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The advent of Area Studies and Comparative Literature in US academia developed in response to (or, more aptly, as a result of) the Cold War in the 1960s, with locations such as the Middle East relegated to Area Studies due to the strategic importance that knowledge of its histories, cultures, and languages had for global (read: US) geopolitics. On the other hand, the discipline of Comparative Literature constituted the expansion of US literary studies due to the influx of European intellectual refugees, with scholars and practitioners formulating the field around texts in, primarily, German and Romance languages in conversation with Anglophone texts. Over the past two decades, this Eurocentric model of Comparative Literature has been challenged, and, to some extent, subverted. Yet more often than not, modern Persian Literature is consigned to the realm of Area Studies in general and a Middle Eastern discourse in particular. My dissertation, “Disorderly Political Imaginations: Comparative Readings of Iranian and Caribbean Fiction and Poetry, 1960s-1980s,” addresses this gap by placing Iran and Persian literature front and center of a comparative project that includes canonical writers from the anglophone and francophone Caribbean. Additionally, “Disorderly Political Imaginations” considers intellectual figures and their literary productions that contributed to the liberation of individual and social consciousness. These figures created unique forms and languages of revolt that deviated from the prevailing definitions of committed, political, or national literature. In The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World, Vijay Prashad sets a precedent for comparing Iran and the Caribbean in his chapter titled “Tehran,” by connecting Gharbzadegi (Westoxification or Occidentosis)—the cultural and socio-political manifesto of Jalal Al-e Ahmad—and Aimé Césaire’s négritude. On a broader, geopolitical level, he concomitantly connects imperial schemes in the “nominally independent” Iran and Caribbean region, along with the forms of resistance to them. Yet, for a chapter titled “Tehran,” the focus is mostly the contribution of other Third World projects to that of Iran’s. Conversely, “Disorderly Political Imaginations” centers Iran as a comparable case meriting comprehensive analysis in Third World cultural and political projects. Furthermore, rather than study the works of Al-e Ahmad and Césaire as exemplary cultural projects of resistance, I choose to investigate alternative modes of political thought and writing that move beyond the framework of “resistance”—modes that are not always considered as contributing to the political landscape. The “disorderly” politics and the “disorderly” creations of the writers under study thus take to task the idea of political literature during the decades of global decolonization, motivated by Jean Paul Sartre’s littérature engagée (engaged literature). In three chapters, I study Iranian literature of the mid to late 1960s in comparison to African diasporic literature from the Caribbean of the late 1970s to mid 1980s. The oft-overlooked issue of gender in national liberation projects of the time is addressed in my first chapter, “Scarecrows and Whores: Women in Savashoun and Hérémakhonon,” as I compare the two novels by Simin Daneshvar and Maryse Condé. The multilingual female protagonists in the novels of Condé and Daneshvar act as both literal and cultural interpreters and intermediaries in the narratives. I then extend my analysis of these protagonists’ precarious positions to the equally precarious intellectual positions of their creators in political discourses. By using Condé’s delineation of disorder in “Order, Disorder, Freedom and the West Indian Writer” as a necessary marker for freedom in both thought and creativity, central arguments of my dissertation about disorderly political imaginations are also presented. In “Disrupted and Disruptive Genealogies in the Novels of Hushang Golshiri and Édouard Glissant,” I compare Golshiri’s Shazdeh Ehtejab (Prince Ehtejab) and Éduoard Glissant’s La case du commandeur (The Overseer’s Cabin). Building upon Michél Foucault’s concept of “subjugated knowledges,” I demonstrate how their protagonists’ insistence on finding answers to the political questions of the present in the historical past (of empire and slavery respectively) leads to their insanity, and how, concomitantly, the formal characteristics of these narratives (such as their in-betweenness in terms of genre, language, and mode of address) offer “noncoercive knowledge” (to use Edward Said’s phrasing from The World, the Text, and the Critic) in lieu of answers. While taking into consideration the world literary traditions these novelists are engaging with, my analysis moves beyond a poststructuralist critique; instead, I privilege these writers’ own historical, socio-political, and cultural contexts in literary analysis, both distinctively and in comparison with one another. In “Poet-Travelers: The Poetic Geographies of Sohrab Sepehri and Derek Walcott,” I analyze how they both create a poetic language of revolt and liberation that, while affirming multiple literary and linguistic traditions, cannot be dismissed as derivative or unoriginal. In this comparative reading, I study their particular use of enjambments and anaphora, the combination of an autobiographical, monologic poetic voice with that of dramatic dialogues, a plethora of travel imagery and vocabulary that reflect the poets’ own multitudinous travels, the disparate religious, mythic, and folkloric traditions they draw from, and ultimately, the unique languages they create. In comparing these texts, I consider the different and particular historical moments they were written in, which is a revolutionary moment for Iran, and for the Caribbean texts is a postcolonial moment. The political nuances of these different contexts thus effect the timbre of the texts, and these divergences in articulation are analyzed as well. “Disorderly Political Imaginations” thus does not create a homogenizing, globalized study of literary texts. In that same vein, my research demonstrates the valence that incorporating neglected subjects (in this case, Persian language and literary studies) into Comparative Literature can have in understanding the hegemonic structures of power at play in knowledge production, both locally and globally.

La présente recherche interroge l'écriture littéraire de la Grande Guerre et de la guerre Iran-Irak, vecteurs de choc et de bouleversement, qu'a racontée maint récit et roman, partagés entre restitution et invention. L'enquête porte sur la capacité de la fiction à dire le phénomène guerrier. Après avoir démêlé les contextes littéraires, elle établit les tendances majeures de la poétique du genre du récit de guerre et scrute alors les récits du front. Dans le feu de l'action, une première vague de textes est marquée du souci de témoignage dans une optique réaliste. Malgré leurs divergences de style et d'axiologie, Le Feu de Barbusse, récit à la fois concret et symbolique, et Le Voyage de Déhghân, plus sommaire et documentaire, traduisent le même désir à dire l'indicible du feu et de l'horreur. Ces récits proprement mimétiques suivent la logique linéaire du souvenir et se veulent lisibles. Mais une deuxième vague de textes, postérieure aux combats, privilégie le fictionnel sur le factuel. Cris de Gaudé et Le Scorpion d'Abkénar, avec leur approche post-apocalyptique de l'événement, renouvellent le genre. La mise en scène de la guerre, loin d'être véridique ou vérifiable, est ici fragmentaire, voire lacunaire, avec des éléments de rupture et d'incohérence. Le soldat progresse dans un monde d'errance et de cauchemar. Plus ou moins adossée à une nouvelle image de la guerre, la narration contemporaine défie la possibilité de totaliser l'expérience de guerre et dénonce le vide qu'elle a causé. Mais la fiction romanesque table sur ce vide pour renouveler l'esthétique du sujet. / This research investigates the literature of the Great War as well as Iran-Iraq war, instigators of shock and disruption, narrated by a myriad of novels and fictions which are shared between restitution and invention. It focuses on the expressive capacity of fiction to illustrate the phenomenon of war. By unraveling contexts of the comparing literatures, the major tendencies of poetic of the novel of war are established first. Then the frontline stories are studied. In the core of the action, the first movement of the texts has testimonial and realistic concern. Under fire of Barbusse is a realistic and symbolic novel, while Journey of Dehghan is more brief and documentary. Despite their differences in terms of style and axiology, both have been contributed with the same desire to demonstrate inexpressible fire and horror of war. This part of literary war novels follows the mimetic pattern of the logic of memories and expected to be legible. But the second movement of texts – written following the end of main battles - favors the fictional to factual form. Screams of Gaudé and The Scorpion of Abkénar with their post-apocalyptic perspective comprise a new kind of fiction. The staging of war - far from being accurate and verifiable - is fragmented and even lacunar with signs of bursting and incoherency. The soldier rises through wandering and nightmare. Almost based on the new image of war, the contemporary narratives challenge the possibility of depicting a complete panorama of war and denounce the vacuum it leaves behind. The novelistic fiction, however, avails itself of such vacuum to revive the aesthetics of the subject.

The dissertation Magical Realism in Persian and Saudi Narrative Writing views as essential the assumption that the phenomenon of magical realism is not restricted solely to the cultures with colonial legacy, but is transferable to literary works created under systematic and systemic violence anywhere in the world. Previous research of the dissertation's author proved the existence of parallels in the dynamics of sociopolitical development of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the 20th century, foremost in the power relation of the states to their citizens and in the status of women in the society, while there was a strong tendency towards institutionalization of the traditional patriarchal, androcentric and misogynic societal paradigms since the second half of the 20th century. In the last thirty years, women have countered this situation through increased literary activity that has turned out to be an important means of self-fulfillment and emancipation. The fact that some of the most significant Iranian and Saudi women writers use magical realism directed the research to examination of this concept's relevance for the Persian and Saudi narrative writing, inquiry into the reflection of the gender issues and their comparison in both literatures. A detailed case study of two works, each from one country, led...