Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / Con el fin de evaluar la virulencia y características genéticas de aislados chilenos de Botrytis cinerea con distinta sensibilidad a iprodione, se seleccionaron nueve aislados altamente resistentes (EC50: 1,35 – 2,47 μg·mL-1) y cuatro aislados sensibles (EC50: 0,26 – 0,31 μg·mL-1). La virulencia se evaluó en plántulas de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) mediante inoculación de discos de agar con micelio del hongo de tres días de edad y en bayas de vid (Vitis vinífera L.) Thompson Seedless con distinto grado de madurez (7°, 14° y 17° Brix), mediante inoculación de una suspensión conidial (equivalente a 2·105 conidias·mL-1). Posterior a la inoculación las plántulas de pepino se mantuvieron a 20-25°C y 100% de humedad relativa y las bayas de vid en cámaras de crecimiento a 20°C. La evaluación se realizó mediante medición del diámetro de la lesión en la zona de inoculación luego de 96 y 72 horas en hojas de pepino y bayas de vid, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos fueron sometidos a un ANDEVA simple y en las dos pruebas de virulencia realizadas los aislados de Botrytis cinerea resistentes y sensibles presentaron niveles de agresividad similares. La caracterización genética de los aislados se realizó amplificando mediante PCR el gen bos1 asociado a resistencia de Botrytis cinerea a dicarboximidas, utilizando 5 pares de partidores específicos. Posteriormente los productos de PCR purificados fueron secuenciados por Macrogen USA Corp. El análisis de las secuencias nucleotídicas de los nueve aislados resistentes detectó un cambio aminoacídico en la posición T1259A de la proteína. En ocho de éstos fueron detectadas las mutaciones I365N y R104Q y en el aislado restante un cambio en la posición I365S y una sustitución en la posición L849V. Esta última sustitución no ha sido descrita previamente desconociéndose su implicancia en el nivel de resistencia. En ninguno de los cuatro aislados sensibles secuenciados, el gen bos1 presentó mutaciones asociadas a resistencia a dicarboximidas. / In order to evaluate the virulence and genetic characteristics to Chilean isolates Botrytis cinerea of with different sensitivity to iprodione, were selected nine highly resistant isolates (EC50: 1, 35 to 2.47 μg·mL-1) and four susceptible isolates (EC50: 0.26 to 0.31 μg·mL-1). The virulence was evaluated inoculating cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) with three days old Botrytis cinerea mycelium and different ripe (7 °, 14 ° 17 ° Brix) Thompson Seedless grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) with a conidial suspension (2·105 conidia·mL-1). Cucumber seedlings were kept at 20-25°C and relative humidity 100% and grape berries in growth chambers at 20°C. The evaluation was done measuring the lesion diameter after 96 and 72 hours in cucumber leaves and grape berries, respectively. The results were subjected to a simple ANOVA and in both virulence tests carried out, the sensitive and resistant Botrytis cinerea isolates showed similar levels of aggressiveness. The genetic characterization was performed by PCR amplification of the dicarboximide resistance associated Botrytis cinerea bos1 gene, by means of five specific primers. The purified PCR product was sequenced by Macrogen USA Corp. By means of sequences analysis the bos1 gene nucleotide, in all the nine resistant isolates was detected an amino acid change at the T1259A protein position. The I365N and R104Q mutations were detected in eight of the isolates and in the other isolate a change in the position I365S and a substitution at position L849V. The latter substitution has not been previously detected and it implications on resistance is unknown. The bos1 gene showed no mutations associated to the resistance to dicarboximides in any one of the four susceptible isolates sequenced.

Les travaux de thèse ont porté sur la synthèse d’un MIP (polymère à empreintes moléculaires) spécifique d’un fongicide se trouvant dans la majorité des vins français : l’iprodione. Pour extraire l’iprodione à partir du vin, un challenge important se présentait : le milieu hydroalcoolique est un solvant dipolaire alors que l’interaction du MIP avec l’iprodione se base sur des interactions dipôle-dipôle. Les premières études d’extraction de l’iprodione ont été faites sur un MIP obtenu par polymérisation en masse à partir du méthacrylamide et de l'éthylène glycol diméthacrylate (EGDMA). Le MIP était plus efficace que le NIP (polymère non imprimé) dans des solutions hydroalcooliques ce qui vérifie que l’impression moléculaire était réussie. Un plan d’expériences 23 a été appliqué pour étudier l’influence de 3 facteurs de synthèse de MIP (la méthode de polymérisation, la nature de l'agent réticulant et le type de monomère fonctionnel) sur les propriétés de reconnaissance des polymères vis-à-vis de l’iprodione. 8 MIP et 8 NIP ont été ainsi synthétisés. Les isothermes d'adsorption de l'eau et de l’iprodione par les MIPs et les NIPs ont été déterminées. Des différences significatives entre les polymères ont été mises en évidences impliquant une relation entre l’adsorption de l’eau et l’adsorption de l’iprodione. La formation des empreintes moléculaires au sein des MIP a été démontrée par plusieurs techniques comme la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage et la résonance magnétique nucléaire. Les meilleures propriétés de reconnaissance de l’iprodione sont obtenues avec le MIP synthétisé par précipitation à partir du méthacrylamide comme monomère fonctionnel et de l’EGDMA comme réticulant. Ce MIP a été utilisé en extraction en phase solide (SPE) pour la pré-concentration de l’iprodione dans un vin blanc avec un facteur de pré-concentration égal à 6 et sa sélectivité par rapport à deux fongicides : le pyriméthanil et le procymidone a été démontrée. / The aim of this study was the synthesis of a MIP (molecularly imprinted polymer) specific for a fungicide that is found in the majority of the french wine: iprodione. The challenge for extracting iprodione from wine medium was that the hydoralcoholic solution is a dipolar solvent, whereas the interaction between the MIP and iprodione is based on dipolar interactions. The first extraction study of iprodione was made on a MIP synthesized by bulk polymerization using methacrylamide and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The MIP was found to be more efficient than the NIP (non-imprinted polymer) in hydroalcoholic solutions which demonstrates that the molecular imprinting was successful. Then we synthesized 8 MIPs and 8 NIPs following an 23 experimental design in order to study the influence of three synthesis factors (the polymerization method, the nature of the crosslinker and the type of the functional monomer) on the iprodione recognition properties of the polymers. The water and the iprodione adsorption isotherms for MIPs and NIPs were determined. The result showed significant differences between the polymers involving a relationship between the water adsorption and the adsorption of iprodione. The molecular imprinting has been demonstrated by several techniques such as the differential scanning calorimetry and the nuclear magnetic resonance. The best recognition properties of iprodione are obtained with the MIP which was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using methacrylamide as functional momonomer and EGDMA as crosslinker. This MIP was used in solid phase extraction (SPE) for pre-concentration of iprodione in a white wine with a pre-concentration factor of 6. Its selectivity versus two fungicides: procymidone and pyrimethanil has been demonstrated.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T14:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cicero Nicolini.pdf: 204101 bytes, checksum: 7157eb0dfbcf608b64b0ae9bbbaf5c05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T14:46:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cicero Nicolini.pdf: 204101 bytes, checksum: 7157eb0dfbcf608b64b0ae9bbbaf5c05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-03 / The Alternaria black spot is one of the most common and destructive diseases of brassica species. This disease can be caused by several species of Alternaria, although A. brassicicola is predominant species in both conventional and organic crops in Brazil. Since commercial cultivars of brassica with acceptable levels of disease resistance are not available, the disease control in conventional production system is based on the fungicide applications, while in the organic production system the disease control on relays on cultural methods. The objective of this study is to assess the sensitivity of 112 isolates of A. brassicicola to fungicide groups: benzimidazoles (carbendazim), dicarboximides (iprodione), triazoles (tebuconazole) and strobilurines (azoxystrobin). The isolates were evaluated in vitro to obtain the concentration capable of inhibiting 50% of the mycelial growth (CL50) and separated in four classes depending on the sensibility to the tested fungicides. All the isolated of A. brassicicola were sensitive the iprodione, with CL50 values below to 0.1 mg i.a./L. Most of the isolates originating from conventional (92.9%) and organic (96.4%) were middling resistant the azoxystrobin, while an isolated (CFM-576) was highly resistant. In relation to tebuconazole, only isolated sensitive (42.9%) and lightly resistant (57.1%) were observed. There was nosignificant difference between the isolates of A. brassicicola originated either from conventional or organic systems and brassica types regarding the levels of sensitivity to the fungicides. / A alternariose é uma das doenças foliares mais comuns e destrutivas das brássicas, podendo ser causada por várias espécies de Alternaria, embora A. brassicicola seja a espécie predominante em plantios convencionais e orgânicos no Brasil. Como inexistem cultivares comerciais de brássicas com níveis aceitáveis de resistência à doença, no sistema de produção convencional o controle da doença se baseia na aplicação de fungicidas, enquanto no sistema orgânico em métodos culturais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade de 112 isolados de A. brassicicola oriundos de cultivos convencionais e orgânicos de brássicas a fungicidas dos grupos dicarboximidas (iprodione), triazóis (tebuconazole) e estrobilurinas (azoxystrobin). Os isolados foram avaliados in vitro visando obter a concentração capaz de inibir 50% do crescimento micelial (CL50) e separados em quatro classes dependendo da sua sensibilidade aos fungicidas testados. Todos os isolados de A. brassicicola foram sensíveis a iprodione, com valores de CL50 inferiores a 0,1 mg i.a./L. A maioria dos isolados oriundos de cultivos convencionais (92,9%) e orgânicos (96,4%) se comportou como medianamente resistente a azoxystrobin, enquanto um isolado (CFM-576) foi altamente resistente. Em relação a tebuconazole, foram constatados somente isolados sensíveis (42,9%) e ligeiramente resistentes (57,1%). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa quanto à sensibilidade aos fungicidas testados entre os isolados de A. brassicicola oriundos de cultivos convencionais e orgânicos, bem como, coletados de diferentes tipos de brássicas.