Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de nanopartículas (NPs) magnéticas vem recebendo muito interesse da comunidade científica, devido à versatilidade de aplicações, principalmente em biomedicina como diagnóstico e terapia. Para tais aplicações e desejável que as NPs apresentem comportamento superparamagnético e alta magnetização de saturação (Ms). Neste contexto, existe preferência pela utilização de NPs de óxidos de ferro (maghemita e magnetita), devido à baixa toxicidade destes, quando comparadas com as NPs metálicas. No entanto, esses materiais apresentam baixo valor de Ms, o que pelo menos limita suas aplicações. Assim, no presente trabalho foi estudados diversos métodos de obtenção de NPs magnéticas com alto valores de Ms. Desta forma, neste trabalho foram obtidas nanopartículas de carbeto de ferro com alta magnetização de saturação (Ms ≈ 121 emu g-1) via processo de decomposição térmica e com tamanho em torno de 9 nm. Ainda, na tentativa de se obter NPs de ferro metálico, foram modificados diferentes parâmetros de síntese (temperatura de reação, tempo de reação, surfactantes), ocorrendo na formação de NPs de óxido de ferro na fase magnetita com tamanho em torno de 7,5 nm e comportamento magnético das nanopartículas próximo ao superparamagnético com Ms ≈ 40 emu g-1. Apesar de não ter sido possível verificar a formação de ferro metálico, os materiais obtidos, principalmente o carbeto de ferro, se mostraram promissores para a aplicação em biomedicina. / Magnetic nanoparticles have received great attention, due to their several applications possibilities such as diagnostic and therapy in biomedicine. For these applications are required nanoparticles with superparamagnetic behavior and high saturation magnetization (Ms). In this context, iron oxides (magnetite and maghemite) have been used because of lower toxicity than metallic nanoparticles. However, these materials show lower Ms than metallic magnetic nanoparticles that affect these applications. In this way, we studied several synthetic routes in order to high Ms values. Thereby, we obtained iron carbide nanoparticles with high magnetization (Ms = 121 emu.g-1) and controlled size (around 9 nm) using thermal decomposition process. Furthermore, in order to obtain metallic iron nanoparticles, magnetite nanoparticles were obtained with controlled size around 7,5 nm and superparamagnetic behavior with Ms = 40 emu.g-1. Besides metallic iron nanoparticles have not been obtained, iron carbide nanoparticles showed high magnetization and show promising for biomedical applications.

Main purpose of this study was to find the optimum conditions to produce a charge material for ferromanganese production or steelmaking with high content of iron and manganese carbides from Denizli-Tavas manganese ore by carbothermic reduction and investigate the effects of temperature, time, amount of active carbon addition and CaO addition on this reduction. The ore was calcined and then mixed with active carbon and CaO. Experiments were performed in a horizontal tube furnace that can be heated up to 1700 &ordm / C with MoSi2 heating elements. After each experiment weight loss data were obtained and converted to percentage reduction. X-Ray, SEM-EDS and chemical analyses were done in order to determine whether or not carbide phases have been obtained, and calculate the composition of the product. Considering the experimental results, the optimum conditions found for reduction of Denizli-Tavas manganese ore were 1250 &deg / C, 4 hours, 100% of stoichiometric amount of active carbon and 5% CaO addition. Under the optimum conditions 83.85% reduction of calcined ore was obtained.

The UV-Visible spectra of a-C composites and nano composites have provided a very useful information about the electronic states and band structure. The UV-Visible spectra of a-C as well as nanoparticle are qualitatively similar. They do not show any absorption cutoff in wavelength (_max). In fact they are good absorbers of UV-Visible light in whole range. Composites show some absorptions which could be the combined effect of filler as we as host matrix. Since there is no _max, hence it is very unlikely to define any optical band gap. The nanoparticle is a good absorber in midinfrared compared to a-C. That may be due to presence of complicated kind of vibrational modes of carbon cased nanoparticle.Besides Fe3C also produces some additional modes. With kind of spectrum we have it is difficult to identify the different modes unambiguously for nanoparticle. The combined effects of filler as well as host polymer are reflected in both sets of composites. A new absorption is observed in a-C as well as in nanoparticle composites at 2370 cm−1 and 3462 cm−1 respectively. This peak may arise in composites due to interaction between filler and host matrix. The thermo gravimetric analysis is a useful characterization techniques for polymer and composites. It gives the information about the stability, phase change, degradation, chemical reaction and many more. The a-C composites as well as nano composites are stable up to 200_ C. These composites can be safely used for any practical purpose below this temperature. During the synthesis of composites the filler does not take part in any reaction. This fact is reflected in the DTG curve. The composites degrade in the way host polymer degrades.

Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de nanopartículas (NPs) magnéticas vem recebendo muito interesse da comunidade científica, devido à versatilidade de aplicações, principalmente em biomedicina como diagnóstico e terapia. Para tais aplicações e desejável que as NPs apresentem comportamento superparamagnético e alta magnetização de saturação (Ms). Neste contexto, existe preferência pela utilização de NPs de óxidos de ferro (maghemita e magnetita), devido à baixa toxicidade destes, quando comparadas com as NPs metálicas. No entanto, esses materiais apresentam baixo valor de Ms, o que pelo menos limita suas aplicações. Assim, no presente trabalho foi estudados diversos métodos de obtenção de NPs magnéticas com alto valores de Ms. Desta forma, neste trabalho foram obtidas nanopartículas de carbeto de ferro com alta magnetização de saturação (Ms ≈ 121 emu g-1) via processo de decomposição térmica e com tamanho em torno de 9 nm. Ainda, na tentativa de se obter NPs de ferro metálico, foram modificados diferentes parâmetros de síntese (temperatura de reação, tempo de reação, surfactantes), ocorrendo na formação de NPs de óxido de ferro na fase magnetita com tamanho em torno de 7,5 nm e comportamento magnético das nanopartículas próximo ao superparamagnético com Ms ≈ 40 emu g-1. Apesar de não ter sido possível verificar a formação de ferro metálico, os materiais obtidos, principalmente o carbeto de ferro, se mostraram promissores para a aplicação em biomedicina. / Magnetic nanoparticles have received great attention, due to their several applications possibilities such as diagnostic and therapy in biomedicine. For these applications are required nanoparticles with superparamagnetic behavior and high saturation magnetization (Ms). In this context, iron oxides (magnetite and maghemite) have been used because of lower toxicity than metallic nanoparticles. However, these materials show lower Ms than metallic magnetic nanoparticles that affect these applications. In this way, we studied several synthetic routes in order to high Ms values. Thereby, we obtained iron carbide nanoparticles with high magnetization (Ms = 121 emu.g-1) and controlled size (around 9 nm) using thermal decomposition process. Furthermore, in order to obtain metallic iron nanoparticles, magnetite nanoparticles were obtained with controlled size around 7,5 nm and superparamagnetic behavior with Ms = 40 emu.g-1. Besides metallic iron nanoparticles have not been obtained, iron carbide nanoparticles showed high magnetization and show promising for biomedical applications.

Permanent magnets are classified as hard magnetic materials with the main purpose of generating flux for applications such as electric motors, turbines, and hard drives. High coercivity, magnetic remanence, and saturation values with high stability are some of the requirements for permanent magnets. Rare-earth magnets including neodymium and samarium based magnets are known to have superior magnetic properties due to their high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. However, due to the price of rare-earth materials development of alternate permanent magnets composed of inexpensive materials is an ongoing process. Previously cobalt carbide (CoxC) have shown promise as a potential rare-earth free magnet alternative with magnetic properties comparable to that of hexaferrite materials. Unfortunately, CoxC magnets have a low magnetic saturation (50 emu g-1) which drastically lowers its energy product. Alternatively, iron carbide has a rather high bulk magnetization value of 140 emu g-1 and is composed of naturally abundant materials. The sole issue of iron carbide is that it is considered an intermediate magnet with properties between those of a hard and a soft magnetic material. The main focus of this work is the enhancement of the hard magnetic properties of iron carbide through size effect, shape anisotropy, magnetocrystalline anisotropy and exchange anisotropy. First a wet synthesis method was developed which utilized hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride to control particle size, shape, and crystal structure to manipulate the magnetic properties of iron carbide. With this method a semi-hard 50 nm orthorhombic Fe3C phase and a magnetically soft single crystal hexagonal Fe7C3 structure with texture-induced magnetic properties were developed. The properties for both materials were further enhanced through formation of exchange bias Fe3C/CoO nanoaggregates and spring exchange coupling of the ferromagnetically hard and soft phases of Fe7C3/SrFe12O19. A 33% increase in coercivity was observed at room temperature for the antiferro/ferromagnetic Fe3C/CoO in comparison to the bare Fe3C. While iron carbide enhanced the magnetic saturation and remanence of strontium ferrite. This work concludes that with further development of iron carbide nanocomposites they may be employed as future alternative permanent magnets.

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Carbon forms the basis of a variety of compounds. The allotropic forms of carbon include graphene, fullerenes, graphite, carbon nanotubes and diamond. All these structures possess unique physical and chemical properties. This work focusses on the usage of carbon nanotubes (CNT), especially iron-filled CNT. An industrial application of CNT requires the understanding of the growth mechanism and the control of the synthesis process parameters. Regarding iron-filled CNT the shell formation as well as the filling process has to be understood in order to control the CNT morphology and distribution and dimension of the iron filling. The thesis involves two topics - synthesis of CNT and characterization of their mechanical properties. Chapter 2 of the present work deals with the synthesis of iron-filled CNT. In this thesis all experiments and the discussion about the growth process were conducted with respect to the demands of magnetic force microscopy probes. The experimental work was focused on the temperature profile of the furnace, the aluminum layer of the substrate, the precursor mass flow and their impact on the morphology of in-situ iron-filled CNT. By selecting appropriate process parameters for the temperature, sample position, gas flow and by controlling the precursor mass flow, CNT with a continuous filling of several microns in length were created. Existing growth models have been analyzed and controversially discussed in order to explain the formation of typical morphologies of in-situ filled CNT. In this work a modified growth model for the formation of in-situ filled CNT has been suggested. The combined-growth-mode model is capable to explain the experimental results. Experiments which were conducted with respect to the assumptions of this model, especially the role of the precursor mass flow, resulted in the formation of long and continuous iron nanowires encapsulated inside multi-walled CNT. The modified growth model and the synthesis results showed, that besides the complexity of the parameter interaction, a control of the morphology of in-situ iron-filled CNT is possible. In chapter 3 the measurements of mechanical properties of in-situ iron-filled CNT are presented. Two different experimental methods and setups were established, whereby one enabled a static bending measurement inside a TEM and another a dynamical excitation of flexural vibration of CNT inside SEM. For the first time mechanical properties and in particular the effective elastic modulus Eb of in-situ iron-filled CNT were determined based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model (EBM). This continuum mechanic model can be applied to describe the mechanical properties of CNT and especially MWCNT in consideration of the restriction that CNT represent a macro molecular structure built of nested rolled-up graphene layers. For evaluation and determination of the elastic modulus the envelope of the resonant vibrating state was evaluated by fitting the EBM to the experimental data. The experiments also showed, that at the nanoscale the properties of sample attachment have to be taken into account. Thus, instead of a rigid boundary condition a torsion spring like behavior possessing a finite stiffness was used to model an one side clamped CNT. The extended data evaluation considering the elastic boundary conditions resulted in an average elastic modulus of Eb = 0.41 ± 0.11 TPa. The low standard deviation gives evidence for the homogeneity of the grown material. To some extend a correlation between the formation process, the morphology and the mechanical properties has been discussed. The obtained results prove the usability of this material as free standing tips for raster scanning microscopy and especially magnetic force microscopy. The developed methods provide the basis for further investigations of the CNT and the understanding of mechanical behavior in greater detail.

Comme les propriétés physiques d'un matériau à l’échelle nanométrique sont largement dépendantes de la taille et de la forme des nanostructures, il est inutile de synthétiser de nouvelles compositions et morphologies. L’étude avancée de leur structure par les techniques de caractérisation usuelles (MET, MEB, DRX, Raman…) permettra de collecter toutes les informations nécessaires à la compréhension de leurs propriétés physiques (magnétiques, optiques, électriques). Dans ce manuscrit, nous décrirons plusieurs approches d’élaboration de nanostructures 0D, 1D et 2D multifonctionnelles afin de mieux connaître les paramètres qui contrôlent leur composition chimique et leur structure. De plus, ce travail de recherche a abouti à la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux à base d’oxyde et de carbure de fer. Des nanofibres magnétiques ayant des morphologies originales « Ruban » et « tube » ont été élaborées par la technique d’électrospinning en modifiant plusieurs paramètres expérimentaux : concentration de la solution, atmosphères de traitement thermique, température de recuit… De plus, des couches minces guidantes dopées par des nanostructures magnétiques ont été préparées par la technique dip-coating. Nous avons mené une étude complexe et détaillée sur les propriétés structurales de ces matériaux afin de définir les paramètres expérimentaux qui permettront d’obtenir des nano objets de bonne qualité. Dans un but ultime, nous souhaiterons explorer les possibilités d’application de ces matériaux qui présentent à la fois des caractéristiques électriques et magnétiques. / The physical properties of a nanomaterial strongly depend on the size and the shape of the nanostructure. As a consequence, it is interesting to elaborate new materials with different compositions and morphologies. The advanced study on the structure using common characterization techniques (TEM, MEB, XRD, Raman…) allows us to collect all the important information on their physical properties (magnetic, optical and electrical properties). In this thesis, we describe multiple ways to elaborate multifunctional nanostructures with 0D, 1D and 2D in order to study the parameters that control their chemical composition and structure. Besides, this research lead to the elaboration of new nanomaterials based on the oxide and the carbide forms of iron. Magnetic nanofibers with different morphologies (belts, tubes) were prepared using the electrospinning technique while controlling several experimental parameters : solution concentration, pyrolysis atmosphere, thermal treatment temperature… Moreover, thin layers doped with magnetic nanostructures were deposited on a pyrex substrate using the dip-coating technique. A full and detailed study on their structural properties was performed in order to reach the experimental parameters that allow us to obtain high quality products. Finally, we wish to explore the possible applications of these materials that present interesting electrical and magnetic characteristics.