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Úloha oxidu dusnatého v kardioprotektivním působení chronické hypoxie / The role of nitric oxide in cardioprotection induced by chronic hypoxiaMandíková, Petra January 2010 (has links)
The aim of present project was to uncover the effect of pharmacological increase in acute and chronic nitric oxide (NO) production on cardioprotective effect of chronic hypoxia. We studied the effect of NO donor molsidomine on hemodynamic conditions and ischemia - induced myocardium injury. Male Wistar rats were exposed to continual hypoxia in a normobaric chamber (10 % O2, 4 weeks). Rats received molsidomine either chronically (15 mg/kg/day) in drinking water or acutely (10 mg/kg) in saline infused 30 min before ischemia. Control rats were kept under normoxia and treated in a corresponding manner. Adaptation to chronic hypoxia resulted in development of pulmonary hypertension. Chronic treatment with molsidomine slightly reduced these consequences of chronic hypoxia but it had no effect on increased cardiac ischemic tolerance in chronically hypoxic rats. On the other hand acute treatment with molsidomine significantly reduced infarct size and increased the number of arrhythmias in both normoxic and chronically hypoxic animals. In conclusion, our data suggests that acute increase in availability of NO is cardioprotective in both normoxic and chronically hypoxic rats contrary to its chronic increase which seems to have no protective contribution.
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ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE CEREBRAL MONITORING : A Study of Cerebral Impedance Variation / ÖVERVAKNING AV HJÄRNAN MED ELEKTRISK BIOIMPEDANS : En Studie om Cerebrala ImpedansändringarMokhberi, Shiva January 2016 (has links)
Stroke is amongst the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Today diagnosis of Stroke is restricted to fixed imaging facilities which do not provide a rapid diagnostic. A portable device which could provide a non invasive assessment of stroke would therefore decrease the time of diagnosis and increase the chance of survival. Recent studies have confirmed that Implementing Electrical Bioimpedance in a portable device could provide a reliable means for Stroke diagnostic. However in order to be able to use the brain impedance as an indicator of Stroke, the invariance of brain impedance with time in healthy individuals should be studied first. Experimental Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS) measurements from a healthy control group of 10 subjects have been used in this study to inspect the variation of brain impedance in the span of two weeks. The results of this study suggest that the cap which was used for brain impedance measurements together with the available device have not been an optimal way of measuring the brain impedance and therefore have affected the data by causing artifacts for the results. With the artifacts available in the data acquired in this study it is not possible to make any statements about the variation of brain impedance and therefore a deeper analysis of collected data using descriptive analysis is required in order to be able to judge on the significance of the obtained errors. In the future a larger study group should be considered in order to increase the predictive power of the observations. / Stroke är bland de ledande orsakerna till död och funktionshinder i hela världen.I dagsläget är diagnos av stroke begränsad till fasta bildenheter som inte möjliggör en snabb diagnos. En bärbar enhet som möjliggör en icke invasiv bedömning av sjukdomen skulle minska diagnos tiden och följaktligen öka chansen att överleva sjukdomen. Genomförda studier i ämnet har bekräftat att implementering av Electrical Bioimpedance i en bärbar enhet kan räknas som ett effektivt sätt för Stroke diagnostik. För att kunna använda hjärnans impedans för Stroke diagnostik, bör först en studie av hjärnans impedans på friska individer utföras för att kunna visa att impedansen är oförändrad med tiden. Experimentell Bioimpedans Spektroskopi (BIS) mätningar från en frisk kontrollgrupp av 10 försökspersoner har utförts i denna studie för att inspektera variationen av hjärnans impedans under två veckor. Resultaten från denna studie tyder på att sättet av impedans mätningen i dagsläget är inte optimalt. Artefakter presenterad i resultatet gör det omöjligt för att kunna komma till ett beslut om hjärnans impedans variation . För fortsätta studier bör man överväga en större kontrollgrupp och även en analysering av data med hjälp av t-statistik som var inte inom ramen av denna studie.
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Mesenterial - ischämische Ereignisse nach herzchirurgischen OperationenHitzschke, Marcus 12 February 2013 (has links)
Die Entwicklung mesenterialer Ischämien nach Herzoperationen beruht auf einem Zusammenspiel vieler Faktoren und kann trotz ständiger Verbesserung des prä- intra- und postoperativen Managements nicht generell vermieden werden. Durch eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und Therapie ist es jedoch möglich, die Prognose der mesenterialen ischämischen Ereignisse nach Herzoperationen zu verbessern.
In dieser retrospektiven Fall- Kontroll- Studie, welche auf prospektiv erfassten Patientendaten beruht, wurden sowohl anamnestische als auch intra- und postoperative Faktoren hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf die Entstehung von mesenterialen Ischämien untersucht. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, das Patientengut mit erhöhtem Risiko für die Entwicklung einer mesenterialen Ischämie darzustellen, um so Risikopatienten frühzeitig zu identifizieren, und sie einer erweiterten Diagnostik und Therapie zuführen zu können.
Im Ergebnis konnten wir das Vorhandensein arterieller Verschlusskrankheiten sowie präoperatives Vorhofflimmern als Risikofaktoren identifizieren. Als Ausdruck einer Kreislaufinstabilität zeigten die Ischämiefälle deutlich häufiger Zeichen eines kardialen Schocks und waren auf eine Kreislaufunterstützung angewiesen. Diese Kreislaufinstabilität setzt sich auch intra- und postoperativen fort und findet sich in einem postoperativen Low Cardiac Output wieder. Zusätzlich gefährdet waren auch Patienten mit postoperativen Retentionsstörungen, cerebrovaskulärer Ereignissen sowie dem Auftreten von Gerinnungsstörungen. Alle diese Patienten sollten nach herzchirurgischen Eingriffen daher besonders intensiv hinsichtlich des Auftretens mesenterialer Ischämien beobachtet werden, um unter Einbeziehung der klinischen Symptome, Laborparameter und bestehenden Risikofaktoren eine zeitnahe Diagnostik zu ermöglichen. Hierdurch ist es möglich, die Letalität durch eine schnelle und gezielte Therapie zu senken.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite
1. Einleitung 1
2. Theoretische Grundlagen 1
2.1. Historie 1
2.2. Anatomie der Eingeweidearterien 3
2.3. Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Darmperfusion 10
2.4. Einteilung der Darmischämien 14
2.5. Klinischer Verlauf der mesenterialen Ischämie 15
2.6. Ischämieformen 16
2.6.1. Mesenterialarterienembolie 16
2.6.2. Mesenterialarterienthrombose 17
2.6.3. Mesenterialvenenthrombose 18
2.6.4. Nichtokklusive mesenteriale Ischämie (NOMI) 19
2.6.5. Chronische mesenteriale Ischämie 20
2.7. Diagnostik 23
2.7.1. Anamnese und körperliche Untersuchung 23
2.7.2. Laborparameter 24
2.7.3. Bildgebende Verfahren 26
2.8. Therapie 28
3. Zielstellung 30
4. Material und Methoden 31
4.1. Patientengut 31
4.1.1. Fallerfassung und Gruppeneinteilung 31
4.1.2. Datenerfassung 32
4.1.3. Variablenauswahl 32
4.2. Statistische Auswertung 35
5. Ergebnisse 37
5.1. Übersicht über aufgetretene abdominelle Komplikationen 37
5.2. Epidemiologische Faktoren 40
5.3. Vorerkrankungen 42
5.3.1 Kardiale Vorerkrankungen 42
5.3.2. Indikationen zur Herzoperation anhand der Vorerkrankung 45
5.3.3. Vaskuläre Begleiterkrankungen 46
5.3.4. Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren 47
5.3.5. Pulmonale Vorerkrankungen 48
5.3.6. Gastrointestinale Vorerkrankungen 48
5.4. Prä- und postoperative Nierenfunktion 49
5.5. Kreislaufparameter und Kreislaufunterstützung 51
5.6. Medikamentöse Vorbehandlung 54
5.7. Herzchirurgische Operation 56
5.7.1. Art des herzchirurgischen Eingriffs 56
5.7.2. Operativer Zugangsweg, Dringlichkeit und
Kardioplegieanteil 57
5.7.3 Vergleich intraoperativer Zeiten 58
5.8. Beatmungszeiten 59
5.9. Präoperative Blutwerte und Einsatz von Blutprodukten 60
5.10. Postoperative Komplikationen 62
5.10.1. Postoperative kardiale Komplikationen 62
5.10.2. Postoperative neurologische Komplikationen 63
5.10.3. Postoperative infektiöse Komplikationen 64
5.11. Der EuroScore 65
5.12. ASA – Klassifikation 65
5.13. Patienten mit mesenterialer Ischämie 66
5.13.1. Klinische Symptome bei mesenterialer Ischämie 66
5.13.2. Laborwerte beim Auftreten der Erstsymptome 67
5.13.3. Anteil der sedierten und intubierten Patienten beim
Auftreten der Erstsymptome 68
5.13.4. Zeitintervall zwischen Herzoperation und
Ischämiesymptomatik 69
5.13.5. Übersicht über das Weitere diagnostische und therapeutische Vorgehen 70
5.13.6. Von der Ischämie betroffener Darmabschnitt 74
5.13.7. Art der mesenterialen Ischämie 74
5.14. Überlebenszeitanalyse 75
5.15. Multivariate Analyse 76
6. Diskussion 77
6.1. Epidemiologische Faktoren 77
6.2. Begleiterkrankungen 79
6.2.1. Kardiale Vorerkrankungen 79
6.2.2. Vaskuläre Begleiterkrankungen 80
6.2.3. Kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren 81
6.2.4. Pulmonale Begleiterkrankungen 81
6.2.5. Gastrointestinale Vorerkrankungen 82
6.3. Prä- und postoperative Nierenfunktion 82
6.4. Kreislaufunterstützung 84
6.5. Medikamentöse Vorbehandlung 85
6.6. Art der Herzoperation 87
6.6.1. Intraoperative Zeiten 88
6.6.2. Beatmungszeiten 90
6.7. Blut und Blutprodukte 90
6.8. Postoperative Komplikationen 91
6.9. ASA-Klassifikation und EuroScore 93
6.10. Diagnosestellung und Therapie 93
6.11. Multivariate Analyse 100
7. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 101
8. Literaturverzeichnis 105
9. Anlagen 116
9.1. Definitionen und Klassifikationen 116
9.2. Abbildungsverzeichnis 119
9.3. Tabellenverzeichnis 121
10. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 123
11. Lebenslauf und beruflicher Werdegang 124
12. Danksagung 125
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Morphologische Veränderungen in der Mausnetzhaut nach Ischämie/Reperfusion in verschiedenen genetisch veränderten MauslinienFrommherz, Ina 10 April 2014 (has links)
Müllerzellen - die dominierenden Gliazellen der Netzhaut - üben vielfältige Funktionen und Aufgaben im retinalen „Zellnetzwerk“ aus. Ihre wohl wichtigste Funktion ist die Aufrechterhaltung der Volumen- und Ionenhomöostase der Retina. Forschungsergebnisse der letzten Jahre deuten darauf hin, dass pathologische Veränderungen in der Volumenregulation von Müllerzellen bei vielen Erkrankungen der Netzhaut eine bedeutende Rolle spielen.
Diese Promotionsarbeit befasst sich mit morphologischen Veränderungen in der Netzhaut von Wildtypmäusen sowie von drei Mausstämmen mit genetischen Veränderungen (Überexpression von dnSNARE, P2Y1-defizient, IP3-R2-defizient) unter pathologischen Bedingungen. In den experimentellen Untersuchungen fand das in Vorarbeiten bereits etablierte Ischämie-Reperfusions-Modell Anwendung. Es ist bekannt, dass Müllerzellen nach retinaler Ischämie Veränderungen durchmachen, die als reaktive Gliose bezeichnet werden. Reaktive Müllerzellen sind nicht mehr in der Lage, bestimmte Funktionen zu erfüllen, die sie in der gesunden Netzhaut haben, dazu gehört eine Einschränkung der Fähigkeit zur Volumenregulation. Ziel der Arbeit war es erstens, eine Charakterisierung der Mausnetzhäute hinsichtlich der zellulären Zusammensetzung der Retina vorzunehmen und zweitens zu untersuchen, inwiefern sich eine Störung der Müllerzellfunktion – wie sie bei allen drei genetisch veränderten Mauslinien vorliegt – auf das Überleben der Nervenzellen unter extremen Stressbedingungen wie z.B. einer Ischämie auswirkt. Denn gerade unter den mit einer Ischämie einhergehenden Bedingungen sollte die Funktion der Müllerzellen zum Erhalt der retinalen Ionen- und Volumenhomöostase von entscheidender Bedeutung sein.
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MicroRNA-214 Protects Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Induced Cell Damage and Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Suppression of PTEN and Bim1 ExpressionWang, Xiaohui, Ha, Tuanzhu, Hu, Yuanping, Lu, Chen, Liu, Li, Zhang, Xia, Kao, Race, Kalbfleisch, John, Williams, David, Li, Chuanfu 01 January 2016 (has links)
Background: Myocardial apoptosis plays an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling protects the myocardium from I/R injury. This study investigated the role of miR-214 in hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell damage in vitro and myocardial I/R injury in vivo. Methods and Results: H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were transfected with lentivirus expressing miR-214 (LmiR-214) or lentivirus expressing scrambled miR-control (LmiR-control) respectively, to establish cell lines of LmiR-214 and LmiR-control. The cells were subjected to hypoxia for 4 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h. Transfection of LmiR-214 suppresses PTEN expression, significantly increases the levels of Akt phosphorylation, markedly attenuates LDH release, and enhances the viability of the cells subjected to H/R. In vivo transfection of mouse hearts with LmiR-214 significantly attenuates I/R induced cardiac dysfunction and reduces I/Rinduced myocardial infarct size. LmiR-214 transfection significantly attenuates I/Rinduced myocardial apoptosis and caspase-3/7 and caspase-8 activity. Increased expression of miR-214 by transfection of LmiR-214 suppresses PTEN expression, increases the levels of phosphorylated Akt, represses Bim1 expression and induces Bad phosphorylation in the myocardium. In addition, in vitro data shows transfection of miR-214 mimics to H9C2 cells suppresses the expression and translocation of Bim1 from cytosol to mitochondria and induces Bad phosphorylation. Conclusions: Our in vitro and in vivo data suggests that miR-214 protects cells from H/R induced damage and attenuates I/R induced myocardial injury. The mechanisms involve activation of PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN expression, induction of Bad phosphorylation, and suppression of Bim1 expression, resulting in decreases in I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis.
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Effects of Cccp-Induced Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Cyclosporin a on Cell Volume, Cell Injury and Preconditioning Protection of Isolated Rabbit CardiomyocytesGanote, Charles E., Armstrong, Stephen C. 01 July 2003 (has links)
Cell swelling may contribute to acute cell injury subsequent to ischemia/reperfusion. The potential role of mitochondrial uncoupling and the resultant mitochondrial swelling, due to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), were examined in an in vitro ischemically pelleted isolated rabbit cardiomyocyte model using the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) to uncouple mitochondria. Cyclosporin A (CsA) was employed to inhibit MPTP opening. Cell volume was determined by a cell-flotation, density-gradient assay, using bromododecane. Cell viability, subsequent to an osmotic stress, was determined by trypan blue permeability. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) facilitated volume regulation following an osmotic stress. Ischemic-cell swelling was reduced by IPC. IPC protected ischemically pelleted cells, but CsA had no significant effects on injury or IPC protection. CCCP ischemia accelerated rates of ischemic contracture and injury, and abolished IPC protection. IPC protection was restored by CsA. In CCCP-ischemic-uncoupled cells, subjected to a reduced (170 mOsm) osmotic stress, CsA and IPC afforded independent and additive protection. Chelerythrine and 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) blocked IPC, but did not reduce CsA protection. Electron microscopy confirmed that CCCP ischemia induced mitochondrial matrix swelling that was reduced by CsA. Cardioprotection by IPC and CsA was accompanied by proportional reductions in cell swelling. Morphometric analysis of the electron photomicrographs demonstrated that the mitochondrial volume fractions were significantly reduced in the CsA/CCCP (29.8 ± 2.3%, P < 0.004) and IPC/CsA/CCCP (31.5 ± 1.7%, P < 0.0008) groups as compared to the CCCP-ischemic group (40.5 ± 1.7%) The IPC/CCCP group (39.5 ± 4.2%) was not significantly different from the CCCP-ischemic group. NIM 811, a CsA analogue MPTP blocker with no calcineurin inhibitory activity, afforded protection similar to CsA. The results suggest that CsA protection may, in part, be mediated by reduction of mitochondrial swelling.
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Overexpression of HSPA12B Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via a PI3K/Akt-Dependent MechanismMa, Yujie, Lu, Chen, Li, Chuanfu, Li, Rongrong, Zhang, Yangyang, Ma, He, Zhang, Xiaojin, Ding, Zhengnian, Liu, Li 01 January 2013 (has links)
Background and purpose: HSPA12B is a newly discovered member of the Hsp70 family proteins. This study investigated the effects of HSPA12B on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human HSPA12B (Tg) and wild-type littermates (WT) were subjected to 60. min of middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce ischemia and followed by reperfusion (I/R). Neurological deficits, infarct volumes and neuronal death were examined at 6 and 24. hrs after reperfusion. Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity and activated cellular signaling were examined at 3. hrs after reperfusion. Results: After cerebral I/R, Tg mice exhibited improvement in neurological deficits and decrease in infarct volumes, when compared with WT I/R mice. BBB integrity was significantly preserved in Tg mice following cerebral I/R. Tg mice also showed significant decreases in cell injury and apoptosis in the ischemic hemispheres. We observed that overexpression of HSPA12B activated PI3K/Akt signaling and suppressed JNK and p38 activation following cerebral I/R. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling abrogated the protection against cerebral I/R injury in Tg mice. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HSPA12B protects the brains from focal cerebral I/R injury. The protective effect of HSPA12B is mediated though a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Our results suggest that HSPA12B may have a therapeutic potential against ischemic stroke.
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Overexpression of CuZnSOD in Coronary Vascular Cells Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion InjuryChen, Zhongyi, Oberley, Terry D., Ho, Ye Shih, Chua, Chu C., Siu, Brian, Hamdy, Ronald C., Epstein, Charles J., Chua, Balvin H.L. 14 October 2000 (has links)
Superoxide dismutase scavenges oxygen radicals, which have been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart. Our experiments were designed to study the effect of a moderate increase of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) on myocardial I/R injury in TgN(SOD1)3Cje transgenic mice. A species of 0.8 kb human CuZnSOD mRNA was expressed, and a 273% increase in CuZnSOD activity was detected in the hearts of transgenic mice with no changes in the activities of other antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis revealed no changes in the levels of HSP-70 or HSP-25 levels. Immunocytochemical study indicated that there was increased labeling of CuZnSOD in the cytosolic fractions of both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, but not in the myocytes of the hearts from transgenic mice. When these hearts were perfused as Langendorff preparations for 45 min after 35 min of global ischemia, the functional recovery of the hearts, expressed as heart rate x LVDP, was 48 ± 3% in the transgenic hearts as compared to 30 ± 5% in the nontransgenic hearts (p < .05). The improved cardiac function was accompanied by a significant reduction in lactate dehydrogenase release from the transgenic hearts. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of CuZnSOD in coronary vascular cells renders the heart more resistant to I/R injury.
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Actions of Tachykinins Within the Heart and Their Relevance to Cardiovascular DiseaseHoover, D. B., Chang, Y., Hancock, J. C., Zhang, L. 01 December 2000 (has links)
Substance P and neurokinin A are tachykinins that are co-localized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in a unique subpopulation of cardiac afferent nerve fibers. These neurons are activated by nociceptive stimuli and exhibit both sensory and motor functions that are mediated by the tachykinins and/or CGRP. Sensory signals (e.g., cardiac pain) are transmitted by peptides released at central processes of these neurons, whereas motor functions are produced by the same peptides released from peripheral nerve processes. This review summarizes our current understanding of intracardiac actions of the tachykinins. The major targets for the tachykinins within the heart are the intrinsic cardiac ganglia and coronary arteries. Intrinsic cardiac ganglia contain cholinergic neurons that innervate the heart and coronary vasculature. Tachykinins can stimulate NK3 receptors on these neurons to increase their excitability and evoke spontaneous firing of action potentials. This action provides a mechanism whereby tachykinins can indirectly influence cardiac function and coronary tone. Tachykinins also have direct effects on coronary arteries to decrease or increase tone. Stimulation of NK1 receptors on the endothelium causes vasodilation mediated by nitric oxide. This effect is normally dominant, but NK2 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction can also occur and is augmented when NK1 receptors are blocked. It is proposed that these ganglion stimulant and vascular actions are manifest by endogenous tachykinins during myocardial ischemia.
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Overexpression of HSPA12B Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via a PI3K/Akt-Dependent MechanismMa, Yujie, Lu, Chen, Li, Chuanfu, Li, Rongrong, Zhang, Yangyang, Ma, He, Zhang, Xiaojin, Ding, Zhengnian, Liu, Li 01 January 2013 (has links)
Background and purpose: HSPA12B is a newly discovered member of the Hsp70 family proteins. This study investigated the effects of HSPA12B on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human HSPA12B (Tg) and wild-type littermates (WT) were subjected to 60. min of middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce ischemia and followed by reperfusion (I/R). Neurological deficits, infarct volumes and neuronal death were examined at 6 and 24. hrs after reperfusion. Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity and activated cellular signaling were examined at 3. hrs after reperfusion. Results: After cerebral I/R, Tg mice exhibited improvement in neurological deficits and decrease in infarct volumes, when compared with WT I/R mice. BBB integrity was significantly preserved in Tg mice following cerebral I/R. Tg mice also showed significant decreases in cell injury and apoptosis in the ischemic hemispheres. We observed that overexpression of HSPA12B activated PI3K/Akt signaling and suppressed JNK and p38 activation following cerebral I/R. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling abrogated the protection against cerebral I/R injury in Tg mice. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HSPA12B protects the brains from focal cerebral I/R injury. The protective effect of HSPA12B is mediated though a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Our results suggest that HSPA12B may have a therapeutic potential against ischemic stroke.
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