Thesis: Ph.D.-- University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, 2000. / [A thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences]. References: p. 294-306.

Thesis (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 22, 2010). Advisor: Douglas Delahanty. Keywords: LGB youth; trauma; PTSD; depression; self-criticism; internalized homophobia. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-77).

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology: Language Practice, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The diversified ways of language use in different geographic areas of the world present valid reasons for the study of various usages of language. Invectives are a major aspect of language that have been greatly neglected in intellectual discourse. Motivated by the paucity of academic literature on invective-related studies and other stereotypes in human communication, the thrust of this work is to discuss the socio-cultural factors embedded in the two cultures in their approach of invectives. The study examines a comparative taxonomy of invectives in isiZulu and Yoruba languages from a socio-semiotic perspective. Drawing examples from the two languages, the study explores instances of semiotic analysis that are created by the assumption that signs, utterances and messages are situated within the context of social relations and processes. The study indicates that invectives are context and culture-dependent and may be perceived differently in line with the field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse. The research tools included observation, interviews, and archival materials. Our research also identified and classified pre-assigned invectives, ritualized insult chants, innovative songs and visual insults. Adeosun’s (2012) proposed model of analyzing written poetry in Yoruba was used in analyzing the insults. The following typologies of insults (among others) were observed in the two languages: ethnophaulism, dehumanization, sexotypes and body parts. The study reveals striking similarities and differences in the invective-related discourses of isiZulu and Yoruba. / M

O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: em primeiro lugar, arrolar, traduzir e analisar epigramas de Marcial em que a mulher é objeto de invectiva; em segundo lugar, visa a rastrear, na tradição anterior ao poeta, o tema da misoginia, desde Hesíodo, no célebre episódio de Pandora (Teogonia, vv. 570- 612), passando pelos poetas iâmbicos arcaicos (Arquíloco, Hipônax e Semônides), até o uso que poetas latinos, como Catulo, Horácio e Juvenal, fizeram do tema, entendido agora como tópos. Em terceiro lugar, o presente trabalho pretende observar de que maneira o epigrama, ou melhor, sua possibilidade invectiva, se apropriou da misoginia, adequando-a às características principais do gênero, a saber, brevidade e agudeza, e, finalmente, tentar demonstrar que o vitupério a mulheres em Marcial é regulado e percebido mediante práticas retóricas (como os progymnásmata) e alguns trópoi (como a écfrase), que à época do poeta participavam da formação educacional do cidadão. Nesse sentido, pretendemos estudar particularmente as relações que a invectiva mantém, nos epigramas de Marcial, com a construção de imagens viciosas de mulher e suas relações com o gênero epidítico. / The aims of the present work are first, to list, translate and analyse Martial\'s epigrams in which women are the object of invective; second, to try to investigate, in the former tradition, the theme of misogyny, both in Greece (from Hesiod, in the celebrated episode of Pandora (Teogony, vv. 570-612), to the archaic iambic poets, Archilochus, Hipponax and Semonides), and in Rome (how misogyny, as a tópos, is treatead by Catullus, Horace and Juvenal). In the third place, the present research intends to study in what manner epigram, or more precisely, its vituperative possibility, appropriated the theme of misogyny, adapting it to the main characteristics of the genre, such as conciseness and acuteness. Finally, we attempt to demonstrate that the vituperation against women, in Martial, is regulated and perceived through various rhetorical practices (such as the progymnásmata) and trópoi (such as ekphrasis) that at the poet\'s time were an important part of the citizen\'s education. Therein, we intend to study, in particular, the analogies that the invective maintain, in Martial\'s epigrams, non only with the construction of images in which women are corrupted, but also with the relationship between these images and the epidictic genre.

L'injure, consignée dans les archives judiciaires, est un observatoire privilégié des relations de pouvoir entre la justice qui juge cette parole délinquante et les justiciables qui la profèrent. À travers les interrogatoires d'accusés pour injures, traces de cette rencontre judiciaire, il est permis de découvrir les deux facettes de cette interaction, tant du côté de l'institution que des justiciables. Loin de confirmer la thèse d'une soumission ou d'une révolte de la population face à la justice, l'examen des usages de la justice parisienne au second tiers du XVIIIe siècle en fait ressortir au contraire leur association. Il est ainsi soutenu que le règlement de l'injure, traité à l'aide d'une approche narrative, sérielle et du croisement de la pratique avec la théorie, relève une collaboration entre une justice conciliante et des justiciables avertis selon des objectifs divergents. L'institution judiciaire, alors dans un contexte de concurrence avec d'autres modes de résolution de conflits, cherche à promouvoir son recours. La flexibilité conséquente de la procédure et la marge de manoeuvre qui est laissée aux justiciables permettent alors de faire sortir de l'ombre leurs possibilités d'action dans ce cadre judiciaire. Les récits d'accusés pour injures témoignent dans ce contexte de la capacité de négociation des justiciables avec une institution qu'ils détournent à leur avantage en fonction de leurs intérêts personnels (réparation d'honneur, dommages et intérêt, objectifs particuliers). Ainsi, leur utilisation généralement habile et bien informée de l'appareil judiciaire a laissé sa trace dans les différentes stratégies procédurales (telle la stratégie de porter plainte en premier) et discursives (aveux nuancés, discrédit du plaignant, portrait favorable de soi) employées. L'appui indispensable de l'institution sur la communauté et sur la participation des justiciables pour résoudre les conflits d'injures lors d'un contexte concurrence, explique sans doute que la latitude laissée aux utilisateurs débouche sur une collaboration, sans quoi l'injure ne pourrait être poursuivie judiciairement. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Injure, Interrogatoire, Justice, Police, Justiciable, Paris, XVIIIe siècle.

Dans notre mémoire de maîtrise, nous avons analysé les différentes formes de qualification péjorative présentes dans le discours politique de la campagne électorale provinciale de l'hiver 2007. Afin de réaliser cette analyse, nous nous sommes constitué un corpus à partir d'extraits vidéo diffusés lors des bulletins de fin de soirée. Une classification minutieuse des données recueillies nous a permis de distinguer sept types d'actes de langage dépréciatifs distincts, à savoir plus précisément l'insulte, l'ironie, la moquerie, l'avertissement, le reproche, l'accusation et la critique. Après avoir élaboré une définition détaillée pour chacune de ces formes de qualification péjorative, nous avons analysé plus attentivement quelques extraits afin d'exposer les différents contextes dans lesquels sont utilisés les actes de langage dépréciatifs. Par ailleurs, notre étude nous a permis de constater qu'il existait une grande différence entre la fréquence d'utilisation de la critique et du reproche et celle de l'insulte, de l'avertissement et de la moquerie. Alors que la critique et le reproche sont utilisés régulièrement, l'avertissement et la moquerie n'apparaissent que dans des contextes spécifiques et l'insulte est presque complètement exclue de nos données. Ces résultats nous en apprennent beaucoup sur les stratégies discursives choisies par le candidat pour discréditer leurs vis-à-vis politiques. Ainsi, plutôt que d'opter pour des actes de langage dépréciatifs s'attaquant à la vie personnelle ou à des ouï-dire, les chefs préfèrent avoir recours à des formes permettant de porter des jugements vérifiables, pouvant s'appuyer sur des déclarations ou des faits connus de tous. De fait, le discours politique reste courtois, courtoisie qui peut s'expliquer par le désir de chaque candidat de préserver leur image publique, en évitant de dénigrer trop sévèrement leurs adversaires. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Discours politique, Pragmatique, Qualification péjorative, Critique, Reproche, Moquerie, Ironie, Avertissement, Insulte.

This dissertation examines the function and relevance of invective in late 4th century oratory. I bring together recent approaches to performance, humor, and legal studies in order to reevaluate the role of character depiction, and especially character assassination, in forensic rhetoric. Both on the comic stage and in the courts, evoking derisive laughter from the audience was an important mechanism for effecting social control. I demonstrate how the orators draw from Old and Middle Comedy to depict opponents as character types, like braggarts (alazones), flatterers (kolakes), and comic prostitutes (male hetairai/pornoi). I argue further that speakers do not use invective to skirt legal issues; rather, they tailor their arguments about character to the legal charge. In the Athenian system, the concept of legal relevance was broad and subject to manipulation. The only mechanism of restraint on a speaker was the threat of being shouted down (thorubos) by the jury. Invective, therefore, was not automatically “out of bounds”. Moreover, issues of character and morality were of increasing public concern in 4th-century Athens (as evidenced by Xenophon, Middle Comedy, and oratory alike). To the minds of Athenian jurors, information about character provided important evidence for reaching a just verdict. / text

Ridicule is a means of affecting change. Issuing an interpretation of a subject's relation to an ideological formation or social norm as an argument to change behavior, language-use, belief, or the like, ridicule can be used both to affirm and to contest prevailing hierarchies. As a discursive function, this dissertation theorizes, ridicule can be either monological or dialogical. Monological ridicule often takes the form of a demand or directive and usually commands its subject to comply with some ideological formation or social norm. Used in this way, it is a norming tool. In contrast, dialogical ridicule generally invites or encourages negotiation or mediation. As such, it is often used to contest or challenge prevailing hierarchies, with the ultimate aim of creating conditions that can allow for transformation. In six chapters, this dissertation offers a theory of ridicule, traces conceptions of it through western history, examines both monological and dialogical applications of it, and, lastly, explores its use on the Internet, where it has flourished. If the aim of rhetoric is to please, to instruct, or to entertain, then ridicule may be the master rhetorical trope as it can achieve all three simultaneously.

The present study investigates the verbal strategies of self-presentation that humanist scholars employed in contests of honor during the early fifteenth century. The focus of this study is George of Trebizond (1395-1472/3), a Cretan scholar who emigrated to Italy in 1416, taught in Venice, Vicenza, and elsewhere, served as an apostolic secretary in Rome, and composed the first major humanist treatise on rhetoric, his Rhetoricorum libri quinque, in 1433/34. Trebizond feuded with many prominent humanists during his career, including Guarino of Verona (1374-1460) and Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459). His quarrels with both men illustrate how humanist conflicts were the sites upon which Quattrocento scholars won or lost honor via literary activities designed to appeal to a public audience of peers and patrons. Humanists wrote to denigrate publicly their competitors, casting them as ignorant and morally corrupt, and to praise themselves as eloquent and virtuous. Although Renaissance scholarship has long acknowledged the humanist pursuit of glory, the linguistic means by which humanists contested honor remains understudied. The present study contends that Quattrocento contests of honor were conducted using standard sets of oppositional categories, themes, and literary models. Additionally, I argue that an analysis of the linguistic strategies of self-presentation provides a more complex and complete picture of Quattrocento humanism and of individual humanists as historical figures. Following an introductory discussion of George of Trebizond and Quattrocento humanism in Chapter One, the next three chapters of this dissertation address individual themes evident in Trebizond’s correspondence. Chapter Two examines the anti-Greek language that dominated Trebizond’s dispute with Guarino in 1437. Chapter Three explores the language of restraint and rational self-control in Trebizond’s feud with Poggio between 1452 and 1453. Chapter Four evaluates humanist concepts of masculinity in Trebizond’s feuds with both men. Chapter Five steps back from a deep thematic reading of Trebizond’s correspondence to consider invective as a literary genre that was a preferred vehicle for humanist self-presentation. This final chapter studies two additional feuds, between Guarino and Niccolò Niccoli, and Poggio and Lorenzo Valla, to understand better Trebizond’s experiences as a reflection of the broader culture of which he was a part.