Orientador: Helena Zerlotti Wolf Grotto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T08:24:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alvarenga_ElianadaCosta.pdf: 3519502 bytes, checksum: cc024f9bd1176e4c4f56d989bba5a487 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A deficiência de ferro é provavelmente o distúrbio nutricional mais freqüente no mundo. O ferro é um componente essencial da molécula de hemoglobina, da mioglobina e de diversas enzimas. Tem papel fundamental no transporte de oxigênio, na transferência de elétrons e atua como cofator em muitos processos enzimáticos, incluindo a síntese de DNA. Diversos estudos têm mostrado a contribuição da infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) no desenvolvimento da anemia ferropriva e a associação entre o H. pylori e a diminuição do estoque de ferro. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a possível associação entre a infecção pelo H. pylori e a deficiência de ferro em um grupo de pacientes adultos. Desse modo pretendeu-se conhecer melhor as alterações hematológicas presentes nos pacientes infectados pelo H. pylori, principalmente as relacionadas ao metabolismo do ferro. Foram estudados 156 pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos que foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta para esclarecimento diagnóstico. Desses 156 pacientes, 125 apresentaram alterações à endoscopia, que justificaram a realização da biópsia gástrica. A avaliação da presença de anemia foi feita pelos dados hematimétricos e pelo conteúdo de hemoglobina dos reticulócitos (Ret-He) e o estado do ferro foi avaliado pelas dosagens de ferro sérico, capacidade de ligação do ferro à transferrina e ferritina sérica. A possível participação da atividade inflamatória na eritropoiese foi verificada pela correlação entre os parâmetros hematimétricos e do estado do ferro com os níveis de proteína C reativa (PC-R). O diagnóstico do H. pylori foi realizado através da análise histológica, teste da urease e teste sorológico (IgG anti- H. pylori). Os 125 pacientes foram separados em H. pylori positivo (n= 75) e negativo (n= 50). Não houve diferença significativa nos valores dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos, tendo sido diferentes somente os valores de IgG anti-H. pylori e de gastrina sérica, significativamente superiores no grupo H. pylori positivo. Foi observada uma correlação inversa fraca, mas significativa entre os níveis de PC-R e Ret-He e entre gastrina sérica e Ret-He no grupo H. pylori positivo. De acordo com os critérios laboratoriais, dos 125 pacientes apenas 17 (13,6%) mostraram níveis de Hb indicativos de anemia, sendo que desses, 7 (5,6%) mostraram ser positivos para a infecção pelo H. pylori. Não foi observada diferença na freqüência da deficiência de ferro entre os grupos de pacientes infectados pelo H. pylori e os não infectados pelo H. pylori. Dentre os pacientes estudados a gastrite foi confirmada em 110 pacientes, sendo que 74 (67,2%) eram H. pylori positivo. A gastrite foi classificada de acordo com o sistema de Sidney em: moderada/intensa (36.63%), leve (63,37%) e inespecífica (8,1%). Quando os pacientes com gastrite moderada/intensa foram comparados com os com gastrite leve, não houve diferença entre os parâmetros estudados, exceto os valores da titulação de IgG, que foram significativamente superiores no grupo com gastrite moderada/intensa. Portanto, podemos concluir que no grupo de indivíduos estudados a infecção pelo H. pylori e a intensidade da gastrite não foram fatores determinantes ao desenvolvimento da deficiência de ferro. / Abstract: Iron deficiency is probably the most common nutritional disorder in the world. Iron is an essential component of the molecule of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various enzymes. It has a fundamental role in oxygen transport, in electrons transference and acts as a cofactor in many enzymatic processes, including synthesis of DNA. Several studies have shown the contribution of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the development of anemia and the association between H. pylori and reduction of iron store. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency in a group of adult patients. Thus we intend to study the hematological alterations in H. pylori infected patients, mainly those related to iron metabolism. We studied 156 adult patients of both sex undergoing routine upper endoscopy. Of these 156 patients, 125 had gastric biopsies stained for H. pylori identification. The evaluation of the presence of anemia was performed by erythrocyte indeces and reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RET-He) and the iron status was assessed by measurements of serum iron, iron binding capacity of the transferrin and serum ferritin levels. Inflammatory activity influence on erythropoiesis was verified by the correlation among erythrocyte parameters and the state of the iron with C-reactive protein (CR-P) levels. The diagnosis of H. pylori was performed by histological, urease and serological (IgG anti-H. pylori) methods. Patients were divided into H. pylori positive (n = 75) and negative (n = 50). There was no significant difference in hematological and biochemical parameters, except for IgG anti-H. pylori values and serum gastrin, significantly higher in H. pylori positive group. There was a weak but significant inverse correlation between CR-P and Ret-He levels and between serum gastrin and Ret-He in H. pylori positive group. According to laboratory criteria, only 17 of 125 patients (13.6%) showed levels of hemoglobin indicative of anemia, 7 of 17 patients were positive for H. pylori infection. There was no difference in the frequency of iron deficiency anemia between H. pylori positive and negative groups. Gastritis was confirmed in 110 patients, of these 74 (67.2%) were H. pylori positive. The gastritis was classified according to the Sydney system as: moderate / severe (36.63%), mild (63.37%) and nonspecific (8.1%). There was no difference between groups with moderate/ severe gastritis and mild gastritis concerning hematologic and biochemical parameters, except the values of the titers of IgG, which were significantly higher in the group with moderate / severe gastritis. Therefore, we conclude that infection by H. pylori and the intensity of gastritis were not determining factors for the development of iron deficiency in the studied group. / Universidade Estadual de Campi / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

A deficiência de ferro e anemia ferropriva são problemas de ordem mundial. Para as mulheres no período gestacional, a preocupação com o estado do ferro no organismo deve ser ainda maior, pois a deficiência desse elemento pode causar prejuízo na formação dos bebês. O objetivo do projeto é avaliar a evolução da freqüência de deficiência de ferro e anemia ferropriva e os parâmetros de ferro no organismo de mulheres grávidas durante toda a gestação e relacionar com dados da dieta e suplementação de ferro. Também avaliamos os dados sócio-demográficos e nutricionais maternos, além dos parâmetros de ferro, com o peso dos seus recém nascidos. Participaram do estudo 183 gestantes, 103 terminaram o protocolo e das quais foram colhidas amostras de sangue nas idades gestacionais de 16, 28 e 36 semanas. Para avaliação nutricional foram aplicados três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas no dia da coleta. Foram realizadas as determinações de ferro sérico, saturação de transferrina, ferritina sérica, capacidade total de ligação ao ferro (CTLF) e concentração sérica do receptor de transferrina (sTfR), além da dosagem da concentração de hemoglobina. As gestantes foram classificadas em seis grupos conforme a suplementação com ferro em cada idade gestacional: as mulheres que não utilizaram essa suplementação foram incluídas no grupo 1 (N=21); enquanto as participantes que fizeram o uso de suplementação em todas as idades gestacionais, até 16 semanas de gravidez e com 28 e 36 semanas de gestação foram incluídas nos grupos 2 (N= 17), 3 (N=12) e 4 (N=24), respectivamente. Os outros 2 grupos foram constituídos por mulheres que utilizaram a suplementação somente com 28 semanas de gestação (Grupo 5, N= 19) e com 36 semanas de gestação (grupo 6 , N= 10). Não houve correlação entre os consumo de ferro da dieta e os parâmetros que avaliam o estado do ferro no sangue. Houve aumento da freqüência de deficiência de ferro em todos os grupos estudados, mas não ocorreu aumento da freqüência de anemia e nem anemia ferropriva. / Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are worldwilde problems. For women during pregnancy, concern about the iron status should be even higher, because the iron deficiency may impair the formation of newborn. The objectives of this work was evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia and iron status markers of pregnant women during pregnancy and correlate with diet intake and iron supplementation. We also assess the socio-demographic, maternal nutrition and iron status with birth weight of their newborns. The study included 183 women, 103 completed the protocol. Blood samples was collected at gestational ages of 16, 28 and 36 weeks. Nutrient intake was assessed by 24 hour dietary recall applied at the same time of blood samples. We analyzed serum iron, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin. Patients were classified into six groups according to iron supplementation: women who did not use this supplement were included in group 1 (N = 21), while the participants who made use of supplementation in all gestational ages, up to 16 weeks of gestation, in 28 and 36 weeks of gestation were included in group 2 (N = 17), 3 (N = 12) and 4 (N = 24), respectively. The other 2 groups consisted of women who used supplement in 28 weeks of gestation (Group 5, N = 19) and 36 weeks of gestation (group 6, N = 10). There was no correlationship between diet intake of iron and iron status markers. The frequencies of iron deficiency increased during pregnancy in all groups , however the frequencies of anemia and iron deficiency anemia did not.

Objetivo: Descrever o estado nutricional de crianças menores de 5 anos residentes em 2 municípios da Amazônia Brasileira. Métodos: Inquérito transversal de base populacional em crianças residentes na área urbana de Assis Brasil (n = 200) e Acrelândia (n = 477), Estado do Acre, Brasil. Resultados: Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de 3 artigos: 1) Saúde e nutrição infantil na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira: inquéritos de base populacional em dois municípios acreanos; 2) Prevalência e fatores associados ao risco para anemia ferropriva entre pré-escolares da Amazônia brasileira; 3) Dietary practices and nutritional status of 0-24-month-old children from Brazilian Amazonia. Conclusões principais: Diagnosticaram-se déficits nutricionais, segundo os índices P/E, P/I e E/I, em 3,7%, 8,7% e 7,5% das crianças examinadas, respectivamente. As prevalências gerais de anemia, deficiência de ferro e anemia ferropriva foram de 30,6%, 43,5% e 20,9%, respectivamente. Ser menor de 24 meses [Razão das Chances-(RC) = 13,72; Intervalo com 95% de confiança (IC95%) = 5,66-33,27] e história de episódio recente de diarréia (RC=1,57; IC95%=1,01-2,45) foram associados ao risco para anemia ferropriva; porém, pertencer ao maior tercil do índice de riqueza foi associado à proteção (RC= 0,48; IC95%=0,28-0,82). Entre as crianças menores de 2 anos, o aleitamento materno foi iniciado por 97,3% das mães. Foi observada precoce introdução de alimentos (prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo entre menores de 6 meses: 31,4%). O padrão alimentar da dieta de desmame foi caracterizado por alta ingestão de alimentos ricos em carboidratos e leite de vaca, com ingestão insuficiente de frutas, vegetais e carnes. Todas as crianças de 6-12 meses e 92,3% das crianças de 12 a 24 meses estavam em risco de consumo inadequado de ferro, sendo observado baixo consumo de ferro biodisponível (ferro proveniente de alimentos de origem animal contribuiu em média com 0,5% do total de ferro entre crianças de 6-12 meses e com 14,3% entre crianças de 12-24 meses). / Objective: To describe the nutritional status of preschool children living in Brazilian Amazonia. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the urban area of the towns of Acrelândia (n=477) e Assis Brasil (n=200), Acre State. Results: The results are presented in 3 articles: 1) Child health and nutrition in Western Brazilian Amazon: population-based surveys in two towns in Acre State; 2) Prevalence and associated factors with iron deficiency anemia in preschool children in Brazilian Amazonia; 3) Dietary practices and nutritional status of 0-24-month-old children from Brazilian Amazonia. Conclusions: The overall prevalence rates of low weight-for-height, low weight-for-age and low height-for-age were respectively 3.7%, 8.7% and 7.5%, with similar figures in both towns. Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia were diagnosed in 30.6%, 43.5%, and 20.9% of the children, respectively. Age under 24 months (Odds Ratio – OR = 13.7; 95% Confidence Interval – CI = 5.66-33.27) and history of a recent diarrhea episode (OR=1.57; 95% CI = 1.01-2.45) were associated with a risk for iron deficiency anemia; however; the highest tertile of wealth index was a protector factor for iron deficiency anemia. Among under-twos, breastfeeding was initiated by 97.3% of mothers. Early feeding with complementary foods was observed (prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in babies under 6 months: 31.4%). Dietary pattern reflected a high intake of carbohydrate-rich foods and cow’s milk, with irregular intakes of fruit, vegetables and meat. All infants and 92.3% of toddlers were at risk of inadequate iron intakes. Iron from animal foods contributed on average 0.5% and 14.3% of total dietary iron among infants and toddlers, respectively.

Background: Iron deficiency, anemia, and iron excess have been associated with altered hearing functions in children and adults. Animal studies suggest that iron deficiency during pregnancy negatively affect fetal auditory development. The relationship between maternal iron status and auditory functions in healthy term newborns has not been clearly elucidated among humans. The goal of this pilot study was to determine the relationship between markers of iron status during pregnancy and brainstem auditory function in healthy neonates. Methods: Pregnant women who gave birth at the Montfort Hospital were recruited to take part in this study (n=6). Within two weeks after birth, their newborn’s hearing function was assessed by wave amplitude, latency and inter-latency from the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) test. Markers of iron status, namely hemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were collected retrospectively for the first and second trimester from the women’s medical chart. Results: Overall, no significant relationship was observed between maternal Hb and MCV concentrations and newborns auditory function. Although two significant Spearman correlations were observed (MCV and inter-latency I-V; r=0.87; p=0.005 and Hb and amplitude V; r=0.89; p=0.04), these findings may be due to chance because of multiple testing and the small sample size. Conclusion: Although iron is a key nutrient involved in the brain and auditory system development, we were not able to demonstrate a relationship between iron status during pregnancy and newborn hearing function. Prospective or intervention studies with a larger sample size and with more specific iron markers (ex. ferritin) are required to confirm these findings.

Varios fatores contribuem para o desenvolvimento da anemia, que constitui um dos mais graves problemas de saude publica. A anemia hipocromica microcitica e a forma mais comum em criancas e adolescentes. Dentre as causas desta anemia estao: a) deficiencia de ferro, que resulta de um longo periodo do balanco negativo do micronutriente e causa retardo no crescimento e comprometimento do desempenho cognitivo de criancas; b) contaminacao por chumbo (plumbismo) que tambem afeta o desenvolvimento das criancas, podendo ser agravada nos portadores de polimorfismo da enzima ALAD; c) hemoglobinopatias (hemoglobinas variantes e talassemias), anemias herdadas que afetam 7% da populacao mundial. Devido a alta prevalencia destas patologias, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar um grupo de criancas de escolas publicas, identificando os fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de anemias hipocromicas microciticas e estabelecer relacoes entre as caracteristicas laboratoriais das doencas. Participaram do estudo 427 criancas, com idade entre 6 a 9 anos, sendo 235 do sexo feminino e 192 do sexo masculino, alunos de Escolas Municipais e Estaduais, da zona norte da cidade de Ribeirao Preto-SP. Foram analisados: a) numero global de eritrocitos e leucocitos, concentracao de hemoglobina, hematocrito, indices hematimetricos e distribuicao da amplitude das celulas vermelhas (contador automatico Micros 45 . Horiba ABXR) e calculo do indice matematico RDWI; b) niveis plasmaticos de chumbo (espectrometro de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado VG Plasmaquad PQIIR) e estudo das delecoes dos polimorfismos da enzima ALAD, por PCR; c) status ferrico pelos niveis de ferritina serica (imunoquimioluminescencia utilizando kit Ferritin Immulite . DPCR e equipamento Immulite 1 - DPCR), receptor de transferrina soluvel (ensaio imunoenzimatico, utilizando o kit Quantikine soluble transferrin receptor da R&D SystemsR e o leitor de microplacas de ELISA READER 210, modelo Microwell System Organon TeknikaR) e calculo do indice sTfR/log ferritina; d) analise das hemoglobinas por eletroforese em acetato de celulose, pH alcalino, por HPLC (sistema automatizado Variant II Bio-RadR e kit gÀ-talassemia Short Program) e PCR para a principal delecao de ¿- talassemias. Com base no criterio recomendado pela OMS para definir anemia (Hb menor que 11,5 g/dL), verificou-se que 75 (17,6%) criancas eram anemicas, sendo 33 (44%) portadoras de algum tipo de hemoglobinopatia, 29 (38,6%) com anemias de causa desconhecida e 13 (17,4%) com anemia por deficiencia de ferro. Das anemias, apenas 14 eram anemias hipocromicas microciticas, sendo que 10 (71,4%) eram algum tipo de hemoglobinopatia, 2 (14,2%) ADF e 2 (14,2%) de causa desconhecida. Na populacao estudada, a prevalencia de hemoglobinopatias foi de 16,6% , a saber: 11,6% com ¿-talassemia; 4% com aumento de Hb F; 3,5% com Hb AS; 2,8% com À-talassemia; 0,96% com ¿/À-talassemia e 0,24% com Hb AC. Os niveis de chumbo plasmatico, em todos os participantes do estudo, estavam dentro do recomendado pelo Center for Disease Control and Prevention (< 10 Êg/dL), nao havendo interferencia do metal na patogenese das anemias. Nao houve associacao entre os polimorfismos da ALAD-1 (ALAD1-1 e ALAD1-2) e os niveis de chumbo plasmatico. Anemia por deficiencia de ferro foi diagnosticada em 3% das criancas e DF em 6,1%, utilizando um cut off de 30 ng/mL para ferritina serica. Houve concordancia na identificacao de hemoglobinopatias utilizando as metodologias eletroforese de hemoglobina em acetato de celulose e HPLC, sendo que estas metodologias nao sao uteis para diagnosticar ¿-talassemia. Para identificar os portadores da delecao de ¿-talassemia (.¿3,7) e necessaria a utilizacao da análise molecular (PCR). A suspeita de Hb S/-talassemia identificada por HPLC deve ser confirmada por análise dos pais e/ou irmãos. A ferritina foi um bom parâmetro para identificar DF precocemente e útil para diferenciar os portadores de hemoglobinopatias dos portadores de DF e ADF. O índice sTfR/log da ferritina foi mais sensível do que o sTfR, na diferenciação de DF e talassemia. No diagnóstico das anemias hipocrômicas microcíticas é necessário analisar um conjunto de determinações, incluindo exame hematológico, status férrico, perfil eletroforético, em alguns casos incluindo avaliação dos familiares, e análise molecular das hemoglobinopatias. / Several factors contribute to the development of anemia, which constitutes one of the most serious problems in public health. The hypochromic microcytic anemia is the most common type in children and adolescents. Among the causes for this type of anemia are: a) iron deficiency, which results from a long period of negative balance of the micronutrient, causing delay in growth and compromising the cognitive performance of the children; b) contamination by lead (lead poisoning), which also affects the development of children, and may be aggravated in carriers of polymorphism of the enzyme ALAD; c) hemoglobinopathies (variants hemoglobin and thalassemia), inherited anemia that affects 7% of the world population. Due to the high prevalence of these pathologies, the present study aimed at studying a group of children from public schools, identifying the factors that contribute to the development of hypochromic microcytic anemia and establishing relations between the laboratorial characteristics of the diseases. The study had the participation of 427 children, aged between 6 and 9 years old, being 235 female and 192 male students from Municipal and State Schools in the north area of Ribeirao Preto-SP. It analyzed: a) number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red cell indices and red cell distribution width (automatic counter Micros 45 . Horiba ABXR) and calculation of the mathematical index RDWI; b) plasma lead levels (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer VG PlasmaQuad PQIIR) and study of the deletions of the polymorphisms of the enzyme ALAD, by PCR; c) iron status by serum ferritin levels (immunochemiluminescence using the kit Ferritin Immulite . DPCR and the equipment Immulite 1 - DPCR), soluble transferrin receptor (enzyme immune assay, using the kit Quantikine soluble transferrin receptor of R&D SystemsR and the microplate reader ELISA READER 210, model Microwell System Organon TeknikaR) and calculation of the sTfR/log ferritin index; d) hemoglobin analysis by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate at alkaline pH, HPLC (automated system Variant II Bio-RadR and the kit gÀ-thalassemia Short Program) and PCR for the main deletion of ¿-thalassemias. Based on the WHO criteria by to define anemia (Hb under 11.5 g/dL), it was verified that 75 (17.6%) children were anemic, being 33 (44%) with hemoglobinopathy, 29 (38.6%) with anemia of unknown causes and 13 (17.4%) with iron deficiency anemia. Among the anemias, only 14 were hypochromic microcytic, 10 (71.4%) being some sort of hemoglobinopathy, 2 (14.2%) due to iron deficiency and 2 (14.2%) due to unknown causes. In the studied population, the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies was 16.6%, namely: 11.6% with ¿-thalassemia; 4% with Hb F elevated; 3.5% with Hb AS; 2.8% with À- thalassemia; 0.96% with ¿/À-thalassemia and 0.24% with Hb AC. The plasma lead levels, in all participants of the study, were within the levels recommended by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (< 10 Êg/dL), without the interference of the metal in the pathogenesis of the anemias. There was no significant association between the polymorphisms of the ALAD-1 (ALAD1-1 and ALAD1-2) and the plasma lead levels. Iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed in 3% of the children and ID in 6.1%, using a cutoff of 30 ng/mL for serum ferritin. There was agreement in the identification of hemoglobinopathies using the methodologies electrophoresis of hemoglobin in cellulose acetate and the HPLC, as these methodologies are not useful to diagnose ¿-thalassemia. In order to identify the carriers of ¿-thalassemia gene deletion (.¿3,7) it is necessary to use the molecular analysis (PCR). The suspicion of Hb S/À-thalassemia identified by HPLC must be confirmed through the analysis iv of the parents and/or siblings. The ferritin was a good parameter to identify ID early and useful to differ the carriers of hemoglobinopathies of the carriers of ID and IDA. The sTfR/log ferritin level was more sensitive than the sTfR, in the differentiation of ID and thalassemia. In the diagnosis of the hypochromic microcytic anemias, it is necessary to analyze a set of determinations, including hematological exam, iron status, electrophoretic profile, in some cases including relatives, and molecular analysis of the hemoglobinopathies.

The purpose of the study was to determine what nutritional, demographic, and behavioral differences existed between children one year of age from two similar WIC clinics with different prevalences of anemia. Children from the higher-prevalence site were found to consume significantly (p < .05) more B12, C, copper, fiber, folate, total kilocalories, and riboflavin than did children from the lower-prevalence site. Family income and maternal weight gain were significantly (p < .05) higher in the lower-prevalence group as compared to the higher-prevalence group. In addition, children from the higher-prevalence site were enrolled in the WIC program at a significantly (p < .05) younger age than were children from the lower-prevalence site.

Iron is an essential element for human organism, because it cooperates as a cofactor of enzymes in many metabolic pathways. Iron is a component of hemoglobin, and thus it is indispensable for the oxygen transport to tissues. It can exist as a ferrous or ferric form. However, ferrous iron paticipates in reactions in which highly reactive hydroxyl group can be formed. This product is harmful for the organism. Non-heme iron is taken up to the circulation through duodenal enterocyte. Iron excretion is carried out only by desquamation of the enterocytes or by bleeding. Therefore, iron intake must be strictly regulated. Iron overloading is observed in some chronic diseases (hereditary hemochromatosis, alcohol liver disease). In contrary, iron depletion can be a case of iron deficiency anemia. The aim of this master thesis is to determine the expression of iron transport molecules in duodenum in chronic diseases which originate due to disturbances of iron intake regulation. We determine the expression of molecules of iron transport (DMT1, Dcytb, ferroportin, hephaestin) on mRNA level by qPCR and on protein level by western blot. The level of serum hepcidin was determined by ELISA. Our results show an increased expression of mRNA of transporters DMT1 and ferroportin as well as ferrireductase Dcytb and ferroxidase...

No description available.

La anemia representa en la salud pública, un grave problema a nivel mundial. El fin de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre la participación materna y la efectividad del tratamiento de la anemia ferropénica en niños de 6 a 36 meses en un centro de salud. Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, de diseño correlacional y de corte transversal. Constituida por 95 participantes del C.S Paul Harris que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron encuestas que evaluaron factores sociodemográficos, características del niño, factores relacionados al cuidado materno y dosaje de hemoglobina de acuerdo al protocolo. El análisis de las variables cualitativas determinó las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para la medición de la asociación entre las variables se aplicó la prueba de T-Student. Dentro de los resultados del nivel de participación: 65% tuvo participación regular, 28% baja y 6% buena. Gran parte de las madres se encontraban entre las edades de 26 a 30 años con nivel educativo secundario, la mayoría de los niños participantes tenían edades entre 6 a 12 meses, de proporciones similares tanto el sexo femenino como masculino; entre otras características. Se concluye que existe relación significativa entre la participación materna y la efectividad del tratamiento. / Anemia represents public health, a serious global problem. This study had to objectives determine the relationship between maternal participation and the effectiveness of the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children age 6 to 36 months in Paul Harris Health Center. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational, and cross-section study was carried out. It consisted of 95 participants from the C.S Paul Harris (Paul Harris Health center) who met the inclusion criteria. For data collection surveys were conducted that evaluated sociodemographic factors, characteristics of the child, factors related to maternal care, and hemoglobin dosage according to the protocol. The analysis of qualitative variables determined absolute and relative frequencies. The T-Student test was used to measure the association between the variables. Inside the results of the level of participation: 65% had regular participation, 28% had low participation and 6% had good participation. The most of the ages of the mothers were between 26 and 30 years old with high school, and most of the participating children were between 6 and 12 months of age, with similar proportions in females and males, among other characteristics. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between maternal participation and treatment effectiveness.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Biomedical Technology)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, [2013] / Introduction: Geophagia, a subcategory of pica, is the practice of persistently and deliberately eating earthy or soil like substances. A definite cause for the practice of geophagia is yet to be established, but some theories claim that the soil holds nutritional value to the geophagist. Method: Geophagic woman in the QwaQwa area between the ages of 18 and 45 years were identified by means of a questionnaire. A test group, consisting of 48 women in the habit of consuming soil, and a control group, consisting of 35 non geophagous women, were identified. Subjects in the control group were chosen from the same household or in the same area as the test subjects. On each subject, of both the test group and the control group, the following tests were done: total serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and albumin. The results obtained were statistically analysed and compared. Biochemical results were compared with haematology results obtained by another researcher, using the same test group and control group subjects. Results: In the test group, 75% of the individuals had results indicative of iron deficiency, compared to only 26% in the control group. The haematology results also indicate anaemia in the test group, most probably brought on by iron deficiency. There was no significant difference in mineral results between the test- and control group. Thus no association could be established between soil consumption and mineral status. Conclusion: In relation to non-geophagous women, people who consume soil have a tendency toward iron deficiency. It is impossible to ascertain whether the iron deficiency caused the craving for soil, or whether the consumption of soil caused the iron deficiency. No definite association could be made between soil consumption and mineral status.