Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1973. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-322).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 giacomeli_h_me_rcla.pdf: 2382791 bytes, checksum: ff9cf032666f2762cd125724e4e53d8b (MD5) / As formações ferríferas bandadas de Piumhi pertencem ao Grupo Lavapés, definido como uma seqüência metassedimentar alóctone do tipo melange tectônica de idade mínima de 634 +/-07. Essas formações ferríferas afloram ao longo da serra do Lavapés, interdigitadas em sucessão de metaconglomerados poli- a oligomíticos, metagrauvacas finas e quartzo-muscovita xistos, que pertencem a Unidade Conglomerática, e, de forma mais contínua, no contato desta unidade com a sobrejacente, a qual é composta por sericita quartzito, definida neste trabalho como Unidade Quartzítica. Dados obtidos no presente trabalho mostram que a deposição dessas formações ferríferas se iniciou num ambiente sedimentar de alta energia, do tipo continental a transicional gradando para bacia marinha restrita, dentro da qual ocorreram pulsos de sedimentação progradante, sucedida de retrograndante e, posteriormente, nova sequência progradante. Nas formações ferríferas estudadas os minerais opacos são representados essencialmente por hematita do tipo granular e especular, magnetita e martita, que ocorrem em bandas de espessura submilimétrica a centimétrica intercaladas com bandas de quartzo recristalizado; muscovita e filossilicatos finos ocorrem subordinadamente. Apresentam foliação milonítica e estão metamorfisadas em fácies xisto verde, sendo que a martitização de algumas amostras, em estágio avançado de transformação mineralógica, revela a presença de fluidos metamórficos tardios de natureza oxidante. Critérios mineralógicos e texturais permitiram definir três tipos de minério: semi-friável, compacto e maciço. Os cristais de especularita e magnetita/martita ocorrem numa faixa granulométrica de 5 a 450μm, com predomínio de cristais com tamanho médio de 40μm, que muitas vezes estão interpenetrados... / The banded iron formations of the Piumhi belongs to the Lavapés Group, defined by a sequence of metasedimentary allochthonous tectonic mélange yielding a minimum age 634 + / -07. These iron formations outcrop around of the Lavapés Montain, interlayered in succession in the metaconglomerates poly- to oligomíticos, metagraywacke, quartz-muscovite schists, and more continuously in contact with the overlying unit, which is composed of the sericite quartzite, defined Unit quartzite. Data obtained in this study show that the deposition iron formations started from sedimentary high energy environment like transitional continental to restricted marine basin, which occurred within the progradational pulses of the sedimentation, followed by retrogranding and then new sequence prograding. The opaque minerals of the Piumhi Banded Iron Formations are mainly represented by hematite and specular-type granules, magnetite and martite, which occur in bands interlayed by submillimeter to centimeter beds of the recrystallized quartz, muscovite and subordinate phyllosilicates occur fine. Exhibit mylonitic foliation and are metamorphosed into greenschist facies, and the martitization some samples, in advanced stages of mineralogical transformation, reveals the presence of metamorphic fluids late in the oxidizing nature. Mineralogical and textural criteria allowed to define three ores types: semi-friable, compact and massive The crystals of magnetite and specularite / martite occur at grain size range from 5 to 450μm, with a predominance of crystals with size average of 40μm, which often are interpenetrated with quartz. Given these peculiarities, the tests of processing such as grinding, sieving and magnetic separation show that the types and semi-friable compact exhibit similar behavior. Since the procedures used in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Anexo 3 mapas / Orientador: Antenor Zanardo / Banca: Afonso Schrank / Banca: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho / Resumo: As formações ferríferas bandadas de Piumhi pertencem ao Grupo Lavapés, definido como uma seqüência metassedimentar alóctone do tipo melange tectônica de idade mínima de 634 +/-07. Essas formações ferríferas afloram ao longo da serra do Lavapés, interdigitadas em sucessão de metaconglomerados poli- a oligomíticos, metagrauvacas finas e quartzo-muscovita xistos, que pertencem a Unidade Conglomerática, e, de forma mais contínua, no contato desta unidade com a sobrejacente, a qual é composta por sericita quartzito, definida neste trabalho como Unidade Quartzítica. Dados obtidos no presente trabalho mostram que a deposição dessas formações ferríferas se iniciou num ambiente sedimentar de alta energia, do tipo continental a transicional gradando para bacia marinha restrita, dentro da qual ocorreram pulsos de sedimentação progradante, sucedida de retrograndante e, posteriormente, nova sequência progradante. Nas formações ferríferas estudadas os minerais opacos são representados essencialmente por hematita do tipo granular e especular, magnetita e martita, que ocorrem em bandas de espessura submilimétrica a centimétrica intercaladas com bandas de quartzo recristalizado; muscovita e filossilicatos finos ocorrem subordinadamente. Apresentam foliação milonítica e estão metamorfisadas em fácies xisto verde, sendo que a martitização de algumas amostras, em estágio avançado de transformação mineralógica, revela a presença de fluidos metamórficos tardios de natureza oxidante. Critérios mineralógicos e texturais permitiram definir três tipos de minério: semi-friável, compacto e maciço. Os cristais de especularita e magnetita/martita ocorrem numa faixa granulométrica de 5 a 450μm, com predomínio de cristais com tamanho médio de 40μm, que muitas vezes estão interpenetrados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The banded iron formations of the Piumhi belongs to the Lavapés Group, defined by a sequence of metasedimentary allochthonous tectonic mélange yielding a minimum age 634 + / -07. These iron formations outcrop around of the Lavapés Montain, interlayered in succession in the metaconglomerates poly- to oligomíticos, metagraywacke, quartz-muscovite schists, and more continuously in contact with the overlying unit, which is composed of the sericite quartzite, defined Unit quartzite. Data obtained in this study show that the deposition iron formations started from sedimentary high energy environment like transitional continental to restricted marine basin, which occurred within the progradational pulses of the sedimentation, followed by retrogranding and then new sequence prograding. The opaque minerals of the Piumhi Banded Iron Formations are mainly represented by hematite and specular-type granules, magnetite and martite, which occur in bands interlayed by submillimeter to centimeter beds of the recrystallized quartz, muscovite and subordinate phyllosilicates occur fine. Exhibit mylonitic foliation and are metamorphosed into greenschist facies, and the martitization some samples, in advanced stages of mineralogical transformation, reveals the presence of metamorphic fluids late in the oxidizing nature. Mineralogical and textural criteria allowed to define three ores types: semi-friable, compact and massive The crystals of magnetite and specularite / martite occur at grain size range from 5 to 450μm, with a predominance of crystals with size average of 40μm, which often are interpenetrated with quartz. Given these peculiarities, the tests of processing such as grinding, sieving and magnetic separation show that the types and semi-friable compact exhibit similar behavior. Since the procedures used in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Através de revisão bibliográfica e estudo experimental, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise da influência de diversos parâmetros sobre a velocidade da reação entre minério de ferro e carbono, aglomerados na forma de pelotas auto-redutoras. Os parâmetros estudados foram: temperatura, tipo e quantidade de redutor, uso de adições, composição e vazão dos gases no recipiente de reação, tamanho da pelota. A técnica experimental consistiu em medi-se a velocidade de reação por análise termogravimétrica, complementada por análise do gás de saída e difração de Raios-X em pelotas parcialmente reduzidas. Verificou-se que o mecanismo controlador da velocidade de reação é determinado por um conjunto de parâmetros inter-relacionados, e que pode mudar o progresso de reação. A etapa química da reação é controlada pela gaseificação do carbono por CO2. Transporte de calor e difusão gasosa através dos poros da pelota exercem forte influência sobre a velocidade; os fatores que favorecem a influência de transporte de calor são: aumento de temperatura; aumento da reatividade do redutor; uso de catalisador; diminuição do diâmetro da pelota; início de reação; redução sob atmosfera CO/CO2 de composição próxima ao equilíbrio wustitaferro. A influência de difusão gasosa se faz sentir quando a reação é efetuada sob atmosfera de gás inerte, que penetra nos poros da pelota, diluindo a atmosfera CO/CO2 reinante no interior da mistura de partículas. Nessas condições, esta influência é maior quanto menor for a temperatura de reação, quanto menos reativo for o redutor, quanto menor for a pelota, e nos estágios finais de reação. Verificou-se ainda que parâmetros relacionados à composição das pelotas, bem como a temperatura do processo, tem grande influência sobre o comportamento dimensional dos aglomerados.Assim, pelotas com ganga básica (com carvão vegetal e adições básicas) tendem a inchar catastroficamente, ao passo que pelotas com ganga ácida (com coque ou carvão mineral como redutores) não apresentam este fenômeno. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura indicou a presença de ferro filamentar em pelotas que apresentaram inchamento catastrófico. Analisou-se ainda como a presença de matéria volátil no redutor afeta a cinética de reação e o comportamento dimensional das pelotas, e também sob que condições o ferro formado na redução catalisa a reação. / The factors that affect the rate of reaction between iron oxides and carbon were analysed by means of literature review and experimental investigation. The iron ore and the carbon were agglomerated in the form of self-reducing pellets. The investigated variables were: temperature, type and amount of redactor, presence of additives, gas composition and flow in the reactor vessel, and pellet\'s size. The experimental technique employed was thermogravimetric analysis, complemented by gas analysis and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the rate control may change in the course of the reaction, and it depends on a number of interrelated varibles. The slowest reaction of the chemical step is the carbon gaseification by CO2. Heat transfer and gaseous diffusion through pellets pores play an important role in the rate; the factors that favours the heat transfer influence are: temperature increase, reducto\'s reactivity increase, the use of catalyst, pellet\'s size decrease, start up the reaction; reduction under CO/CO2 atmosphere near wustite-iron equilibrium. When the reaction is performed under inert gas atmosphere, gaseous diffusion through pellet\'s pores can dilute the CO/CO2 atmosphere prevailing in the pallet\'s core. Under these conditions, this effect is more pronounced for lower temperature, lower carbon reactivity, smaller pellets and at the end of the reaction. It was also found that variables related to pellet composition as well as process temperature greatly affect the pellet\'s dimensional behavior. In fact, pellets containing basic guangue (e.g.wood charcoal and/or basic additives) show catastrophic swelling; in contrast, pellets containing acid gangue (e.g. coke or coal) have good dimensional stability. Iron whiskers were observed with scanning electron microscope on pellets that swell catastrophically. The influence of reductor\'s volatile matter upon kinetics and dimensional behavior of pellets was also analysed as well as the catalysis of the reaction by the iron formed in the course of the reduction.

M.Sc. (Geology) / Nel, B.P. (2013). Petrography and geochemistry of iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, Griqualand West, South Africa. MSc thesis (unpublished), University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark, pp. 133. The Early Paleoproterozoic Koegas Subgroup comprises a succession of siltstone, mudstone, iron-­‐formation, chert and carbonate rocks that overlies the iron-­‐formations of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup with sharp contact. It is overlain with erosional unconformable contact by glaciogenic diamictites of the Makaganyene Formation. This study focused on the lithostratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry of the iron-­‐ formations of the Koegas Subgroup based on fresh diamond drill core samples obtained during the Agouron scientific drilling project in South Africa in 2004. The iron formations the Koegas Subgroup are represented by a few important lithotypes, occurring in distinct sedimentary facies, which formed in unique depositional and diagenetic environments. The iron formations consist essentially of four facies, namely silicate lutite, mixed silicate-­‐siderite lutite, siderite lutite and siderite peloidstone A repetitive sedimentary cycle consisting of fine-­‐grained chemical lithotypes grading upward into reworked chemical lithotypes is evident throughout the Koegas Subgroup iron formations. Silicate lutite formed in deep water settings well below the wave base along a chemocline. Siderite lutite formed in shallower parts of the basin through transformation of primary ferric iron precipitate by iron respiration in presence of organic carbon. Peloidstone formed above normal wave base in shallow water by reworking of earlier siderite lutite deposits. The REE geochemistry provides important clues as to the depositional environment of the iron formation as follows. Depletion in LREE and enrichment in HREE combined with positive Y are typical of ocean water indicate that the iron formations were deposited in a marine environment. Positive Eu anomaly suggest the presence of a hydrothermal component in the ocean water from which the iron formations were deposited. Negative Ce anomalies indicate that somewhere in the marine system Ce3+ was oxidized to Ce4+ oxide, probably in the presence of free oxygen in the ocean water column (Bau and Dulski, 1996). The negative Ce anomalies seen in the Koegas iron formations are the oldest currently known from iron formations. As such the Ce anomalies most probably signify an increase in the oxygenation state of the ocean immediately prior to the rise of atmospheric oxygen as defined by Guo et al. (2009).

D.Phil. Geology) / This study presents detailed petrographic, mineral-chemical and geochemical characteristics ofmafic intrusions from three iron oremining areas - Thabazimbi, Sishen and Hotazel - in southern Africa In addition, as themafic intrusions at the Thabazimbi, Sishen and Hotazel mines occur in close spatial association with iron and manganese ore, this study addresses the aspect of whether these intrusions have a bearing on the localization of these ores. Precise geochronologic data of these previously undated mafic dykes and sills is presented to classify them into a regional context. particularly in considering whether these dykes and sills are part of known Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in sonthem Africa. The Thabazimbi dykes are coarse grained dolerites while the sills are diabases. The dykes are younger than the sills. Composition wise, sills are dominantly basaltic andesites, while the dykes are dominantly hasaltic. Different to the sills, the dykes are characterized byrestriction of olivine, higher HFSE and LREE as well as less prominent negative Bu" anomaly. Geochemical and isotope chemical characteristics of the Thabazimhi dykes and sills are explained in terms of a combined partial melting, followed by fractional crystallization and crustal contamination with differentiation model. with the dykes showing greater crustal assimilation. The petrogenetic characteristics of the Sishen dolerite dykes in many ways resemble both the Colombia River Basalts and the typical Umkondo dolerites, and point to significant crustal contamination, typical of continental tholeiites. Geochemical characteristics of the Sishen dolerites is acconnted by the partial melting followed by fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, but unlike the Thabazimbi dykes and sills crustal assimilation is significant. At Hotazel, the petrographyand geochemistry of 'bostonites' bas been used to define their true composition while at the same time highlighting the presence of a -2 - 3 m thick iron ore unit associated with banded iron formation and manganese ore. Geochemically, the Hotazel 'bostonites' are "basaltic andesites' while textnra1ly, the Hotazel <bostonites' are essentially diabases. Regarding the iron ores that occurs in the Hotazel Formation at the base of the Pre-Mapedi nnconformity, they are composed of various forms of hematite with variable minor chlorite. quartz and carbonates. Iron ore genesis is attributed to supergene processes similar to those that have affected Sishentype iron ore below the Gamagara unconformity on the Maremane Dome. A U-Pb 2046.6±3.4 Ma age has been obtained for the crystallization of a Thabazimbi sill by dating titanite. This is interpreted to indicate that while the mafic/ultramafic component ofthe Bushveld Complex may have been emplaced over a short period, there was later magmatic activity at 2046 Ma, represented by the Thabazimbi sill and other late Bushveld Complex related intrusions such as the Uitkomst Complex at 2044 Ma. The 1044.3±7.5 Ma age obtained for the Sishen dolerites has resulted into two major interpretations. Firstly. the age is interpreted to be the minimum age for Umkondo LIP. The age shows that while large sections of the Umkondo LIP may have been emplaced within a short time interval, emplacement of end members ofthis LIP was in progress at least - 50 Ma later. Secondly. the age of these dolerites shows that they were emplaced subsequent to major iron ore genesis at Sishen. The new age. coupled with the limited extent ofthese intrusions shows that they played a no part in the origin ofthe bulk ofthe iron ore at the mine.

The giant Palaeoproterozoic manganese deposits of the Kalahari manganese field (KMF), Northern Cape Province, South Mrica, have been a world renowned resource of manganese ore for many decades. In recent years, the mineralogical composition, geochemistry and genesis of these deposits have been the objects of many geological investigations, yet their origin remains contentious up to the present day. A characteristic feature of the Kalahari deposits is the intimate association of manganese ore and iron-formation of the Superior-type, in the form of three discrete sedimentary cycles constituting the Hotazel Formation. This striking lithological association is an almost unique feature on a global scale. From that point of view, the present study is effectively the first attempt to shed light on the origin and post-depositional history of the Hotazel succession, using as prime focus the petrographic and geochemical characteristics ofthe host iron-formation. Petrographic and whole-rock geochemical information of iron-formation from the southern parts of the KMF, suggests that the Hotazel iron-formation is almost identical to other iron-formations of the world of similar age and petrological character. The rock exhibits essentially no high-grade metamorphic or low-temperature alteration effects. Mineralogically, it contains abundant chert, magnetite, subordinate amounts of silicate minerals (greenalite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane) and appreciable concentrations of carbonate constituents in the form of coexisting calcite and ankerite. Such mineralogical composition is indicative of processes occurring in a diagenetic" to burial (up to very low-greenschist facies) metamorphic environment. Bulk-rock geochemical data point towards a simple composition with Si02, total Fe-oxide and CaO being the chief major oxide components. Whole-rock rare-earth element data suggest that the iron-formation precipitated from a water column with chemical signatures comparable to modern, shallow oceanic seawater. The virtual absence of positive Eu anomalies is a feature that compares well with similar data from Neoproterozoic, glaciogenic iron-formations of the Rapitan type, and suggests but only a dilute hydrothermal signal, poten!ially derived from distal submarine volcanic activity. Carbon and oxygen isotope data from iron-formation and Mn-bearing carbonates as well as overlying ferriferous limestone of the Mooidraai Formation, compare well with the literature. The former exhibit variable depletion relative to seawater in terms of both BC and 180, while the latter have signatures comparable to normal marine bicarbonate. Isotopic variations appear to be related to fluctuations in the amount of co-precipitated marine carbonate, in conjunction with processes of coupled organic matter oxidation - FelMn reduction in the diagenetic environment. Oxygen isotope data from quartz-magnetite-calcite triplets suggest that crystallisation took place under open-system conditions, with magnetite being the most susceptible phase in terms of fluid-rock isotopic exchange. Data also suggest that the calcite-magnetite pair may constitute a more reliable geothermometer than the quartz-magnetite one, mainly due to the interlinked diagenetic histories between calcite and magnetite. Iron-formation from the northern parts of the KMF can by categorised into three main classes, namely pristine, altered and oxidised. Pristine iron-formation is identical to the one seen in the southernmost parts of the field. Altered iron-formation corresponds to a carbonate-free derivative of intense oxidation and leaching processes at the expense ofpristine iron-formation, and contains almost exclusively binary quartz-hematite mixtures. The rock appears to have lost essentially its entire pre-existing carbonate-related components (i.e., Ca, Mg, Sr, most Mn and Ba) and displays residual enrichments in elements such as Cr, Th, V, Ni and Pb, which would have behaved as immobile constituents during low-temperature alteration. The low temperature origin of altered iron-formation is supported by oxygen isotope data from quartz-hematite pairs which indicate that isotopically light hematite would have derived from oxidation of magneftte and other ferroussilicate compounds in the presence of a low-temperature meteoric fluid, while quartz would have remained isotopically unchanged. Occasional occurrences of acmite-hematite assemblages suggest localised metasomatic processes related to the action ofNaCI-rich fluids at the expense of altered iron-formation. The conditions of acmite genesis are very poorly constrained due to the very broad stability limits of the mineral in environments ranging from magmatic to surface-related. Oxidised iron-formation constitutes a distinct rock-type and shares common attributes with both the pristine and the altered iron-formation. The rock contains hematite as an important constituent while the amount of magnetite is substantially reduced. With regard to carbonate nlinerals, calcite contents are clearly very low or absent, having being replaced in most instances by a single, Mgenriched, dolomite/ankerite:type species. Oxidised iron-formation contains somewhat higher amounts of iron and reduced amounts of Sr and Ba relative to pristine iron-formation, whereas enrichments in elements such as Ni, Th, Pb, Cr, and V are seen, similar to altered iron-formation. Oxidised iron-formation appears to have originated from processes of dissolution-mobilisationreprecipitation of solutes derived primarily from leaching that produced altered iron-formation. It is proposed that the Hotazel iron-formation and associated manganese deposits were formed as a result of episodic sea-level fluctuations in a stratified depositional environment that gradually evolved into a shallow carbonate platform. A critical parameter in the development of manganese sediment may include regional climatic patterns related to a glacial event (Makganyene diamictite) prior to deposition of the Hotazel strata. This suggestion draws parallels with processes that are believed to have led to the formation of worldwide iron-formations and associated manganese deposits subsequent to Neoproterozoic episodes of glaciation. Submarine volcanism related to the underlying Ongeluk lavas appears to have had very little (if any) metallogenic significance, while evidence for a sudden rise in the oxygen contents of the atmosphere and ambient waters is lacking. With regard to later alteration processes, combination of geological and geochemical data point towards the potential influence of surface weathering prior to deposition of rocks of the unconformably overlying Olifantshoek Supergroup, possibly coupled with fault- and/or thrustcontrolled fluid-flow and leaching of the Hotazel succession during post-Olifantshoek times.

Two major theories have been advanced to account for the scattered distribution of ferruginous bauxite deposits. Original workers proposed that ferruginous bauxite originally developed over all exposed Columbia River Basalt in western Oregon and was subsequently removed by erosion. Studies which followed have suggested that it may be locally favorable conditions, especially of drainage, which are responsible for deposit distribution. Field mapping in the Chapman Quadrangle shows a possible correlation between a series of sheared zones, which may have improved drainage, and the distribution of ferruginous bauxite deposits. Examination of the pisolitic zone ferruginous bauxite of the Chapman Quadrangle failed to show any evidence supporting the theory that this zone was produced by fluvial action. It appears, instead that the pisolitic zone of the deposits studied developed in place and that the structures seen in this zone are the result of authigenic processes. Mineralogical study of samples from the Chapman Quadrangle suggests that the ferruginous bauxite of the area probably developed under slightly acidic pH conditions and that the assemblage quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite may exist in ferruginous bauxite deposits because of the presence of iron oxide and hydroxide coatings on the quartz which may cut off contact between quartz and gibbsite. Chemical study shows that the lateral variation in elemental concentrations is much less than the vertical variation in concentrations seen by some previous workers, and that lateral variation appears to be randomly distributed for most elements. The behavior of elements during weathering can best be modeled by taking into account the various sorbtive reactions between ions formed during weathering and clays and hydroxides.

This dissertation examines how the legal structuring of foreign investment works as a mechanism of political domination. It focuses on two nodes in world economy—Paris and Guinea. I show that political authority in both places has been structured by private foreign capital all the while state-based jurisdictional arbitrage conditions transnational capital. The dissertation is based on three sets of material. The centerpiece is an extended case study of so-far unrealized projects to mine iron ore in the Simandou mountain chain in Guinea. This is based on five months of ethnography in Guinea and the study of over fifteen thousand pages of documents that became public in the investor-state arbitral case BSGR vs. Guinea. Secondly, I rely on one year of ethnography with investment arbitration and project finance lawyers and investment promotion milieus in Paris, especially regarding Africa-directed investments. Finally, the dissertation draws on diverse archives and secondary literature to document the longer history of foreign investment. I draw on and contribute to three separate literatures : (a) work on legal techniques and market devices within Social Studies of Finance; (b) studies of regulatory diversity and uneven development in world economy; (c) empirical studies of moral economies of ordinary economic setups. The first chapter shows how transnational property ownership was conceived as foreign capital between 1870 and 1960 but became to be understood as foreign investment after 1960 shifting the emphasis from foreign ownership to foreigners’ contribution to domestic development. The second chapter studies how foreign investment has come to be seen a major tool for economic development and betterment based on ethnography at investment promotion events and visions of professional excellence of investment intermediaries. Chapters three and four focus on the Simandou case study. Chapter three tells how the Simandou mining contracts were negotiated and how through recourse to stabilization and investment arbitration clauses and integration of English and French law these investor-state contracts partially disembedded Guinean mineral resources from state sovereignty to become international financial assets. The fourth chapter shows how different overlapping ways to structure property over the Simandou mountain chain and its iron ore reserves were unequally scalable with investor-state arbitration backed permits being more easily convertible financial assets than land control via the host-stranger settlement paradigm. This allowed international mining companies to earn financial benefits from holding their Guinean mining titles as foreign property while presenting them as foreign investment.

The East River Mountain district. located in Tazewell and Bland counties. Virginia. is an area of approximately 80 square miles much of which is underlain by ferruginous sandstones of Clinton age. The extensive areas of outcrop of the ferruginous sandstone make large tonnages of the rock readily available for open-pit quarrying. Investigations show that within the area studied over 60 million tons of hematite were contained in the ferruginous sandstones present in the East River Mountain district. Thus these sandstones constitute a large potential for commercial iron ore if extraction is possible. In September of 1956 9 laboratory study of the ironbearing sandstones was inaugurated primarily to discover a commercially feasible method of beneficiating and concentrating the hematite contained in the sandstones. High-tension electrostatic, wet and dry magnetic. and ultrasonic methods of extraction were studied. Of these methods ultrasonic insonation of the ferruginous sandstone appears to hold the most promise for obtaining satisfactory concentrates of hematite from the sandstone. A marked upgrading of the hematite content was noted after the crushed iron-bearing sandstones were subjected to ultrasonic insonation at a frequency of 22 kilocycles. The ultrasonic treatment used to concentrate the hematite appears to be both adaptable and economical on a commercial scale. / Master of Science