receive knowledge, education and training, and receive support and feedback for their work effort. The support can also be obtained from colleague and the organization management in order to be able to create the conditions for increased cooperation by ensuring staff and work for good working conditions.

Environmental education (EE) is important for environmental awareness and stewardship. Involving youth and adults in EE ensures current and future generations will conserve natural resources. This thesis explores impacts of delivery methods on participants’ environmental attitudes and behaviors toward nature through middle school classroom- and camp-based EE instruction, focus group interviews with rural minority youth, and adult responses to aquatic conservation outreach messaging. I observed no difference in environmental attitudes between online versus in-person delivery of EE lessons for middle-schoolers. Outdoor-based learning may be more impactful for EE than experiential, classroom-based learning. Focus group outcomes suggested youth EE programs should capitalize on exploratory learning that allows for independence and safety from wildlife and community violence. Arkansas anglers who reside near aquatic invasive species (AIS) are more aware of Clean, Drain, Dry (CDD) messaging despite all anglers’ likeliness to perform pro-environmental behaviors. Consistent, targeted CDD messaging could help minimize AIS spread.

Virtual reality (VR) for surgical training shows promise in preparing surgeons for complex procedures. However, achieving a high level of realism in VR is essential for the skills acquired to translate effectively into real-world applications. One challenge is the underestimation of perceived depth in VR compared to the real world, which can significantly impact applications requiring precise depth perception. This study aims to investigate how object shape influences depth perception in VR, as it may contribute to the observed underestimation of distances. Specifically, the research focuses on minimally invasive neurosurgery (MIS), where surgeons operate through small incisions on the skull without direct visualization of the inside of the skull. Training in a highly accurate VR simulation could offer a safe practice environment for surgeons. Previous studies have explored the use of VR for training in various fields, including medicine, transport, and military applications. However, concerns exist regarding whether VR accurately represents real-life scenarios, particularly with regard to depth perception. Research indicates that participants often underestimate egocentric distances in VR, which can pose challenges in MIS procedures where precise targeting is crucial. This study builds upon previous research conducted by KTH master’s students in 2022, which examined spatio-temporal distance perception in VR. This study expands on this work by investigating the influence of object shape on depth perception. Previous research has shown that different object shapes, luminance, and colors can impact depth perception in VR. Understanding how object shape affects depth perception can contribute to improving the realism of VR simulations for surgical training, particularly for MIS procedures. / Virtual Reality (VR) i utbildningssyfte inom kirurgi visar lovande resultat för att utbilda kirurger inför komplexa ingrepp. Dock är det viktigt att uppnå en hög grad av realism i VR för att de förvärvade färdigheterna ska kunna överföras till verkliga tillämpningar. En utmaning är att tidigare studier visat på att VR har en negativ inverkan på djupseendet, vilket kan ha en betydande påverkan på tillämpningar som kräver exakt djupseende. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur ett objekts form påverkar djupseendet i VR. Specifikt fokuserar vår studie på minimalinvasiv hjärnkirurgi (MIS), där kirurger utför ingrepp genom små snitt som görs i skallen med begränsad insyn. Träning i en VR-simulering kan erbjuda en säker övningsmiljö för kirurger. Tidigare studier har utforskat användningen av VR för träning inom olika områden, inklusive medicin, transport och militära tillämpningar. Dock finns det en oro för huruvida VR korrekt återger verkliga scenarion, särskilt med avseende på djupseendet. Forskning indikerar att deltagare ofta underskattar egocentriska avstånd i VR, vilket kan utgöra en utmaning för MIS-ingrepp där små avstånd är avgörande. Denna studie bygger på tidigare forskning utförd av masterstudenter vid KTH 2022, vilken undersökte uppfattningen av rumtid i VR. Denna studie bygger vidare på denna forskning genom att undersöka hur objektets form påverkar djupseendet. Tidigare forskning har visat att olika objektformer, ljusstyrkor och färger kan påverka djupseendet i VR. Att förstå hur objektets form påverkar djupseendet kan bidra till att förbättra realismen i VR-simuleringar för kirurgisk träning, särskilt för MIS-ingrepp.

I investigated percent coverage, plant height, species richness, and woody stem density in plant communities in ten study plots during spring and fall (2010-2012) within 3 different treatments (continual mowings, one fall mowing, and one fall mowing with native wildflower seeds) on highway 25 right-of-way in Oktibbeha and Winston counties, Mississippi. I recorded 277 plant species including native and non-native forbs, legumes, grasses, rushes/sedges, and woody plants. Non-native agronomic grasses exhibited greatest coverage greater than 90 percent occurring in all treatments. Percent coverage of plants less than 0.46m height category exceeded 100 while, greater than 0.46m plant height categories averaged 55 percent. Woody stem density ranged from 7,772 year 1 to 10,025 stems/hectare year 2. I detected no significant differences in plant height or woody stems among treatments. One mowing per year retained agronomic plant cover for erosion control and annual cost savings up to 75 percent for roadside maintenance.