Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação de alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) de água residuária de lavanderia comercial (ARLC) em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF) utilizando areia como material suporte, lodo oriundo de UASB empregado no tratamento de resíduos de suinocultura como inóculo e tempo de detenção hidráulica de 18 horas. O período de 330 dias de operação foi divido em quatro etapas: (a) etapa I, com adaptação da biomassa ao substrato sintético contendo etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO); (b) etapa II, com adição de ARLC (18,2 ± 11,5mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético mais etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO); (c) etapa III, com adição de ARLC (25,4 ± 8,8 mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético mais etanol e (d) etapa IV, com adição de ARLC (20,4 ± 5,8 mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético, sem adição de fonte suplementar de carbono. Equilíbrio reacional ao longo das etapas de operação foi verificado em função da baixa concentração de ácidos orgânicos voláteis e sólidos suspensos voláteis efluente. Na etapa I, verificou-se 82,9 ± 13,6% de remoção de DQO para 683,9 ± 110,4 mgDQO.L-1 afluente. Para todas as etapas de operação, observou-se a manutenção dessa eficiência sempre superior a 88%. Verificou-se aumento da eficiência de remoção do surfactante de 51,7 ± 23,9% na etapa II na presença de etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO) (872,3 ± 141,8 mgDQO.L-1 afluente), para 72,9 ± 18,8% na etapa III, somente com etanol (705,0 ± 155,8 mgDQO.L-1 afluente), e de 76,8 ± 16,9% na etapa IV, após a retirada das fontes suplementares de carbono (633,4 ± 156,88 mgDQO.L-1 afluente). A substituição de sacarose e etanol por somente etanol foi extremamente favorável para a remoção do LAS, isto porque foram identificadas alterações das populações microbianas de acordo com a modificação da fonte suplementar de carbono relacionadas, principalmente, ao nível taxonômico de família. Na etapa II, observou-se predomínio de representantes da família Comamonadaceae (abundância relativa de 47% no biofilme). Também para o biofilme das etapas III e IV, verificou-se decréscimo para menos de 4% da abundância relativa de representantes pertencentes à família Comamonadaceae. Todavia, verificou-se aumento da abundância relativa de representantes da família Rhodocyclaceae (18%, 88% e 77% no biofilme das etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente). O principal gênero da família Comamonadaceae identificado na etapa II foi Curvibacter, cujo crescimento pode estar associado a açúcares (abundância relativa de 28% no biofilme). Verificou-se decréscimo da abundância relativa deste gênero inferior a 0,9% nas etapas III e IV. Para os representantes da família Rhodocyclaceae foram identificados gêneros possivelmente relacionados à degradação do LAS: Dechloromonas, Georgfuchsia e Zoogloea (78%, 67% e 98% dos gêneros pertencentes à família Rhodocyclaceae identificados no biofilme das etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente). Por meio do sequenciamento massivo, 37 gêneros possivelmente relacionados à degradação do LAS foram identificados. Quarenta compostos xenobióticos, alguns tóxicos à biota aquática, foram detectados no efluente via cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas. Verificou-se, por meio do índice de Bray-Curtis, maior similaridade entre a biomassa do biofilme e do separador de fases de uma mesma etapa do que entre amostras de biomassa de etapas de operação distintas, evidenciando que houve diferenciação das populações de acordo com a fonte de carbono empregada. Por meio do balanço de massa global, observou-se que somente 0,81% do LAS removido ficou adsorvido. / In the present study, the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) from laundry wastewater (LW) was investigated by using an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) with sand as support material, inoculum coming from a UASB reactor used in the treatment of swine manure, and hydraulic retention time of 18 hours. The operation time was divided into four stages: (a) stage I composed by the adaptation of the biomass in the presence of synthetic substrate containing sucrose and ethanol (1:1 COD); (b) stage II with addition of LW (18.2 ± 11.5mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate containing sucrose and ethanol (1:1 COD); (c) stage III with LW (25.4 ± 8.8 mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate containing ethanol; (d) stage IV with addition of LW (20.4 ± 5.8 mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate without supplementary carbon source. Low concentration of volatile organic acids and volatile suspended solids were observed in the reactor effluent indicating the system exhibited good stability. The COD removal efficiency was 82.9 ± 13.6% during the biomass adaptation in stage I (683.9 ± 110.4 mg.L-1 of COD influent). That removal efficiency was high throughout the operational time, exceeding 88%. The surfactant removal efficiency increased from 51.7 ± 23.9% in stage II with the presence of ethanol and sucrose (872.3 ± 141.8 mgCOD.L-1 influent) to 72.9 ± 18.8% in stage III, with only ethanol (705.0 ± 155.8 mgCOD.L-1 influent). In the stage IV, after the withdrawal of additional carbon sources, the removal efficiency was 76.8 ± 16.9% (633.4 ± 156.88 mgCOD.L-1 influent). The replacement of sucrose and ethanol by only ethanol favored the LAS efficiency removal due to the microbial community change according to the additional carbon source modification, what was mainly detected at family level. In stage II there was a predominance of representatives of Comamonadaceae family (relative abundance of 47% in the biofilm). That relative abundance decreased to less than 4% in stages III and IV. However, there was an increase in relative abundance of representatives of the Rhodocyclaceae family (18%, 88% and 77% of the biofilm in stages II, III and IV, respectively). The main genus of Comamonadaceae family identified in stage II was Curvibacter whose growth may be associated with sugars (relative abundance of 28% in the biofilm). That relative abundance was decreased to less than 0.9% in stages III and IV. For representatives of Rhodocyclaceae family, some genera possibly related to the degradation of LAS were identified: Dechloromonas, Georgfuchsia and Zoogloea (78%, 67% and 98% of the genera of the Rhodocyclaceae family identified in the biofilm from stages II, III and IV, respectively). By means of massive sequencing, 37 genera possibly related to degradation of LAS were identified. Forty xenobiotic compounds, some of them toxic to aquatic biota, were detected in the reactor effluent through gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity, the samples collected in the same operation stage showed higher similarity coefficients than those collected in the same sampling site (biofilm from support material or phase separator). That result confirms the microbial community differentiation according to the carbon source employed. Through the overall mass balance, it was found that only 0.81% of LAS added was removed by adsorption.

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação de alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) de água residuária de lavanderia comercial (ARLC) em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF) utilizando areia como material suporte, lodo oriundo de UASB empregado no tratamento de resíduos de suinocultura como inóculo e tempo de detenção hidráulica de 18 horas. O período de 330 dias de operação foi divido em quatro etapas: (a) etapa I, com adaptação da biomassa ao substrato sintético contendo etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO); (b) etapa II, com adição de ARLC (18,2 ± 11,5mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético mais etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO); (c) etapa III, com adição de ARLC (25,4 ± 8,8 mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético mais etanol e (d) etapa IV, com adição de ARLC (20,4 ± 5,8 mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético, sem adição de fonte suplementar de carbono. Equilíbrio reacional ao longo das etapas de operação foi verificado em função da baixa concentração de ácidos orgânicos voláteis e sólidos suspensos voláteis efluente. Na etapa I, verificou-se 82,9 ± 13,6% de remoção de DQO para 683,9 ± 110,4 mgDQO.L-1 afluente. Para todas as etapas de operação, observou-se a manutenção dessa eficiência sempre superior a 88%. Verificou-se aumento da eficiência de remoção do surfactante de 51,7 ± 23,9% na etapa II na presença de etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO) (872,3 ± 141,8 mgDQO.L-1 afluente), para 72,9 ± 18,8% na etapa III, somente com etanol (705,0 ± 155,8 mgDQO.L-1 afluente), e de 76,8 ± 16,9% na etapa IV, após a retirada das fontes suplementares de carbono (633,4 ± 156,88 mgDQO.L-1 afluente). A substituição de sacarose e etanol por somente etanol foi extremamente favorável para a remoção do LAS, isto porque foram identificadas alterações das populações microbianas de acordo com a modificação da fonte suplementar de carbono relacionadas, principalmente, ao nível taxonômico de família. Na etapa II, observou-se predomínio de representantes da família Comamonadaceae (abundância relativa de 47% no biofilme). Também para o biofilme das etapas III e IV, verificou-se decréscimo para menos de 4% da abundância relativa de representantes pertencentes à família Comamonadaceae. Todavia, verificou-se aumento da abundância relativa de representantes da família Rhodocyclaceae (18%, 88% e 77% no biofilme das etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente). O principal gênero da família Comamonadaceae identificado na etapa II foi Curvibacter, cujo crescimento pode estar associado a açúcares (abundância relativa de 28% no biofilme). Verificou-se decréscimo da abundância relativa deste gênero inferior a 0,9% nas etapas III e IV. Para os representantes da família Rhodocyclaceae foram identificados gêneros possivelmente relacionados à degradação do LAS: Dechloromonas, Georgfuchsia e Zoogloea (78%, 67% e 98% dos gêneros pertencentes à família Rhodocyclaceae identificados no biofilme das etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente). Por meio do sequenciamento massivo, 37 gêneros possivelmente relacionados à degradação do LAS foram identificados. Quarenta compostos xenobióticos, alguns tóxicos à biota aquática, foram detectados no efluente via cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas. Verificou-se, por meio do índice de Bray-Curtis, maior similaridade entre a biomassa do biofilme e do separador de fases de uma mesma etapa do que entre amostras de biomassa de etapas de operação distintas, evidenciando que houve diferenciação das populações de acordo com a fonte de carbono empregada. Por meio do balanço de massa global, observou-se que somente 0,81% do LAS removido ficou adsorvido. / In the present study, the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) from laundry wastewater (LW) was investigated by using an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) with sand as support material, inoculum coming from a UASB reactor used in the treatment of swine manure, and hydraulic retention time of 18 hours. The operation time was divided into four stages: (a) stage I composed by the adaptation of the biomass in the presence of synthetic substrate containing sucrose and ethanol (1:1 COD); (b) stage II with addition of LW (18.2 ± 11.5mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate containing sucrose and ethanol (1:1 COD); (c) stage III with LW (25.4 ± 8.8 mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate containing ethanol; (d) stage IV with addition of LW (20.4 ± 5.8 mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate without supplementary carbon source. Low concentration of volatile organic acids and volatile suspended solids were observed in the reactor effluent indicating the system exhibited good stability. The COD removal efficiency was 82.9 ± 13.6% during the biomass adaptation in stage I (683.9 ± 110.4 mg.L-1 of COD influent). That removal efficiency was high throughout the operational time, exceeding 88%. The surfactant removal efficiency increased from 51.7 ± 23.9% in stage II with the presence of ethanol and sucrose (872.3 ± 141.8 mgCOD.L-1 influent) to 72.9 ± 18.8% in stage III, with only ethanol (705.0 ± 155.8 mgCOD.L-1 influent). In the stage IV, after the withdrawal of additional carbon sources, the removal efficiency was 76.8 ± 16.9% (633.4 ± 156.88 mgCOD.L-1 influent). The replacement of sucrose and ethanol by only ethanol favored the LAS efficiency removal due to the microbial community change according to the additional carbon source modification, what was mainly detected at family level. In stage II there was a predominance of representatives of Comamonadaceae family (relative abundance of 47% in the biofilm). That relative abundance decreased to less than 4% in stages III and IV. However, there was an increase in relative abundance of representatives of the Rhodocyclaceae family (18%, 88% and 77% of the biofilm in stages II, III and IV, respectively). The main genus of Comamonadaceae family identified in stage II was Curvibacter whose growth may be associated with sugars (relative abundance of 28% in the biofilm). That relative abundance was decreased to less than 0.9% in stages III and IV. For representatives of Rhodocyclaceae family, some genera possibly related to the degradation of LAS were identified: Dechloromonas, Georgfuchsia and Zoogloea (78%, 67% and 98% of the genera of the Rhodocyclaceae family identified in the biofilm from stages II, III and IV, respectively). By means of massive sequencing, 37 genera possibly related to degradation of LAS were identified. Forty xenobiotic compounds, some of them toxic to aquatic biota, were detected in the reactor effluent through gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity, the samples collected in the same operation stage showed higher similarity coefficients than those collected in the same sampling site (biofilm from support material or phase separator). That result confirms the microbial community differentiation according to the carbon source employed. Through the overall mass balance, it was found that only 0.81% of LAS added was removed by adsorption.

The purpose of this study was to assess the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria on low sodium concentration sliced cooked bologna under refrigerated storage conditions. In study 1, the effect of three different sodium concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) and two packaging conditions (aerobic and vacuum) on growth of a cocktail of inoculated spoilage bacteria such Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated by using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. In general, reducing the sodium concentration from 2% (the current industry standard) to 1% NaCl in the cooked bologna system did not have a significant effect on microbial growth. The utilization of Ion Torrent high-throughput sequencing in this study allowed the description of the total microbial community present on sliced cooked bologna. Taxonomic analysis revealed the microbial community belongs to the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Finally, in this study, in situ meat redox measurement values were collected over time using platinum electrodes placed on top of, and in between bologna slices. While the redox values obtained were, in general, consistent with increasing bacterial cell numbers, issues of reproducibility and consistency were evident. The second study focused on the impact that the addition of a bacteriocin, Micocin X®, to the meat blend would have on growth of spoilage bacteria and in particular, Listeria monocytogenes, in vacuum-packaged cooked bologna formulated with 1% and 3% NaCl. In general, results demonstrated Micocin X® had a significant effect on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Listeria monocytogenes; however, no substantial effect was assessed in the control of lactic acid bacteria or Brochothrix thermosphacta.

O uso de fertilizantes minerais é de grande importância para que a cultura atinja o seu potencial produtivo e torne a atividade de produção viável economicamente, no entanto o uso excessivo é danoso ao meio ambiente, trazendo riscos à saúde humana e à biodiversidade local. A utilização de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCP) tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora e sustentável, visando melhorar a produtividade e reduzir o uso de fertilizantes. Essas bactérias colonizam a rizosfera e tecidos internos da planta e são capazes de estimular o desenvolvimento e sanidade de sua hospedeira através de mecanismos como disponibilização de nutrientes, produção de fitohormônios e controle de patógenos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da inoculação de três linhagens de BPCP em milho e o impacto causado na comunidade bacteriana associada à cultura. As linhagens utilizadas foram Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9, ambas isoladas da rizosfera de guaranazeiro, e Azospirillum brasilense Ab-v5, um inoculante comercial. Primeiramente, foi realizado um ensaio de antibiose entre RZ2MS9 e Ab-v5, constatando não haver inibição. Após, um experimento de promoção de crescimento em condições de campo, foi realizado, com plantas de milho inoculadas com: (i) RZ2MS16; (ii) RZ2MS16 e Ab-v5; (iii) Ab-v5; (iv) RZ2MS9; (v) RZ2MS9 e Ab-v5; e (vi) tratamento controle. As sementes foram inoculadas e, 60 dias após o plantio, a altura da planta, altura até a inserção da espiga e o diâmetro do colmo foram medidos. A inoculação com Ab-v5 e a coinoculação de RZ2MS9 com Ab-v5 promoveram o incremento de 3% em altura da planta, além disso, esse consórcio promoveu incremento de 9% no diâmetro do colmo, todos comparados ao tratamento controle. Usando o DNA total da folha e raíz do milho, o fragmento 16S rRNA bacteriano foi sequenciado, através da plataforma Ion Torrent, para avaliar o efeito da inoculação na comunidade bacteriana associada à ambos os tecidos. A inoculação foi capaz de modular a comunidade bacteriana associada à folha, com a análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) explicando 39,51% da variação. Não foi observada modulação na comunidade bacteriana associada à raiz. Foi observada diferença na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana quando ambos os nichos foram comparados, independente de inoculação, com a PCoA explicando 80,97% dessa variação. Assim observa-se que estudos dessa natureza são de grande importância para o melhor entendimento da interação entre as BPCP e a comunidade bacteirana associada à planta hospedeira, e dos mecanismos que levam ao desenvolvimento da cultura. / The use of mineral fertilizers is of great importance to the crop reaches its potential yield and become the production activity economically feasible, however, its excessive use is harmful to the environment, and brings risk to human health and local biodiversity. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) has been shown as a promising and sustainable alternative, aiming to improve productivity and reduce fertilizer use. These bacteria colonize the rhizosphere and plant internal tissues and are able to stimulate their host development and health through mechanisms such as nutrient availability, phytohormone production and pathogen control. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculation effect of three PGPB strains in maize and the impact on associated bacterial community. The strains inoculated were Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9, both isolated from guarana rhizosphere, and Azospirillum brasilense Ab-v5, a commercial inoculant. First, an anthibiosis assay was conducted between RZ2MS9 and Ab-v5 strains, showing no inhibition. Then, a growth-promotion assay was performed under field conditions, with maize plants inoculated with: (i) RZ2MS16; (ii) RZ2MS16 and Ab-v5; (iii) Ab-v5; (iv) RZ2MS9; (v) RZ2MS9 and Ab-v5; and (vi) control. The seeds were inoculated and, 60 days after sowing, the plant height, height to the cob insertion and stem diameter were measured. The inoculation with Ab-v5 and the co-inoculation with RZ2MS9 plus Ab-v5 increased the plant height in 3%, furthermore, the co-inoculation increased stem diameter in 9%, all compared to control. Using total DNA of maize\'s leaf and root, bacterial 16S rRNA fragment was sequenced by Ion Torrent platform, to evaluate the effect of inoculation in associated bacterial community of both tissues. The inoculation was able to modulate the leaf bacterial community, with principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) explaining 39.51% of variation. It was not found modulation on root\'s bacterial community. Difference in the bacterial community structure was observed when both niches were compared, regardless inoculation, with PCoA explaining 80.97% of this variation. Therefore, it is noted that studies of this nature are of great importance for a better understanding of the interaction between PGPB and bacterial community associated to the host plant and mechanisms leading to crop development.

O uso de fertilizantes minerais é de grande importância para que a cultura atinja o seu potencial produtivo e torne a atividade de produção viável economicamente, no entanto o uso excessivo é danoso ao meio ambiente, trazendo riscos à saúde humana e à biodiversidade local. A utilização de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCP) tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora e sustentável, visando melhorar a produtividade e reduzir o uso de fertilizantes. Essas bactérias colonizam a rizosfera e tecidos internos da planta e são capazes de estimular o desenvolvimento e sanidade de sua hospedeira através de mecanismos como disponibilização de nutrientes, produção de fitohormônios e controle de patógenos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da inoculação de três linhagens de BPCP em milho e o impacto causado na comunidade bacteriana associada à cultura. As linhagens utilizadas foram Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9, ambas isoladas da rizosfera de guaranazeiro, e Azospirillum brasilense Ab-v5, um inoculante comercial. Primeiramente, foi realizado um ensaio de antibiose entre RZ2MS9 e Ab-v5, constatando não haver inibição. Após, um experimento de promoção de crescimento em condições de campo, foi realizado, com plantas de milho inoculadas com: (i) RZ2MS16; (ii) RZ2MS16 e Ab-v5; (iii) Ab-v5; (iv) RZ2MS9; (v) RZ2MS9 e Ab-v5; e (vi) tratamento controle. As sementes foram inoculadas e, 60 dias após o plantio, a altura da planta, altura até a inserção da espiga e o diâmetro do colmo foram medidos. A inoculação com Ab-v5 e a coinoculação de RZ2MS9 com Ab-v5 promoveram o incremento de 3% em altura da planta, além disso, esse consórcio promoveu incremento de 9% no diâmetro do colmo, todos comparados ao tratamento controle. Usando o DNA total da folha e raíz do milho, o fragmento 16S rRNA bacteriano foi sequenciado, através da plataforma Ion Torrent, para avaliar o efeito da inoculação na comunidade bacteriana associada à ambos os tecidos. A inoculação foi capaz de modular a comunidade bacteriana associada à folha, com a análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) explicando 39,51% da variação. Não foi observada modulação na comunidade bacteriana associada à raiz. Foi observada diferença na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana quando ambos os nichos foram comparados, independente de inoculação, com a PCoA explicando 80,97% dessa variação. Assim observa-se que estudos dessa natureza são de grande importância para o melhor entendimento da interação entre as BPCP e a comunidade bacteirana associada à planta hospedeira, e dos mecanismos que levam ao desenvolvimento da cultura. / The use of mineral fertilizers is of great importance to the crop reaches its potential yield and become the production activity economically feasible, however, its excessive use is harmful to the environment, and brings risk to human health and local biodiversity. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) has been shown as a promising and sustainable alternative, aiming to improve productivity and reduce fertilizer use. These bacteria colonize the rhizosphere and plant internal tissues and are able to stimulate their host development and health through mechanisms such as nutrient availability, phytohormone production and pathogen control. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculation effect of three PGPB strains in maize and the impact on associated bacterial community. The strains inoculated were Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9, both isolated from guarana rhizosphere, and Azospirillum brasilense Ab-v5, a commercial inoculant. First, an anthibiosis assay was conducted between RZ2MS9 and Ab-v5 strains, showing no inhibition. Then, a growth-promotion assay was performed under field conditions, with maize plants inoculated with: (i) RZ2MS16; (ii) RZ2MS16 and Ab-v5; (iii) Ab-v5; (iv) RZ2MS9; (v) RZ2MS9 and Ab-v5; and (vi) control. The seeds were inoculated and, 60 days after sowing, the plant height, height to the cob insertion and stem diameter were measured. The inoculation with Ab-v5 and the co-inoculation with RZ2MS9 plus Ab-v5 increased the plant height in 3%, furthermore, the co-inoculation increased stem diameter in 9%, all compared to control. Using total DNA of maize\'s leaf and root, bacterial 16S rRNA fragment was sequenced by Ion Torrent platform, to evaluate the effect of inoculation in associated bacterial community of both tissues. The inoculation was able to modulate the leaf bacterial community, with principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) explaining 39.51% of variation. It was not found modulation on root\'s bacterial community. Difference in the bacterial community structure was observed when both niches were compared, regardless inoculation, with PCoA explaining 80.97% of this variation. Therefore, it is noted that studies of this nature are of great importance for a better understanding of the interaction between PGPB and bacterial community associated to the host plant and mechanisms leading to crop development.

Nesse trabalho avaliaram-se quatro hipóteses sobre a remoção do alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) em reator EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) alimentado ora com água residuária de lavanderia comercial, ora como meio sintético acrescido de LAS Padrão, com e sem suplementação de Fe(III) afluente. Para tanto, em todas as hipóteses utilizou-se reator EGSB (1,4 L) com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 36h, condição mesofílica (30ºC) e carga de LAS específica aplicada (CLEA) variando de 1,0 - 2,7 mgLAS.gSTV-1.d-1. DGGE e sequenciamento massivo do gene rRNA 16S (Plataforma 454-Pirosequenciamento e Ion Torrent) foram utilizados para caracterização microbiana. Em relação à Hipótese A avaliou-se o efeito da adaptação prévia da biomassa na remoção do LAS em água residuária. Para tanto, o EGSB-BA (biomassa adaptada) teve uma etapa prévia com LAS padrão e meio sintético (Etapa I), seguida da Etapa II com água residuária; e o EGSB-BNA (biomassa não adaptada) teve etapa única e alimentação diretamente com água residuária. Para a Hipótese B avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com meio sintético na remoção de LAS em água residuária. Para tanto, o EGSB-Ag.Lav foi alimentado apenas com água residuária e bicarbonato de sódio e duas CLE (Etapa II - 1,0 e Etapa III - 2,7 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1). Em relação às Hipóteses C e D, avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de Fe(III) na remoção de LAS Padrão em meio sintético e LAS em água residuária, respectivamente. A Hipótese A foi refutada uma vez que as remoções de LAS em EGSB-BA-Etapa II (76%) e EGSB-BNA-Etapa I (78%) foram similares (ambas com água residuária). A remoção de LAS foi maior quando foi adicionada água residuária (EGSB-BA-Etapa II-76%) do que com LAS Padrão (EGSB-BA-Etapa I-63%). A Hipótese B foi aceita, uma vez que a alimentação do EGSB apenas com água residuária de lavanderia (CLE 1,0 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1) mais bicarbonato de sódio resultou em remoções do surfactante de 93%, ou seja, 15-17% maior que nos reatores suplementados com meio sintético (EGSB-BA Etapa II e EGSB-BNA Etapa I). Na Etapa III verificou-se diminuição da remoção em 30%. A Hipótese C foi aceita uma vez que se notou 20% de aumento na remoção de LAS quando comparado com reator não suplementado com Fe(III) (EGSB-Fe - 84,3% e EGSB-BA Etapa I - 63,5%). A Hipótese D foi refutada, uma vez que embora tenha sido obtida alta remoção de LAS (91,2%), esta não foi acompanhada pela redução férrica. Por meio do DGGE (domínio Bactéria) notou-se estratificação microbiana ao longo do reator na Etapa III (Hipótese B), provavelmente, em função do tamanho do grânulo que variou ao longo do reator. Por meio do sequenciamento massivo identificou-se bactérias semelhantes à Geobacter na amostra proveniente do reator EGSBFe da Hipótese C (17% da abundância relativa), portanto, as condições impostas favoreceram esse gênero. Fato este não observado para o reator EGSB-Fe-Ag.Lav. da Hipótese D. A comparação da análise filogenética das bactérias para os diferentes reatores permitiu identificar gêneros em comum relacionados com a degradação de LAS, a saber: Desulfobulbus, Geobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Sporomusa, Comamonas, Holophaga, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas e Synergistes. / This study evaluated four hypotheses about the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in EGSB reactor (expanded granular sludge bed) fed sometimes with commercial laundry wastewater, sometimes with synthetic medium more Standard LAS, with and without Fe(III) influent supplementation. Therefore, in all hypotheses were used an EGSB reactor (1.4 L) with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 36 h, mesophilic condition (30°C) and load specific LAS (CLE) ranging from 1,0 to 2,7 mgLAS.gSTV-1.d-1. DGGE and massive sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (454-pyrosequencing and Ion Torrent platform) were used for microbial characterization. Regarding the Hypothesis A, it was evaluated the effect of biomass pre-adaptation for removal of LAS in wastewater. Then, the EGSBBA (adapted biomass) had a previous step with standard LAS and synthetic medium (Phase I), followed by Stage II with wastewater; and EGSB-BNA (not adapted biomass) had single step and feeding directly with wastewater. Regarding the Hypothesis B, it was evaluated the effect of synthetic medium supplementation in the removal of LAS in wastewater. Then, the EGSB-Ag.Lav was fed only with wastewater and sodium bicarbonate with two CLE (Stage II - 1,0 e Stage III - 2,7 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1). Regarding the Hypothesis C and D, it was evaluated the effect of Fe(III) supplementation in the removal of standard LAS and LAS in wastewater, respectively. The Hypothesis A was refuted since the LAS removal in EGSB-BA-Stage II (76%) and EGSB-BNA-Step I (78%) were similar (both with wastewater). The LAS removal was highest when wastewater was added (EGSB-BA-Stage-II 76%) than with standard LAS (EGSB-BAStage- I 63%). The Hypothesis B was accepted, since the feed of the EGSB only with wastewater from laundry (CLE 1,0 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1) more sodium bicarbonate resulted in removal of 93% of surfactant, in other words, 15-17% higher than in the reactors supplemented with synthetic medium (EGSB-BA Stage II e EGSB-BNA Stage I). In the Stage III, there was a decrease by 30% of LAS removal. The Hypothesis C was accepted, since there was an increase of 20% in the removal of LAS as compared to unsupplemented reactor with Fe (III) (EGSB-Fe - 84,3% e EGSB-BA Stage I - 63,5%). The Hypothesis D was refuted since although high LAS removal was obtained (91,2%), this was not accompanied by ferric reduction. By means of DGGE (Bacteria domain) was noted a microbial stratification along the reactor in the Stage III (Hypothesis B), probably in function of granule size along the reactor. By means of massive sequencing were identified bacteria similar to Geobacter in the sample from the reactor EGSB-Fe Hypothesis C (relative abundance 17%), therefore, the conditions favored this genre. This fact was not observed in the reactor EGSB-Fe-Ag.Lav. hypothesis D. A comparison of phylogenetic analysis of bacteria for different reactors allowed to identify common genera related to LAS degradation, namely: Desulfobulbus, Geobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Sporomusa, Comamonas, Holophaga, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Synergistes.

Nesse trabalho avaliaram-se quatro hipóteses sobre a remoção do alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) em reator EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) alimentado ora com água residuária de lavanderia comercial, ora como meio sintético acrescido de LAS Padrão, com e sem suplementação de Fe(III) afluente. Para tanto, em todas as hipóteses utilizou-se reator EGSB (1,4 L) com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 36h, condição mesofílica (30ºC) e carga de LAS específica aplicada (CLEA) variando de 1,0 - 2,7 mgLAS.gSTV-1.d-1. DGGE e sequenciamento massivo do gene rRNA 16S (Plataforma 454-Pirosequenciamento e Ion Torrent) foram utilizados para caracterização microbiana. Em relação à Hipótese A avaliou-se o efeito da adaptação prévia da biomassa na remoção do LAS em água residuária. Para tanto, o EGSB-BA (biomassa adaptada) teve uma etapa prévia com LAS padrão e meio sintético (Etapa I), seguida da Etapa II com água residuária; e o EGSB-BNA (biomassa não adaptada) teve etapa única e alimentação diretamente com água residuária. Para a Hipótese B avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com meio sintético na remoção de LAS em água residuária. Para tanto, o EGSB-Ag.Lav foi alimentado apenas com água residuária e bicarbonato de sódio e duas CLE (Etapa II - 1,0 e Etapa III - 2,7 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1). Em relação às Hipóteses C e D, avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de Fe(III) na remoção de LAS Padrão em meio sintético e LAS em água residuária, respectivamente. A Hipótese A foi refutada uma vez que as remoções de LAS em EGSB-BA-Etapa II (76%) e EGSB-BNA-Etapa I (78%) foram similares (ambas com água residuária). A remoção de LAS foi maior quando foi adicionada água residuária (EGSB-BA-Etapa II-76%) do que com LAS Padrão (EGSB-BA-Etapa I-63%). A Hipótese B foi aceita, uma vez que a alimentação do EGSB apenas com água residuária de lavanderia (CLE 1,0 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1) mais bicarbonato de sódio resultou em remoções do surfactante de 93%, ou seja, 15-17% maior que nos reatores suplementados com meio sintético (EGSB-BA Etapa II e EGSB-BNA Etapa I). Na Etapa III verificou-se diminuição da remoção em 30%. A Hipótese C foi aceita uma vez que se notou 20% de aumento na remoção de LAS quando comparado com reator não suplementado com Fe(III) (EGSB-Fe - 84,3% e EGSB-BA Etapa I - 63,5%). A Hipótese D foi refutada, uma vez que embora tenha sido obtida alta remoção de LAS (91,2%), esta não foi acompanhada pela redução férrica. Por meio do DGGE (domínio Bactéria) notou-se estratificação microbiana ao longo do reator na Etapa III (Hipótese B), provavelmente, em função do tamanho do grânulo que variou ao longo do reator. Por meio do sequenciamento massivo identificou-se bactérias semelhantes à Geobacter na amostra proveniente do reator EGSBFe da Hipótese C (17% da abundância relativa), portanto, as condições impostas favoreceram esse gênero. Fato este não observado para o reator EGSB-Fe-Ag.Lav. da Hipótese D. A comparação da análise filogenética das bactérias para os diferentes reatores permitiu identificar gêneros em comum relacionados com a degradação de LAS, a saber: Desulfobulbus, Geobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Sporomusa, Comamonas, Holophaga, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas e Synergistes. / This study evaluated four hypotheses about the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in EGSB reactor (expanded granular sludge bed) fed sometimes with commercial laundry wastewater, sometimes with synthetic medium more Standard LAS, with and without Fe(III) influent supplementation. Therefore, in all hypotheses were used an EGSB reactor (1.4 L) with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 36 h, mesophilic condition (30°C) and load specific LAS (CLE) ranging from 1,0 to 2,7 mgLAS.gSTV-1.d-1. DGGE and massive sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (454-pyrosequencing and Ion Torrent platform) were used for microbial characterization. Regarding the Hypothesis A, it was evaluated the effect of biomass pre-adaptation for removal of LAS in wastewater. Then, the EGSBBA (adapted biomass) had a previous step with standard LAS and synthetic medium (Phase I), followed by Stage II with wastewater; and EGSB-BNA (not adapted biomass) had single step and feeding directly with wastewater. Regarding the Hypothesis B, it was evaluated the effect of synthetic medium supplementation in the removal of LAS in wastewater. Then, the EGSB-Ag.Lav was fed only with wastewater and sodium bicarbonate with two CLE (Stage II - 1,0 e Stage III - 2,7 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1). Regarding the Hypothesis C and D, it was evaluated the effect of Fe(III) supplementation in the removal of standard LAS and LAS in wastewater, respectively. The Hypothesis A was refuted since the LAS removal in EGSB-BA-Stage II (76%) and EGSB-BNA-Step I (78%) were similar (both with wastewater). The LAS removal was highest when wastewater was added (EGSB-BA-Stage-II 76%) than with standard LAS (EGSB-BAStage- I 63%). The Hypothesis B was accepted, since the feed of the EGSB only with wastewater from laundry (CLE 1,0 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1) more sodium bicarbonate resulted in removal of 93% of surfactant, in other words, 15-17% higher than in the reactors supplemented with synthetic medium (EGSB-BA Stage II e EGSB-BNA Stage I). In the Stage III, there was a decrease by 30% of LAS removal. The Hypothesis C was accepted, since there was an increase of 20% in the removal of LAS as compared to unsupplemented reactor with Fe (III) (EGSB-Fe - 84,3% e EGSB-BA Stage I - 63,5%). The Hypothesis D was refuted since although high LAS removal was obtained (91,2%), this was not accompanied by ferric reduction. By means of DGGE (Bacteria domain) was noted a microbial stratification along the reactor in the Stage III (Hypothesis B), probably in function of granule size along the reactor. By means of massive sequencing were identified bacteria similar to Geobacter in the sample from the reactor EGSB-Fe Hypothesis C (relative abundance 17%), therefore, the conditions favored this genre. This fact was not observed in the reactor EGSB-Fe-Ag.Lav. hypothesis D. A comparison of phylogenetic analysis of bacteria for different reactors allowed to identify common genera related to LAS degradation, namely: Desulfobulbus, Geobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Sporomusa, Comamonas, Holophaga, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Synergistes.

Abstract Disturbance may shift microbial communities from one state to another. However, species differ in their ecological characteristics and their abilities to withstand disturbance. No single species or individuals of a species exist alone, but they are parts of complex interaction networks including species above- and belowground. In boreal and subarctic forests, almost all plants and a high number of fungi form mycorrhizas at the plant roots. In mycorrhiza, the fungal partner harvests nutrients for the host plant and, in return, gains carbon from the plant. In general, these common associations benefit both partners, but as heterotrophs, fungi are dependent on carbon photosynthesized by plants, whereas plants can survive alone as autotrophs. In addition to mycorrhizal fungi, also other fungi, such as endophytes, saprotrophs and pathogens, live in and on plant roots. This thesis concerns the impacts of disturbance on fungi living in plant roots and in soil near the roots. I hypothesized that i) root-associated fungal (RAF) and soil fungal communities and colonization types change after disturbance, that ii) the observed shifts relate to disturbance intensity and that iii) they co-occur with changes in soil conditions and vegetation. Changes in RAF were studied as changes in root fungal colonization, or in fungal community composition. The latter were detected with next-generation sequencing methods. The responses of RAF to disturbance seemed to be context dependent and related to sources of fungal communities (e.g. soil, RAF networks), environmental conditions (e.g. soil pH and nutrients) and host performance. It seems that abundances of those RAF species, which are present in the roots first (priority effect), may be increased by disturbance. Research produced new information related to ecological roles of the genera Phialocephala and Meliniomyces. Altogether, the results indicate connections between both abiotic and biotic environments and RAF, and host species viability and RAF. / Tiivistelmä Häiriöt voivat siirtää eliöyhteisön tilasta toiseen. Lajien ominaisuudet ja häiriönsietokyvyt eroavat toisistaan. Mikään laji tai yksilö ei elä yksin, vaan lajit ovat osa maan ylä- ja alapuolelle ulottuvia monimutkaisia vuorovaikutusverkostoja. Boreaalisissa ja subarktisissa metsissä lähes kaikki kasvit ja useat sienet muodostavat sienijuuren eli mykorritsan. Mykorritsassa sieniosakas hankkii isäntäkasville ravinteita ja saa vastavuoroisesti kasvilta hiiltä. Tavallisesti nämä vuorovaikutussuhteet hyödyttävät molempia sienijuuren osakkaita, mutta toisenvaraisina (heterotrofeina) sienet ovat riippuvaisia kasvien yhteyttämästä hiilestä, kun taas tuottajina (autotrofeina) kasvit voivat elää itsenäisesti. Mykorritsasienten lisäksi kasvien juurissa elää yleisesti myös muita sieniä kuten endofyyttejä, saprotrofeja ja patogeeneja. Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee häiriön vaikutuksia sieniin, jotka elävät kasvien juurissa ja juuria ympäröivässä maassa. Hypoteesieni mukaan i) juurissa ja maassa elävien sienten yhteisöt ja kolonisaatiotyypit muuttuvat häiriön jälkeen, ii) muutokset liittyvät häiriön voimakkuuteen ja iii) muutokset tapahtuvat samanaikaisesti maan olosuhteiden ja kasvillisuuden muutoksien kanssa. Juurissa elävien sienten esiintymisen muutokset tutkittiin sienten kolonisaation tai yhteisörakenteen muutoksina. Sieniyhteisöt selvitettiin NGS-menetelmien avulla. Juurissa elävien sienten vasteet häiriöön vaikuttavat olevan tilannesidonnaisia ja liittyvän sienilajien lähteisiin (esim. maa, juurisieniverkostot), ympäristömuuttujiin (esim. maan pH, ravinteet) ja isäntäkasvin menestymiseen. Häiriö voi vahvistaa juurissa ensimmäisenä läsnä olevien sienilajien menestymistä (prioriteettivaikutus). Uutta tietoa tuotettiin Phialocephala ja Meliniomyces –sienisukujen ekologiasta, jota tunnetaan huonosti. Kaiken kaikkiaan, tulokset osoittavat yhteydet sekä elottoman ja elollisen ympäristön ja juurten sieniyhteisön että isäntäkasvin elinkyvyn ja juurten sieniyhteisön välillä.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cardiovascular disease that frequently recurs and is associated with significant numbers of death annually. The influence of the hereditary risk factors is not yet firmly established but twin and family studies suggest that heritability is about 50%. Several genetic risk factors have been identified by genomeHwide association studies (GWAS) but they do not explain all of the missing heritability of VTE. NextHgeneration sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the genetic analysis of disease and has been used to discover the genes underlying unsolved Mendelian disorders. It has also been used to identify rare alleles which may help explain the missing heritability for complex diseases. The study population of this study consisted of 32 randomly chosen VTE patients from the MATSHstudy (Malmö Thrombophilia Study). The seventeen genes that in earlier studies have been shown to be associated with VTE were examined and the identified VTEHrelated mutations were compared to the general population. The results showed that Ion TorrentHsequencing effectively provided good coverage and read depth in all of the sequenced genes. Optimization of the primer panels resulted in higher and more balanced coverage and the quality of the results in this study was on an overall high level. A total of 215 variants were detected – 62 in exons, 8 in splice and 145 in introns. One Mendelian mutation was detected in PROC and rare variants were found in F2 and FGG. The most common risk factor (F5 Leiden) was highly enriched with 25% in this study compared to 3% in a background population. / Venös tromboembolism (VTE) är en vanlig, ofta återkommande, kardiovaskulär sjukdom som associeras med åtskilliga dödsfall årligen. De ärftliga riskfaktorernas påverkan är inte fullständigt kartlagda ännu men tvillingH och familjestudier antyder att ärftligheten kan vara runt 50%. Ett flertal genetiska riskfaktorer har identifierats genom genome$wide association studies (GWAS) men de förklarar inte hela den saknade ärftlighetskomponenten för VTE. NästaHgenerationsHsekvensering (NGS) har revolutionerat den genetiska sjukdomsanalysen och har använts för att upptäcka de gener som ligger bakom tidigare olösta Mendelska sjukdomstillstånd. Man har även använt NGS för att identifiera rara alleler som kan hjälpa till att förklara de saknade ärftlighetskomponenterna för nedärvning av komplexa sjukdomar. Studiepopulationen I den här undersökningen utgjordes av 32 slumpmässigt utvalda VTEHpatienter från Malmö Thrombophilia Study (MATS). De sjutton gener som I tidigare studier har visat sig vara associerade med VTE undersöktes och de identifierade VTEHrelaterade mutationerna jämfördes med en normalpopulation. Resultaten visade att Ion TorrentHsekvensering ger bra täckningsgrad och läsdjup i alla de sekvenserade generna. Optimering av primerHpanelerna resulterade i en mer balanserad täckningsgrad och resultatkvaliteten i den här studien var på en generellt hög nivå. Totalt 215 varianter detekterades – 62 i exon, 8 i splice och 145 i introner. En Mendelsk mutation detekterades I PROC och rara varianter hittades i F2 och FGG. Den starkaste och vanligaste riskfaktorn (F5 Leiden) var högt anrikad i den här studien med 25% jämfört med 3% i en bakgrundspopulation.

Epigenetics are stable heritable traits that are not a result of the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modification of DNA cytosine plays a role in development and disease. The covalent bonding of a methyl group or a hydroxymethyl group to the 5-carbon of cytosine epigenetically modifies cytosine to 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Upon PCR amplification, the bisulfite treatment of DNA converts unmethylated cytosine to thymine, while 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and other bases remain unchanged. The resulting sequences can be mapped to a reference genome; however, this can be challenging due to sequencing technology complexity, low sequence complexity, and biases and errors introduced with bisulfite treatment. Once the short read is mapped, the identity of 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine can be determined by comparing the mapped read to the aligned reference genome. Bisulfite DNA read mapping is characterized by mapping performance as low as 40%. This research improves bisulfite short read mapping quality. First, reads generated from the bisulfite hairpin PCR protocol are used to study mapping failure and solutions. A read may not map to the genome; it may map uniquely, or it may map to multiple locations. Sequence complexity correlates with these mapping categories. The hairpin protocol allows for a recovery, in some cases, of the original untreated read, and mapping this read with the regular read mapper Bowtie2 improved mapper performance by 10%. New bisulfite read mapping software called BisPin was created that calls BFAST (BLAT-like Fast Accurate Search Tool) for mapping. BisPin resolves ambiguously mapped reads with a rescoring strategy, which yields a statistically significant improvement. BFAST-Gap for Ion Torrent reads was developed, since Ion Torrent machines are less expensive than Illumina machines and since Ion Torrent reads are longer. There are few mappers for Ion Torrent data. BFAST-Gap uses homopolymer run length for contextual gap penalty functions, since homopolymer runs cause errors in Ion Torrent reads. In conjunction with BisPin, this software performed well on real and simulated bisulfite Ion Torrent data and Illumina data. InfoTrim, a read trimmer with an entropy term, was developed with competitive results. / Ph. D.