by Choi Yin-Chi, Chu Kai-Leung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.viii / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / An Overview of Hong Kong's Economic Structure --- p.3 / An Overview of Hong Kong's Urban Development --- p.5 / Background of FDI in Hong Kong --- p.12 / What Has the Hong Kong Government Done? --- p.17 / Hong Kong As a Staging Area --- p.25 / Chapter II. --- AN OVERVIEW OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN HONG KONG --- p.28 / Manufacturing Industry --- p.29 / Banking Industry --- p.33 / Chapter III. --- MAJOR INVESTORS' INTEREST --- p.39 / Japan --- p.39 / The United States of America --- p.56 / Other Countries --- p.66 / Chapter IV. --- CONCLUSION --- p.74 / Historical Role of Foreign Companies in Hong Kong --- p.74 / Prospect --- p.79 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.81 / APPENDIX --- p.83

by Lee Hing Wah. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 238-247). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The signing of the US-China bilateral trade agreement in November 1999 paved the way for the People's Republic of China (hereafter China) to ascend to World Trade Organisation as a member. China's bid to become part of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) renewed foreign investor interest after a decade of growth in foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. An analysis of FDI to China confirms that foreign firms take an evolutionary approach to enter the Chinese market place. Since the opening of the economy to foreign investors in 1978, foreign enterprises shifted their utilisation of entry modes from contractual joint ventures (CJV), to equity joint ventures (EJV) and since 1994 many entered China without the help of a local partners through wholly foreign owned enterprises (WFOE's). Problems and frustration with joint venture partners gave rise to the growth in WFOE's. However EJV's are still superior in profitability and market share to the WFOE. Foreign investors need guidance in selecting the most appropriate entry mode. However, entry mode frameworks and models offered in literature are contradictory and fragmented. Entry mode alternatives in China can be represented on a continuum of control. CJV's and minority EJV's represent the lowest level of control or ownership while the WFOE, the highest level of control. This study proposes that the entry mode decision can evaluated in terms of the level of ownership that a foreign investor should adopt in a foreign invested enterprise (FIE). Turning to the theoretical foundations of entry mode choice, the transaction cost-, eclectic-. resource based -, strategic behaviour -, institutional- and evolutionary theories are integrated into a framework from which entry mode can be considered. From its theoretical foundations entry mode determinants are reviewed and propositions made regarding the impact of each determinant on the ownership level in a FIE. A review of and application of the framework to the Chinese business environment resulted in the market entry mode decision framework for foreign investors in China (MEMOFFIC). The MEMDFFIC suggest a phased external-, internal-, partner and project analysis when considering entry mode choice. China's high market potential, experience in attracting FDI as well as high level of opportunism and weak intellectual property protection are proposed to motivate foreign investors to adopt high ownership levels when entering into China. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ondertekening van 'n bilaterale handelsooreenkoms deur die VSA en China in November 1999 het die weg gebaan vir die Volksrepubliek van China (hierna "China" genoem) om lidmaatskap van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) te verkry. China se pogings tot deelname aan die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie het die belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers laat opvlam na 'n dekade van groei in direkte buitelandse belegging in China. 'n Ontleding van direkte buitelandse belegging in China bevestig dat buitelandse firmas 'n evolusionêre benadering volg om tot die Chinese mark toe te tree. Sedert die oopstelling van die ekonomie vir buitelandse beleggers in 1978 het buitelandse ondernemings hul toetreemeganismes verskuif van kontraktuele gesamentlike ondernemings na ekwiteit gesamentlike ondernemings, en sedert 1994 het talle van hulle China binnegegaan sonder die hulp van plaaslike vennote deur middel van ondernemings ten volle in buitelandse besit. Dit was probleme en frustrasies met vennote in gesamentlike ondernemings wat tot die uitbreiding van laasgenoemde tipe ondernemings gelei het. Tog is billike gesamentlike ondernemings nog steeds winsgewender as ondernemings ten volle in buitelandse besit en geniet ook 'n groter markaandeel. Buitelandse beleggers het 'n behoefte aan praktiese leiding in die keuse van die geskikste toetreemeganisme, aangesien toetreeraamwerke en -modelle wat in die literatuur voorgehou word, mekaar dikwels weerspreek en ook gefragmenteer is. Daar is wel toetreevlakalternatiewe in China op 'n kontinuum van beheer. Kontraktuele gesamentlike ondernemings en kleiner ekwiteit gesamentlike ondernemings verteenwoordig die laagste vlak van beheer of eienaarskap, terwyl daar by die ondernemings ten volle in buitelandse besit die hoogste vlak van beheer bestaan. In hierdie studie word voorgestel dat die toetreevlak besluit geëvalueer kan word ingevolge die vlak van eienaarskap wat 'n buitelandse belegger behoort te aanvaar in 'n buitelandse beleggingsonderneming. Wat betref die teoretiese grondslag van keuse van toetreevlak, word die transaksiekoste-, eklektiese, bron-, strategiesegedrag-, institusionele en evolusionêre teorieë geïntegreer in 'n raamwerk vanwaar toetreevlak oorweeg kan word. Vanuit die teoretiese grondslag word toetreevlakdeterminante geëvalueer en voorstelle gemaak oor die impak van elkeen op die eienaarskapvlak in 'n buitelandse onderneming. 'n Oorsig en toepassing van die raamwerk op die Chinese sake-omgewing het gelei tot die marktoetreevlak-besluitnemingsraamwerk vir buitelandse belegg.ers in China. Volgens die raamwerk word voorgestel 'n gefaseerde eksterne, interne, vennoot- en projekanalise wanneer die manier van toetrede oorweeg word. China se hoë markpotensiaal, ervaring van die lok van direkte buitelandse belegging asook hoë vlak van opportunisme en swak beskerming van intellektuele eiendom moet gesien word as aansporing vir buitelandse beleggers om by toetrede tot China hoë vlakke van eienaarskap te aanvaar.

by Ip Tsun Ming, Robin [and] Kwan Kam Lun, Harry. / Bibliography: leaf 106 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of the economic reforms in 1978, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has attracted continuous interest from foreign investors, both in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade, making the PRC the second largest host of FDI in the world. Despite occasional declines in foreign investment, foreign investors remain very interested in the long-term prospects for doing business in the country. The PRC's phenominal economic growth, large consumer market, the accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the government's commitment to open markets, economic reforms, and restructuring of the economy are amongst the factors that continue to attract foreign investment and trade. Despite the huge market potential and strong desire by foreign investors to do business in The PRC, the track record of foreign companies and investments in the country have at best been mixed. While some foreign investors have reaped large profits, others have failed to meet their performance targets. Foreign investors have faced a number of problems that are not market or trade related, but associated with economic, political and social trends and developments, including corruption, nepotism, crime, poor infrastructure, a depleted banking system, inefficient legal system, unemployment and poverty. Therefore, it is not surprising that many foreign investors are asking themselves whether the benefits of doing business in the PRC are worth the risks. In an increasingly uncertain and instable international trade and investment environment political risk assessment and management have become essential components of any profitable foreign investment strategy. Consequently, numerous political risk-rating agencies and a large number of both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods have emerged over the years. There is, however, neither general consensus regarding the definition of political risk nor a comprehensively systematic method of conducting political risk assessment. The definitions of political risk include a wide variety of indicators, ranging from governmental actions to all non-market developments. The number of methods available for political risk analysis range from informal, unsystematic assessments by a few individuals to formal, systematic, and sophisticated risk analysis models. There are, however, some similarities. The main objective of political risk analyses is to describe, explain, and forecast political conditions and events that affect the interests of foreign investors operating abroad or planning to enter a foreign market. In addition, political risk analyses attempt to forecast losses, and recommend means of managing the risk, avoiding the losses, and seizing the opportunities. Scenario planning is one of the qualitative methods used to analyse political risk. Scenario planning, however, differs from most other approaches as it does not try to accurately predict what will happen in the future or to provide the right tool for foreseeing the future developments, but to offer a range of possible futures. The underlying assumption is that the future cannot be forecast or predicted with certainty, but that the very process of thinking about the future and exploring the implications of possible future scenarios may have a profound impact on foreign investment and trade. Scenario planning is a method that provides insightful information necessary to understand, anticipate and respond to change and uncertainty in the future PRC. The development of four 20-year scenarios in this study demonstrates that the prospects for foreign investment can be both positive and negative. When the economy continues to grow strongly, and the government is able to maintain a stable environment and successfully implement the necessary changes foreign investors are expected to reap the desired benefits. However, if the problems facing the PRC at the moment further deteriorate foreign investors could expect increased risks, and the possibility of failure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vanaf die begin van die ekonomiese transformasie in 1978, het die Volksrepubliek van Sjina voortdurende belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers geniet. Hierdie belangstelling was gemanifesteer in die vorm van direkte buitelandse belegging asook internasionale handel. Sjina het so aanloklik vir buitelandse beleggers geword, dat dit tans die wêreld se tweede grootste ontvanger van buitelandse belegging is, en beleggers stel veral belang in die lang termyn moontlikhede van besigheid doen in die land. Die Volksrepubliek van Sjina se merkwaardige ekonomiese groei, groot verbruikersmark, toetreding tot die Wêreld Handels Organisasie, en die regering se verbintenis aan die ontwikkeling van 'n oop ekonomie, ekonomiese transformasie en die herstrukturering van die ekonomie as sulks, is sommige van die faktore wat toenemend buitelandse belegging en handel aanlok. Ten spyte van die groot verbruikersmark potensiaal en die sterk begeerte van buitelandse beleggers om besigheid te doen in die Volksrepubliek van Sjina, is die ervarings van buitelandse maatskappye tot dusver gemeng. Alhoewel sommige buitelandse beleggers groot wins gemaak het, het ander minder sukses ervaar. Buitelandse beleggers word ook gekonfronteer met baie probleme wat nie noodwendig met die mark of handel gepaard gaan nie. Hierdie probleme word geassosieer met ekonomiese, politieke en sosiale gebeure en faktore insluitend korrupsie, misdaad, nepotisme, swak infrastruktuur, 'n ledige bank sisteem, 'n ondoeltreffende regssisteem, werkloosheid en armoede. Baie buitelandse beleggers betwyfel dus moontlik die vraag of besigheid doen in die Volksrepubliek van Sjina tog meer voordele inhou as risiko. In 'n wêreld waar internasionale handel en belegging met onsekerheid en onstabiliteit gepaard gaan, het die aspekte van politieke risiko skadebepaling en -bestuur belangrike komponente van enige winsgewende buitelandse belegging strategie geword. Gevolglik het verskeie politieke risiko-analise agentskappe asook 'n verskeie risiko-analise metodes van beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe aard hul verskyning gemaak. Ten spyte van die bogenoemde is daar nog steeds geen veralgemeende konsensus oor die definisie van politieke risiko, of 'n oorsigtelik sistematiese metode van politieke risiko-skatting onderneem nie. Die definisies van politieke risiko sluit in 'n groot verskeidenheid van indikatore wat wissel van regeringaksies tot mark-onverwante gebeure. Die verskeidendheid van metodologië wat gebruik word in politieke risiko-analise wissel van informeel, onsistematiese skattings, tot formele, sistematiese en gesofistikeerde risiko-analise modelle. Die primêre doel van politieke risiko-analise is om te beskryf en te verduidelik, en ook om politieke omstandighede en gebeurtenisse wat die belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers affekteer te voorspel. Addisioneel beoog politieke risiko-analise om ook die moontlikheid van verlies te voorspel en om 'n strategie vir die bestuur van die risiko aan te beveel, om sodoende verlies so ver moontlik te vermy asook om moontlike geleenthede aan te gryp. Senariobeplanning is een van die kwalitiatiewe metodes wat gebruik kan word in die analise van politieke risiko. Senariobeplanning verskil van ander benaderings in die sin dat dit nie akkurate voorspellings vir die toekoms as sulks maak nie, maar eerder 'n verskeidenheid van moontlike toekomstige omstandighede weergee. Die ontwikkeling van vier 20-jaar senarios vir die Volksrepubliek van Sjina in hierdie studie illustreer hoe die uitsigte vir buitelandse belegging positief sowel as negatief kan wees. Indien die Sjinese ekonomie verder groei en die regering in staat is om 'n stabiele omgewing in stand te hou asook die nodige veranderings te implimenteer, kan buitelandse beleggers verwag om beoogde voordele van buitelandse belegging te ervaar. Maar as die probleme wat die Volksrepubliek van Sjina op die oomblik ervaar voortduur en lof verswak, kan buitelandse beleggers verhoogde risiko sowel as die moontlikheid van mislukkings verwag.

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration