À l'instar de la psychotechnique des industries culturelles, savoir manier l’émotion pour toujours mieux capter l’attention d’un électeur dans la sphère de l'infotainment reste l’un des premiers objectifs d'une stratégie de campagne. Cependant, le Web politique a fait émerger de nouvelles formes de communication dans les méthodes de persuasion électorale : l’impact du capital médiatique d’un candidat se joue en ligne prolongeant celui du terrain. Sur Internet, les politiques, efficacement secondés par des experts de l’image chargés de façonner leur identité, leur réputation et leur influence, ont découvert de nouveaux territoires pour amplifier leur message, se promotionner 24 heures sur 24 ou mobiliser en temps réel des militants et récolter des fonds. Contournant les médias traditionnels pour ne pas être déstabilisé par les éditorialistes, un responsable politique s’exposera plus généreusement sur les réseaux sociaux pour devenir « rédacteur en chef » de sa propre campagne. En immersion de 2011 à 2017 sur le site de microblogging Twitter qui n’utilise que 140 caractères par message, j'essaie au travers de ma thèse de déterminer la place et la fonction de ce « média social », ainsi que son poids dans la construction de l’espace médiatique des prétendants à l’Élysée, notamment lors de la présidentielle française de 2012. Quels sont les enjeux des candidats sur le Web et que nous révèlent-ils sur les mises en scène du pouvoir ? Comment les professionnels des cellules de communication politique ont-ils pris possession de ces nouveaux outils qui accélèrent la temporalité des logiques institutionnelles et qui offrent aux militants un espace de réactivité aussi performant que celui d’un journaliste pour corriger les imprécisions des promesses de campagne ? Quelques éléments de réponses se trouvent dans les mots-clés : défiance, fact-checking, storytelling, Big Data, modélisations prédictives, irrévérence, infotainment, riposte-party et social-TV et dans les chiffres qui leur sont associés. / According to the psycho-technological model of the cultural industries, the ability to manage emotion to get voters’ constant attention in the infotainment sphere, remains one of the first objective in an electoral campaign strategy. However, the political Web contributes to the emergence of new forms of communication in electoral persuasion methods. The impact of a candidate’s media capital plays an important part online and as an extension offline. On the internet, the political class, effectively assisted by technical design experts whose job is specifically to deal with the profile of their identity, their reputation and their influence, have discovered new territories to amplify their message and to promote 24 hours a day, or to mobilize supporters in real time to raise funds. Circumventing traditional media rather than taking the risk of being destabilized by an editorialist, a political manager will choose to be more present on social media to become editor-in-chief of his or her own campaign. Totally immersed from 2011 to 2017 in website Twitter, to practice microblogging (140 characters), I try in my thesis to identify the position and the function of this « social media » as well as its value in the construction of presidential candidates, including during the French 2012 presidential election.What are the issues of the candidates who are present on the web sites and what do they reveal to us about the representation of power? How do the professionals of communication cells (the « cellcoms ») manage to take possession of these new communications tools that accelerate the temporality of institutional logics and offer to supporters an equivalent space to correct the imprecisions of campaign pledges?I suggest some answers to these questions that can be found in these keywords: suspicion, fact-checking, storytelling, Big Data, predictive modeling, irreverence, infotainment, riposte-party and social-TV as well as the associated figures presented in this thesis.

The development of the concept of irreverence is examined in terms of its historical, theoretical and metatheoretical contexts. The underlying assumptions of the concepts of neutrality, curiosity, and irreverence are distinguished and contextualised. Neutrality is discussed with reference to Milan systemic therapy and first- and second-order cybernetics, while curiosity is examined in the light of constructivist and narrative approaches to psychotherapy. It is argued that these two concepts represent two sides of a dualism, which is transcended through irreverence. Irreverence is interpreted as a postmodern stance, involving the questioning and relativising of therapists' basic assumptions. The pragmatic components of an irreverent stance, namely self-reflexivity, orthogonality, flexibility and accountability, are explored with reference to related concepts in the work of other authors. Throughout the text metalogues are used in an attempt to engage reader and author in a collaborative enterprise of acknowledging and reevaluating their own basic assumptions. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The development of the concept of irreverence is examined in terms of its historical, theoretical and metatheoretical contexts. The underlying assumptions of the concepts of neutrality, curiosity, and irreverence are distinguished and contextualised. Neutrality is discussed with reference to Milan systemic therapy and first- and second-order cybernetics, while curiosity is examined in the light of constructivist and narrative approaches to psychotherapy. It is argued that these two concepts represent two sides of a dualism, which is transcended through irreverence. Irreverence is interpreted as a postmodern stance, involving the questioning and relativising of therapists' basic assumptions. The pragmatic components of an irreverent stance, namely self-reflexivity, orthogonality, flexibility and accountability, are explored with reference to related concepts in the work of other authors. Throughout the text metalogues are used in an attempt to engage reader and author in a collaborative enterprise of acknowledging and reevaluating their own basic assumptions. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Les romancières du XVIIIe siècle ont rencontré – en leur temps – un succès réel et vif à l’échelle européenne. Elles ont pourtant été écartées de la transmission du patrimoine littéraire. Il importe d’élucider les causes et les circonstances de cette mise à l’écart. Elles bousculent, avec une rare insolence, les présupposés liés à l’auctorialité, au genre romanesque et à l’écriture des femmes. Ce travail explore les destinées de quelques-unes de ces romancières – Mme Riccoboni, Mme de Tencin, Mme d’Epinay – et de leurs textes afin de prendre la mesure des représentations imaginaires qui ont façonné leur réception. Il s’agit par conséquent de renouveler la lecture de ces textes que, peut-être, nous ne savons pas, ou plus, lire. C’est ce que permet la notion de décalage. Par le jeu des discours, les romans de Mme de Tencin et de Mme de Fontaines subvertissent l’ordre symbolique de la société patriarcale. De ces romans se dégagent les spécificités d’une position féminine. Ces textes ont tendance, pourtant, à figer in fine les termes du discours romanesque. L’ironie aux multiples usages est le discours qui permet de sortir des impasses discursives rencontrées dans cette étude. Dans sa diversité, l’ironie est la plus à même de maintenir, pour les personnages féminins de Mme de Souza, de Mme Cottin ou dans les romans de Mme de Charrière, l’ouverture du décalage, l’insolence du questionnement, véritable condition du littéraire et du féminin. / 18th century female novelists enjoyed, in their time, strong and vibrant acclaim throughout Europe. Their work nonetheless did not become part of the literary heritage. It is important to analyse the circumstances and reasons for this exclusion.They irreverently question the codes and conventions of authorship, as well as fiction and women’s writing. This work explores the fate of some of these writers – Mme Riccoboni, Mme de Tencin, Mme d’Epinay – and their work, so as to understand the full extent of the collective projections that explain how they have been perceived.Hence, we need to go back on these novels which, maybe, we no longer know how to read. This is made possible by the notion of distance, incongruence or discrepancy. Through the play of different discourses, Mme de Tencin’s and Mme de Fontaines’ novels subvert the symbolic order of patriarchal society. Their novels set out the contours and specifics for the position of women. Yet, they tend to overly constrain the rules of fictional discourse.Irony, in its multiple shapes, is the discourse that allows to circumvent the discursive traps encountered in this study. In its diversity, irony is best suited to sustain – for the female characters of Mme de Souza, Mme Cottin or those in Mme de Charrière’s novels – the opening brought about by distance, the irreverence of questioning – true requirement for literature as well as for all that is feminine.