A lesão por isquemia-reperfusão (I/R) é o mecanismo fisiopatológico central no desenvolvimento da insuficiência hepática pós-operatória. Diversas estratégias para minimizar suas consequências estão sendo desenvolvidas, mas ainda sem resultados satisfatórios. Recentemente o pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (PCIR), método em que ciclos breves de I/R aplicados em um órgão ou membro é capaz de atenuar os resultados da I/R em um órgão distante, vem sendo utilizado, em modelos experimentais, com resultados promissores. No entanto seu mecanismo de ação ainda não foi esclarecido. Um dos mecanismos propostos é a modulação na expressão das citocinas sintetizadas durante a resposta inflamatória que acompanha o processo de I/R. Foram utilizados 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus), machos, com peso entre 250 e 280 g, divididos em três grupos: Grupo Sham, cirurgia simulada; Grupo IR, isquemia de 70% do fígado por 45 minutos e reperfusão; e Grupo PCIR, pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto do fígado através de seis ciclos de isquemia-reperfusão da pata do animal, com quatro minutos de isquemia e quatro minutos de reperfusão em cada ciclo, seguido de isquemia hepática semelhante ao do Grupo IR. Terminado os procedimentos cirúrgicos, metade dos animais foi morta decorridos 60 minutos de reperfusão, e a outra metade após 180 minutos. Foi coletado tecido hepático do lobo submetido à isquemia, para estudo histopatológico, utilizando o índice de injúria hepática modificado; e sangue, para dosagem plasmática de TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-10 e ALT. A análise histopatológica mostrou que a necrose celular foi significativamente reduzida no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com Grupo IR (p <0,0001). As transaminases mostraram o mesmo padrão com redução significativa dos seus valores no Grupo PCIR quando comparados com o Grupo I-R (p <0,0001). A dosagem das interleucinas mostrou redução significativa na expressão da IL-6 no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com o Grupo IR (p<0,001). Houve aumento da expressão de IL-10 nos grupo PCIR, porém não atingiu significância estatística. Não foi identificada diferença na dosagem de TNF-&#945; nos grupos estudados. O PCI-R foi eficaz na redução na necrose celular resultante da lesão por I-R nos grupos estudados. A redução na síntese de IL-6 segue o padrão observado em outros estudos. / Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important pathophysiological mechanism in the postoperative liver failure. Different strategies to minimize the I/R liver injury have been developed during the last decades but the results had been disappointing. Recently, the remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), a method that involves a brief ischemic episode on an organ or tissue that subsequently affords protection to a remote organ or tissue, have been use in various experimental models with promising results. The precise pathway activated by the RIPC isnt clear, but cytokine release modulation has been proposed as a candidate mechanism. Thirty-six male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided in 3 groups: Sham; I/R injury, a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion; and RIPC, 6 cycles of 4 minutes of ischemia and 4 minutes of reperfusion of the right hindlimb followed by a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion. Liver tissue in the affected lobe and blood samples were collected after 60 minutes and 180 minutes of reperfusion for histopathological study of liver I/R, plasma cytokines (TNF-&#945;, IL-6 and IL-10) and liver aminotransferases measurement (ALT). The histopathological study demonstrated a significant lesser degree of liver necrosis in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The aminotransferases levels followed the same pattern, with significant lower levels in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The cytokines assessment showed a reduction in the expression of IL-6 in the RIPC when compared with the I/R group (p <0,01). Interleukin-10 levels were higher in the RIPC group, but the difference wasnt significant. The TNF-&#945; measurement didnt show any difference in the groups. The RIPC model presented consistently reduced the I/R injury to the liver and the IL-6 expression was similar to the reported in other studies.

A lesão por isquemia-reperfusão (I/R) é o mecanismo fisiopatológico central no desenvolvimento da insuficiência hepática pós-operatória. Diversas estratégias para minimizar suas consequências estão sendo desenvolvidas, mas ainda sem resultados satisfatórios. Recentemente o pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (PCIR), método em que ciclos breves de I/R aplicados em um órgão ou membro é capaz de atenuar os resultados da I/R em um órgão distante, vem sendo utilizado, em modelos experimentais, com resultados promissores. No entanto seu mecanismo de ação ainda não foi esclarecido. Um dos mecanismos propostos é a modulação na expressão das citocinas sintetizadas durante a resposta inflamatória que acompanha o processo de I/R. Foram utilizados 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus), machos, com peso entre 250 e 280 g, divididos em três grupos: Grupo Sham, cirurgia simulada; Grupo IR, isquemia de 70% do fígado por 45 minutos e reperfusão; e Grupo PCIR, pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto do fígado através de seis ciclos de isquemia-reperfusão da pata do animal, com quatro minutos de isquemia e quatro minutos de reperfusão em cada ciclo, seguido de isquemia hepática semelhante ao do Grupo IR. Terminado os procedimentos cirúrgicos, metade dos animais foi morta decorridos 60 minutos de reperfusão, e a outra metade após 180 minutos. Foi coletado tecido hepático do lobo submetido à isquemia, para estudo histopatológico, utilizando o índice de injúria hepática modificado; e sangue, para dosagem plasmática de TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-10 e ALT. A análise histopatológica mostrou que a necrose celular foi significativamente reduzida no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com Grupo IR (p <0,0001). As transaminases mostraram o mesmo padrão com redução significativa dos seus valores no Grupo PCIR quando comparados com o Grupo I-R (p <0,0001). A dosagem das interleucinas mostrou redução significativa na expressão da IL-6 no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com o Grupo IR (p<0,001). Houve aumento da expressão de IL-10 nos grupo PCIR, porém não atingiu significância estatística. Não foi identificada diferença na dosagem de TNF-&#945; nos grupos estudados. O PCI-R foi eficaz na redução na necrose celular resultante da lesão por I-R nos grupos estudados. A redução na síntese de IL-6 segue o padrão observado em outros estudos. / Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important pathophysiological mechanism in the postoperative liver failure. Different strategies to minimize the I/R liver injury have been developed during the last decades but the results had been disappointing. Recently, the remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), a method that involves a brief ischemic episode on an organ or tissue that subsequently affords protection to a remote organ or tissue, have been use in various experimental models with promising results. The precise pathway activated by the RIPC isnt clear, but cytokine release modulation has been proposed as a candidate mechanism. Thirty-six male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided in 3 groups: Sham; I/R injury, a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion; and RIPC, 6 cycles of 4 minutes of ischemia and 4 minutes of reperfusion of the right hindlimb followed by a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion. Liver tissue in the affected lobe and blood samples were collected after 60 minutes and 180 minutes of reperfusion for histopathological study of liver I/R, plasma cytokines (TNF-&#945;, IL-6 and IL-10) and liver aminotransferases measurement (ALT). The histopathological study demonstrated a significant lesser degree of liver necrosis in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The aminotransferases levels followed the same pattern, with significant lower levels in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The cytokines assessment showed a reduction in the expression of IL-6 in the RIPC when compared with the I/R group (p <0,01). Interleukin-10 levels were higher in the RIPC group, but the difference wasnt significant. The TNF-&#945; measurement didnt show any difference in the groups. The RIPC model presented consistently reduced the I/R injury to the liver and the IL-6 expression was similar to the reported in other studies.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lúcio Kenny Morais - 2012.pdf: 9402569 bytes, checksum: 89e112868051e02f9a662b75b5fff235 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Introduction: Improved liver function from non-heart-beating donors seems to be related to short periods of warm ischemia; hence ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical unsolved issue. Remote Ischemic preconditioning (PC) has been shown to protect the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury. However little is known about the usefulness of ischemic precondition as a strategy to improve tolerance of non-heart-beating liver grafts to warm ischemia. Therefore we designed an experimental study aiming the effects of ischemic preconditioning on liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Methods: Protocol was approved by Federal University of Goias Ethics Committee. Twentyfour Landrace pigs were assigned into 4 groups: I: after cardiac arrest livers were procured and transplanted; II: after PC and cardiac arrest livers were procured and transplanted; III: after PC and cardiac arrest, a 15 minutes period of warm ischemia was observed before livers were procured and transplanted; IV: after PC and cardiac arrest, a 30 minutes period of warm ischemia was observed before livers were procured and transplanted. Donors: cardiac arrest was obtained by ligation of coronary arteries and interruption of ventilation. PC (10` x 10`) and warm ischemia waiting time were observed accordingly. Livers were flushed with 4°C HTK solution cooled and procured. Recipients: standard technique was used. After one hour of reperfusion, blood and liver samples were collected and euthanasia was carried out. Non-parametrical statistical tests were applied. Results were expressed as medians. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: AST, ALT, lactic acid and factor V levels were similar for the different studied groups by the end of one hour of reperfusion. A trend towards a deteriorated liver function was observed in group IV. When histological variables were addressed, vacuolization of hepatocytes and cell dropout scores were similar in all groups. Congestion score, vacuolization of hepatocytes and cell dropout scores tended to be higher in animals from group IV, but with no statistical significance. Conclusions: Remote ischemic preconditioning showed no benefits to liver grafts from nonheart- beating donors. Even though it did not result in benefits, no prejudice could be noticed in this research, as well. / Introdução: A melhora na função hepática em doadores de coração parado parece estar relacionada a curtos períodos de isquemia normotérmica, logo a lesão de isquemia e reperfusão é uma questão crucial não resolvida. O pré-condicionamento isquémico remoto (PC), promove proteção ao fígado da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a utilidade do PC como uma estratégia para melhorar a tolerância de enxertos de doadores em parada cardíaca frente à isquemia normotérmica. Portanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental visando os efeitos do pré-condicionamento isquêmico no transplante de fígado de doadores em parada cardíaca.Métodos: O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado na Universidade Federal de Goiás pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Vinte e quatro suínos da raça Landrace foram divididos em 4 grupos: I: após parada cardíaca, o fígado foi captado e transplantado; II: após o PC, promoveu-se a parada cardíaca, seguida de captação e transplante hepático; III: após o PC, promoveu-se a parada cardíaca, seguida de um período de 15 minutos de isquemia normotérmica, com captação e transplante hepático em seguida; IV: após o PC, promoveu-se a parada cardíaca, seguida de um período de 30 minutos de isquemia normotérmica, com captação e transplante hepático em seguida. Nos doadores, a parada cardíaca foi obtida pela ligadura das artérias coronárias e interrupção do suporte ventilatório. O PC (10 'x 10') e o tempo de isquemia normotérmica foram observados em conformidade com a padronização. O fígado foi perfundido com solução HTK resfriada a 4 ° C e posteriormente captado. Para o receptor foi utilizada a técnica padrão. Após uma hora de reperfusão, amostras de sangue e de tecido hepático foram coletadas, seguida da realização da eutanásia. Foram aplicados testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. Os resultados foram expressos em medianas. O valor de p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Os valores encontrados de AST, ALT, lactato e fator V foram semelhantes para os diferentes grupos estudados até o fim do experimento. No entanto, foi observado uma tendência para piora da função hepática no grupo IV. Em relação às variáveis histológicas, a vacuolização dos hepatócitos e a desestruturação celular foram semelhantes em todos os grupos; houve uma tendência de aumento da congestão no grupo IV, sem significância estatística. Conclusões: O pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto não mostrou benefício para enxertos de fígado de parada cardíaca. Mesmo que o PC não tenha promovido benefícios nesta pesquisa, também não foram observados danos.

La méthode de préservation d’organes la plus utilisée actuellement en transplantation rénale est la conservation statique en hypothermie. Cependant, ce mode de conservation induit des dommages inhérents aux lésions du syndrome d’ischémie/reperfusion (I/R). Cette étude a eu pour objectif d’identifier de nouvelles conditions de préservation des greffons, afin de limiter les lésions d’I/R, en modulant la température de conservation ou par ajout d’un transporteur d’oxygène. Nous avons utilisé deux modèles : in vitro avec des cellules endothéliales et in vivo en autotransplantation rénale chez le porc.Les résultats ont confirmé les effets délétères de la conservation à 4°C contrairement à des conservations à 19°C, 27°C et surtout 32°C, permettant d’obtenir une activité métabolique, une viabilité et une intégrité cellulaire supérieures ainsi qu’une diminution des marqueurs de l’inflammation et du stress oxydant. Nous avons aussi démontré les bénéfices d'un nouveau transporteur d’oxygène, M101, dans deux des solutions de conservation les plus utilisés, UW et HTK. L'utilisation de M101 en conservation statique permet une meilleure reprise de fonction à court terme et une réduction de la fibrose, cause principale de la perte du greffon. Enfin, nous avons montré une conservation des bénéfices de M101 à des doses réduites et déterminé que cette protection était due à une multifonctionnalité de la molécule, combinant un transporteur d’oxygène, une activité superoxyde dismutase et une taille importante (permettant de réguler la pression oncotique). Ce travail a montré de nouvelles pistes de réflexion vers une préservation, et donc une qualité, supérieure des organes à transplanter. / The most used preservation method in renal transplantation is hypothermic cold storage (CS). However, this method induces damages inherent to the ischemia/ reperfusion (I /R) syndrome.My study was aimed at identifying new grafts preservation conditions, to limit I/R damage, by varying storage temperature or by adding an oxygen carrier.We used two models: in vitro with endothelial cells and in vivo in pig renal autotransplantation. The results confirmed the deleterious effects of 4°C storage in contrast to conservations at 19°C, 27°C and above 32°C, resulting in improved metabolic activity, cellular viability and integrity as well as a significant reduction in markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Then we demonstrated the benefits of a new oxygen carrier, M101, in the two most used preservation solutions, UW and HTK. Indeed, use of M101 in CS protocols improved short-term function recovery and reduced fibrosis development, main cause of graft loss. Finally, we have shown that the benefits of M101 were preserved at lower doses and we determined that this protection was due to a multifunctionality of the molecule, combining oxygen transport, superoxyde dismutase activity and a large size (regulating oncotic pressure). This work permitted the uncovering of new concepts towards improved organ preservation and quality for transplantation.

The effect of cold acclimation on body of mammals has been studied for many decades by using relatively low temperatures for acclimation (6-10 řC). The results of these experiments have shown the important role of the adrenergic and thyroid system during acclimation and negative impact on renal system at the same time. In contrast, a recent study on winter swimmers suggests a possibility of positive influence of hardening on cardiovascular system. There is no available study investigating a relationship between cold adaptation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol of isolated rat heart and its fixation at our workplace. Furthermore, to find the impact of mild cold acclimation on the ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat. Methods of ex vivo heart perfusion and fixation were successfully established. The effect of 5 weeks long cold acclimation in 10 ± 2 řC on left ventricle ischemia-reperfusion injury was observed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Assessment of lung edema by gravimetrical analysis is a standard method to evaluate the severity of experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to compare gravimetrical assessment of pulmonary edema with a stereological approach which allows for qualitative and quantitative distinction between intravascular and edematous fluids by light microscopy. Eight experimental groups which differed in mode of preservation, ischemic storage and pharmacological treatments were studied in an extracorporeal rat lung model. Analysis of the pooled data showed that the wet/dry ratio values mainly reflected the amount of intra-alveolar edema (rs = 0.442; p = 0.0057) but only stereological assessment of edema formation revealed differences depending on the treatment used. Only stereological data correlated significantly with oxygen tension measured at the end of reperfusion (rs = –0.530; p = 0.0009). We conclude that gravimetry is of minor functional importance compared to assessment by stereological methods which prove to be a reliable and efficient tool for the evaluation of IR injury in the different experimental settings. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Background: Despite recent advances in surgical procedures and immunosuppressive regimes, early pancreatic graft dysfunction, mainly specified as ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI)— Remains a common cause of pancreas graft failure with potentially worse outcomes in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT). Anesthetic conditioning is a widely described strategy to attenuate IRI and facilitate graft protection. Here, we investigate the effects of different volatile anesthetics (VAs) on early IRI-associated posttransplant clinical outcomes as well as graft function and outcome in SPKT recipients. Methods: Medical data of 105 patients undergoing SPKT between 1998–2018 were retrospectively analyzed and stratified according to the used VAs. The primary study endpoint was the association and effect of VAs on pancreas allograft failure following SPKT; secondary endpoint analyses included “IRI- associated posttransplant clinical outcome” as well as long-term graft function and outcome. Additionally, peak serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipase during the first 72 h after SPKT were determined and used as further markers for “pancreatic IRI” and graft injury. Typical clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative outcomes such as early graft outcome and long-term function were analyzed. Results: Of the 105 included patients in this study three VAs were used: isoflurane (n = 58 patients; 55%), sevoflurane (n = 22 patients; 21%), and desflurane (n = 25 patients, 24%). Donor and recipient characteristics were comparable between both groups. Early graft loss within 3 months (24% versus 5% versus 8%, p = 0.04) as well as IRI-associated postoperative clinical complications (pancreatitis: 21% versus 5% versus 5%, p = 0.04; vascular thrombosis: 13% versus 0% versus 5%; p = 0.09) occurred more frequently in the Isoflurane group compared with the sevoflurane and desflurane groups. Anesthesia with sevoflurane resulted in the lowest serum peak levels of lipase and CRP during the first 3 days after transplantation, followed by desflurane and isoflurane (p = 0.039 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no difference with regard to 10-year pancreas graft survival as well as endocrine/metabolic function among all three VA groups. Multivariate analysis revealed the choice of VAs as an independent prognostic factor for graft failure three months after SPKT (HR 0.38, 95%CI: 0.17–0.84; p = 0.029). Conclusions: In our study, sevoflurane and desflurane were associated with significantly increased early graft survival as well as decreased IRI-associated post-transplant clinical outcomes when compared with the isoflurane group and should be the focus of future clinical studies evaluating the positive effects of different VA agents in patients receiving SPKT.

No description available.

Einleitung: Der Ischämie/Reperfusionsschaden (I/R) ist die wesentliche Ursache des frühen Transplantatversagens nach Lebertransplantation (LTx). Fettlebern sind dabei besonders betroffen. Freie Sauerstoffradikale spielen bei der Pathogenese eine zentrale Rolle. Die Morphologie der so versagenden Transplantatleber ist charakterisiert durch Entzündung, Nekrose und Apoptose. Endogene Radikalfänger wie die Superoxiddismutase (SOD), nicht aber exogen zugefuhrte, bauen freie Radikale ab. Das Ziel der vorgelegten Studien war es, im Modell der LTx von gesunden und verfetteten Lebern in der Ratte mittels adenoviralem Gentransfer von SOD den I/R zu vermindern, die Überlebensrate zu erhöhen und zugrunde liegende Mechanismen aufzuzeigen. Methoden: Bei Experimenten mit verfetteten Lebern wurde eine ausgeprägte Steatose der Spenderlebern durch Füttern einer Ethanol- und fettreichen Diät (Lieber-DiCarli) erzeugt. Explantierte Lebern wurden für 24 h konserviert und orthotop transplantiert. Einigen Spendern wurde 72 h vor Organentnahme Cu/Zn-SOD enthaltendes Adenovirus (Ad.SOD1) i.v. appliziert. Als Kontrollen dienten Fettlebern, welche mit dem Gen von b-Galaktosidase (Ad.lacZ) transfiziert wurden, oder aber gesunde Lebern. Untersuchungsparameter waren neben Transfektionsparametern die Transaminasen, histopathologische Morphologie, Überlebensraten, sowie die Aktivierung von Transkriptionsfaktoren und deren Kinasen. Freie Radikale wurden in der Galle mittels Elektronenspin-Resonanz-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen. In weiteren Experimenten wurden auch die mitochondriale und die extrazelluläre Isoform hinsichtlich ihrer protektiven Wirkung untersucht. Ebenso wurde die Auswirkung der freien Radikale auf die Regeneration nach Teillebertransplantation untersucht. Ergebnisse: 72 h nach Injektion von Ad.lacZ exprimierten etwa 80% aller Hepatozyten die b-Galaktosidase. In der Ad.SOD1 Gruppe war die Genexpression 3-fach, die Aktivität 12-fach erhöht. Im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten oder Ad.lacZ infizierten Empfängern von Fettlebern, stiegen die Transaminasen um etwa 50% bei der Ad.SOD1 Gruppe an. Alle Empfänger von Ad-SOD1 behandelten Fettlebern überlebten, hingegen nur 10% der Ad.lacZ Gruppe. Etwa 35% der Hepatozyten von Fettlebern waren nekrotisch, jedoch nur 10% in Ad.SOD1-behandelten Fettlebern. Ad.SOD1 halbierte die Freisetzung von freien Radikalen und minimierte die Aktivierung von NF-kB. Die Aktivität der Kinase IKK wurde nicht reduziert, der Anstieg der Aktivität von JNK jedoch komplett inhibiert. Die Freisetzung von TNFa wurde nicht beeinflußt. Als wirksamste Isoform hat sich die zytosolische erwiesen, die extrazelluläre ist nach Überexpression ohne protektive Wirkung. Die Leberregeneration läßt sich nach Transplantation durch SOD-Überexpression massiv anregen und das Organversagen bei kritischer Leberzellmasse vermeiden. Schlußfolgerung: Diese Studie zeigt erstmals die Wirksamkeit einer neuen Strategie zur Organprotektion fur gesunde Lebern und Fettlebern. Die Eliminierung von Sauerstoffradikalen spielt bei der Pathogenese eine Schlüsselrolle. Der adenoviraler Gentransfer von SOD stellt ein gangbares therapeutisches Verfahren für die Zukunft dar, um auch marginale, verfettete Organe vor reperfusionsbedingtem Versagen zu schützen. Dabei ist die zytosolische SOD am effektivsten. Auch bei der Teilleber-Transplantation ist diese Therapieform erfolgversprechend. / Background: Oxygen-derived free radicals play a central role in pathomechanisms of reperfusion injury after organ transplantation, and fatty livers are particularly susceptible. Endogenous radical scavenger systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) degrade toxic radicals; however, SOD is degraded rapidly when given exogenously. Therefore, the hypothesis that treatment of the donor liver with an adenoviral vector encoding the Cu/Zn-SOD gene (Ad.SOD1), or the Mn-SOD gene or the ec-SOD gene would lead to permanent gene expression and therefore protect the organ against injury and increase survival in a rat model of liver transplantation including fatty livers was tested. Transplantation of reduced-size livers may lead to a hypermetabolic state and increased production of oxygen radicals. Since oxygen radicals may cause liver injury and impair liver regeneration, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in reduced-size livers (RSL) would accelerate regeneration and reduce injury in a rat model of transplantation of RSL. Methods: Donors received chow diet (untreated), high-fat diet, or ethanol-containing high-fat diet. Some donors were infected with Ad-SOD1, while untreated grafts and livers infected with the indicator gene lacZ encoding bacterial b-galactosidase (Ad.lacZ) served as controls. Some livers were harvested 72 hours later, reduced to 45% of weight, and transplanted. After liver transplantation, SOD activity and protein expression in liver, survival, histopathology, release of transaminases, free radical adducts in bile and activation of NF-kB, IkB kinase (IKK), Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and TNFa were evaluated. Moreover, in transplanted split-livers regeneration was evaluated by Brdu-staining, and measurement of cyclinD1 and p21. Results: Approximately 80% of hepatocytes expressed b-galactosidase 72h after injection of Ad-lacZ. Moreover, SOD1 gene expression and activity were increased 3- and 10-fold in the Ad-SOD1 group, respectively. Following transplantation, 20-25% of rats treated with Ad.lacZ survived. In contrast, all SOD1-treated animals survived. Transaminases measured 8h after transplantation in Ad-SOD1 rats were only 40% of those in controls which increased 40-fold above normal values. Approximately 20% of hepatocytes in untreated and Ad.lacZ-infected organs were necrotic 8h after reperfusion, whereas necrosis was nearly undetectable in grafts from rats treated with Ad.SOD1. Free radical adducts were increased 2-fold in the ethanol group compared to untreated controls. Ad.SOD1 blunted this increase and reduced the activation of NF-kB, which was similar in untreated and ethanol-treated groups. Ad.SOD1 did not affect activity of IKK, but JNK activity was blunted. Release of TNFa was not affected. In recipients of Ad.SOD1-RSL survival was dramatically increased (100% vs. 20% in Ad.lacZ-RSL), and peak levels of AST/ALT and bilirubin levels were reduced by 75% and 87.5%, respectively (p

Diese Arbeit befasst sich tierexperimentell und klinisch mit Aspekten der Nierenfunktion bei der Behandlung angeborener Herzfehler. Von Patientenseite sind das Neonatal- und Säuglingsalter und ab der Adoleszenz eine chronische Zyanose, von Behandlungsseite Röntgenkontrastmittelgaben, Dauer, Blutviskositätsänderungen und Kreislaufstillstand am kardiopulmonalen Bypass Risikofaktoren. Cortikosteroidgaben, Optimierung von Blutviskosität und Hydratation sowie eine prophylaktische Peritonealdialyse sind Ansätze zur Behandlung eines Nierenschadens. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Verbesserungen der Plasmaviskosität Nierenschäden am hypothermen kardiopulmonalen Bypass vermindern während eine Cortikosteroidgabe vor Kreislaufstillstand bei Ferkeln nicht nephroprotektiv wirkt. Bei Risikopatienten erweist sich der prophylaktische Einsatz einer Peritonealdialyse als günstig. Bei chronisch zyanotischen Patienten mit einer Glomerulopathie und einem erhöhtem Risiko für Röntgenkontrastmittelexposition und kardiopulmonale Byppassoperationen muss der Nierenstatus die Operationsplanung und postoperative Therapie beeinflussen. Nephroprotektion und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten der Blutviskosität am kardiopulmonalen Bypass müssen weiter untersucht werden. / This work focusses on clinical aspects of kidney function in the treatment of congenital heart disease. Neonates and infants as well as adolescents with cyanosis may be especially at risk. Contrast agents, duration, blood viscosity changes, and circulatory arrest in cardiopulmonary bypass may be risk factors. Corticosteroids, optimized blood viscosity and hydration, and early onset of peritoneal dialysis are considerations of treatment. Our results demonstrate a reduction of renal damage with optimized plasma viscosity during hypothermia in cardiopulmonary bypass, while corticosteroids have no advantage in young pigs after circulatory arrest. Prophylactic treatment with peritoneal dialysis has advantages in patients at risk. In chronicly cyanotic patients with glomerulopathy the risk of contrast agents and cardiopulmonary bypass is elevated. Thus, renal status should influence operative procedures and postoperative treatment. The possibilities of nephroprotection and improvement of blood viscosity should be further evaluated.