Espécies em anel se formam quando uma população se expande em volta de uma barreira geográfica, de modo que as duas frentes de expansão que se reencontram no outro lado da barreira estejam isoladas reprodutivamente. Esse complexos são considerados um exemplo emblemático de especiação por distância, processo no qual a aquisição do isolamento reprodutivo depende da atenuação do fluxo gênico pela distância. Barreiras geográficas que limitam a dispersão dos organismos têm tido um papel central no estudo da especiação, já que a sua presença tem o potencial de facilitar este processo. Além disso, a dispersão também é limitada por fatores endógenos, de modo que, frequentemente, a área acessível a cada indivíduo é menor do que a área total da distribuição da espécies. Na especiação por distância, esta limitação é o principal mecanismo promovendo a redução do fluxo gênico. Usando modelos baseados em agentes, simulamos a expansão e divergência de uma população em volta de uma barreira central com presença contínua de fluxo gênico. Nossos resultados mostram que espécies em anel são instáveis e resultam em especiação completa ou homogeneização da divergência adquirida durante o processo de expansão, porém podem persistir por períodos prolongados de tempo, mesmo na ausência de seleção ambiental. Esta persistência é afetada pela configuração da paisagem, e sugerimos que a forma da área de distribuição de Phylloscopus trochiloides, um dos casos mais bem documentados deste fenômeno, pode ser importante para a sua existência. Com este exemplo, mostramos que modelos baseados em agentes podem ajudar a entender padrões de distribuição espacial da variação genética e discriminar o efeito de atributos geográficos em casos particulares. Dada a demonstração da ocorrência de espécies em anel nas simulações, investigamos em mais detalhe as suas condições de formação. Concluímos que, na ausência de seleção ambiental, estes complexos são raros e se formam apenas em condições muito restritas que dependem conjuntamente de atributos da paisagem, da população e dos organismos. No entanto, a aquisição do isolamento reprodutivo é melhor explicada pela estruturação populacional gerada pela configuração da paisagem, do que pela reprodução local. Discutimos que a especiação por distância pode ser particularmente favorecida no caso de espécies em anel devido à ocorrência de expansão populacional, cenário no qual a deriva genética pode potencializar a fixação diferencial de alelos. As condições de formação de espécies em anel por especiação por distância são muito restritas e, só por isso, já seria esperado que elas fossem raras. Como as espécies estão sujeitas à variação ambiental, há grandes chances de que surjam lacunas em suas distribuições ao longo do tempo. Espécies em anel podem estar especialmente sujeitas ao surgimento de lacunas, pois a sua formação é favorecida por áreas particularmente estreitas. Além disso, na ausência de seleção ambiental, o fluxo gênico as torna intrinsecamente instáveis, e espera-se que estes complexos se separem ou se misturem completamente com o tempo. Esta transitoriedade é mais um fator a contribuir para a raridade de espécies em anel / Ring species are circular chains of gradually changing taxa which are formed when a population expands around a geographic barrier in such a way that the two expanding fronts, which meet after many generations, are reproductively isolated. These structures are considered a prime example of speciation by distance, a process in which the acquisition of reproductive isolation depends on the attenuation of gene flow with distance. Geographical barriers that limit dispersal have played a central role in the study of speciation, since their presence has the potential of facilitating divergence. In addition, dispersal is also limited by endogenous factors, so that the area accessible to each individual is less than total area of the species distribution. In speciation by distance, this limitation is the main mechanism promoting the reduction of gene flow. Using agent-based models, we simulated the expansion and divergence of a population around a central barrier with ongoing gene flow. Our results show that ring species are unstable to speciation or mixing, but can persist for extended times, even in the absence of environmental selection. This persistence is affected by landscape configuration and we suggest that the shape of the distribution area of the greenish warbler ring species, one of the best documented examples of this phenomenon, may be important for its existence. These results imply that agent-based models can aid the understanding of patterns of spatial distribution of genetic diversity and the effect of spatial attributes in particular cases. Given the demonstration of ring species in the simulations, we investigated the conditions for their formation in more detail. We conclude that, in the absence of environmental selection, these complexes are rare and form only under very restricted conditions which depend on landscape, population and individual features. However, population structuring leading to the acquisition of reproductive isolation is better explained by landscape configuration than by local mating. We suggest that speciation by distance can be particularly favored in the case of ring species due to population expansion, since under these circumstances genetic drift can enhance differential allele fixation. The conditions for ring species formation by speciation by distance are very limited, which by itself could explain their rarity. Since species are subject to environmental variation, gaps in their distributions may appear over time. Ring species may be especially susceptible to the emergence of gaps, since their formation is favored by particularly narrow areas. Furthermore, in the absence of environmental selection, these complexes are intrinsically unstable due to the presence of gene flow, and are expected to completely speciate or mix. This transience in time is another factor contributing to the rarity of ring species

Complex interactions between topographic heterogeneity and steep gradients in climate and environmental conditions are commonly assumed to promote biotic diversification. Using tropical frogs as a model, I investigate the nature of these interactions that disrupt migration between populations, causing genetic divergence and speciation. I determine the role of several putative factors that affect gene flow (Euclidean distances, Least Cost Path (LCP) distances, topographic complexity, and elevation difference) and promote genetic structure (FST) between populations of three tropical Andean frog species. Moreover, I investigate, from an intraspecific perspective, whether montane frog species display on average larger genetic distances per kilometer relative to lowland species. Finally, I test if recent genetic divergence caused by topographic barriers to gene flow is paralleled by independent character systems such as acoustics and morphological traits in the high Andean frog Dendropsophus labialis. Even though the effect of geographic features on migration (and conversely, FST) was species-specific, LCP and Euclidean distances had the strongest effect on migration rate. Topographic complexity also reduced migration rate whereas elevation difference did not have an effect. I found that indeed highland species show larger genetic distances per kilometer between haplotypes than do lowland species. Also, genetic divergence is strongly associated with topographic heterogeneity, which is an intrinsic characteristic of montane regions. Finally, I found that acoustic variation in D. labialis diverges according to genealogical history, but external morphology does not follow this relationship. Stochastic processes due to genetic drift appear to be a better explanatory mechanism for the divergence in calls than adaptive variation. The strong and congruent divergence observed in acoustic and genetic characters indicates that these two groups correspond to morphologically cryptic parapatric species. Overall, the results of this study suggest some of the mechanisms that allow tropical mountains to promote intraspecific genetic divergence. The combined effect of ridges (promoting allopatric differentiation) and environmental gradients across elevation (promoting parapatric differentiation) are effective forces that are present mostly in highland biomes. Unfortunately, such biomes are critically threatened by habitat destruction and climate change, possibly more than any other biome on earth. / text

abstract: Isolation-by-distance is a specific type of spatial genetic structure that arises when parent-offspring dispersal is limited. Many natural populations exhibit localized dispersal, and as a result, individuals that are geographically near each other will tend to have greater genetic similarity than individuals that are further apart. It is important to identify isolation-by-distance because it can impact the statistical analysis of population samples and it can help us better understand evolutionary dynamics. For this dissertation I investigated several aspects of isolation-by-distance. First, I looked at how the shape of the dispersal distribution affects the observed pattern of isolation-by-distance. If, as theory predicts, the shape of the distribution has little effect, then it would be more practical to model isolation-by-distance using a simple dispersal distribution rather than replicating the complexities of more realistic distributions. Therefore, I developed an efficient algorithm to simulate dispersal based on a simple triangular distribution, and using a simulation, I confirmed that the pattern of isolation-by-distance was similar to other more realistic distributions. Second, I developed a Bayesian method to quantify isolation-by-distance using genetic data by estimating Wright’s neighborhood size parameter. I analyzed the performance of this method using simulated data and a microsatellite data set from two populations of Maritime pine, and I found that the neighborhood size estimates had good coverage and low error. Finally, one of the major consequences of isolation-by-distance is an increase in inbreeding. Plants are often particularly susceptible to inbreeding, and as a result, they have evolved many inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Using a simulation, I determined which mechanisms are more successful at preventing inbreeding associated with isolation-by-distance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015

Espécies em anel se formam quando uma população se expande em volta de uma barreira geográfica, de modo que as duas frentes de expansão que se reencontram no outro lado da barreira estejam isoladas reprodutivamente. Esse complexos são considerados um exemplo emblemático de especiação por distância, processo no qual a aquisição do isolamento reprodutivo depende da atenuação do fluxo gênico pela distância. Barreiras geográficas que limitam a dispersão dos organismos têm tido um papel central no estudo da especiação, já que a sua presença tem o potencial de facilitar este processo. Além disso, a dispersão também é limitada por fatores endógenos, de modo que, frequentemente, a área acessível a cada indivíduo é menor do que a área total da distribuição da espécies. Na especiação por distância, esta limitação é o principal mecanismo promovendo a redução do fluxo gênico. Usando modelos baseados em agentes, simulamos a expansão e divergência de uma população em volta de uma barreira central com presença contínua de fluxo gênico. Nossos resultados mostram que espécies em anel são instáveis e resultam em especiação completa ou homogeneização da divergência adquirida durante o processo de expansão, porém podem persistir por períodos prolongados de tempo, mesmo na ausência de seleção ambiental. Esta persistência é afetada pela configuração da paisagem, e sugerimos que a forma da área de distribuição de Phylloscopus trochiloides, um dos casos mais bem documentados deste fenômeno, pode ser importante para a sua existência. Com este exemplo, mostramos que modelos baseados em agentes podem ajudar a entender padrões de distribuição espacial da variação genética e discriminar o efeito de atributos geográficos em casos particulares. Dada a demonstração da ocorrência de espécies em anel nas simulações, investigamos em mais detalhe as suas condições de formação. Concluímos que, na ausência de seleção ambiental, estes complexos são raros e se formam apenas em condições muito restritas que dependem conjuntamente de atributos da paisagem, da população e dos organismos. No entanto, a aquisição do isolamento reprodutivo é melhor explicada pela estruturação populacional gerada pela configuração da paisagem, do que pela reprodução local. Discutimos que a especiação por distância pode ser particularmente favorecida no caso de espécies em anel devido à ocorrência de expansão populacional, cenário no qual a deriva genética pode potencializar a fixação diferencial de alelos. As condições de formação de espécies em anel por especiação por distância são muito restritas e, só por isso, já seria esperado que elas fossem raras. Como as espécies estão sujeitas à variação ambiental, há grandes chances de que surjam lacunas em suas distribuições ao longo do tempo. Espécies em anel podem estar especialmente sujeitas ao surgimento de lacunas, pois a sua formação é favorecida por áreas particularmente estreitas. Além disso, na ausência de seleção ambiental, o fluxo gênico as torna intrinsecamente instáveis, e espera-se que estes complexos se separem ou se misturem completamente com o tempo. Esta transitoriedade é mais um fator a contribuir para a raridade de espécies em anel / Ring species are circular chains of gradually changing taxa which are formed when a population expands around a geographic barrier in such a way that the two expanding fronts, which meet after many generations, are reproductively isolated. These structures are considered a prime example of speciation by distance, a process in which the acquisition of reproductive isolation depends on the attenuation of gene flow with distance. Geographical barriers that limit dispersal have played a central role in the study of speciation, since their presence has the potential of facilitating divergence. In addition, dispersal is also limited by endogenous factors, so that the area accessible to each individual is less than total area of the species distribution. In speciation by distance, this limitation is the main mechanism promoting the reduction of gene flow. Using agent-based models, we simulated the expansion and divergence of a population around a central barrier with ongoing gene flow. Our results show that ring species are unstable to speciation or mixing, but can persist for extended times, even in the absence of environmental selection. This persistence is affected by landscape configuration and we suggest that the shape of the distribution area of the greenish warbler ring species, one of the best documented examples of this phenomenon, may be important for its existence. These results imply that agent-based models can aid the understanding of patterns of spatial distribution of genetic diversity and the effect of spatial attributes in particular cases. Given the demonstration of ring species in the simulations, we investigated the conditions for their formation in more detail. We conclude that, in the absence of environmental selection, these complexes are rare and form only under very restricted conditions which depend on landscape, population and individual features. However, population structuring leading to the acquisition of reproductive isolation is better explained by landscape configuration than by local mating. We suggest that speciation by distance can be particularly favored in the case of ring species due to population expansion, since under these circumstances genetic drift can enhance differential allele fixation. The conditions for ring species formation by speciation by distance are very limited, which by itself could explain their rarity. Since species are subject to environmental variation, gaps in their distributions may appear over time. Ring species may be especially susceptible to the emergence of gaps, since their formation is favored by particularly narrow areas. Furthermore, in the absence of environmental selection, these complexes are intrinsically unstable due to the presence of gene flow, and are expected to completely speciate or mix. This transience in time is another factor contributing to the rarity of ring species

No description available.

Phytophagous insects make up over one quarter of described species on Earth, and this incredible diversity seems directly linked to feeding on plants. Comparative studies of sister groups have shown shifts to herbivory are consistently associated with increased species diversity in insects, but the reasons for this diversification remain unclear. While other explanations, such as decreased extinction rates or influences on population structure, exist, one prominent hypothesis suggests shifts and subsequent adaptation to novel host plants can lead to the evolution of reproductive barriers. Given their extreme specialization on host plants in the genus Pinus and intimate, life-long association with their host plants, divergent host use has been suspected to drive speciation in the conifer sawfly genus Neodiprion. Previous work showed host shifts coincide with speciation events in the genus; but could not determine if these host shifts initiated speciation or if they occurred after other reproductive barriers arose. Determining the contribution and timing of host shifts relative to speciation will require examination of populations at the earliest stages of divergence, before post-speciation changes amass. If host shifts frequently drive speciation in the genus, there will likely be evidence of host-driven divergence within species occurring on a wide range of host plants. The goal of this dissertation is to examine populations of the red-headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, an abundant, well-studied pest species that occurs on multiple hosts throughout its range, for evidence of host-driven divergence. Using a combination of reduced representation genomic sequencing, population genomics, and ecological assays, I specifically look for evidence of 1) genetic differentiation between populations utilizing different host plants, 2) ecological divergence in female oviposition preference, larval performance, and ovipositor morphology between populations on different hosts, and 3) ecologically-driven reproductive isolation between genetically and ecologically divergent populations. Each chapter of this dissertation examines the role of host use in driving ecological, genetic, and/or reproductive divergence within N. lecontei at a different spatial scale. First, I surveyed range-wide patterns of diversity. I identified three genetic clusters, dated the divergence of these clusters to the late Pleistocene, and found evidence that both dispersal limitation (geography) and host use contribute to genetic differentiation within N. lecontei. Next, I looked within one of these genetic clusters for additional evidence of the role of host in driving divergence. Sawflies in this cluster primarily utilize two hosts which differ significantly in needle architecture. Although I found no evidence of neutral genetic differentiation between hosts exists, I did detect spatial and temporal differences in host use, and host-specific differences in ovipositor morphology, a performance-related trait. Finally, I examine a single site where N. lecontei utilizes three structurally divergent species of pine. Although there was little genetic structure, no sexual isolation, and no distinct host preferences, the host types were partially temporally isolated and varied in ovipositor morphology and larval performance across on the three hosts. Overall, although divergent host use consistently resulted in divergent ovipositor morphology, a reduction in gene flow via temporal or geographic isolation may be required before additional forms of ecological and genetic differentiation can develop. Together these results suggest host shifts alone may not be enough to drive population divergence and speciation in Neodiprion.

Stream fishes are highly diverse, yet highly imperiled by human alterations of stream environments. Many species are poorly characterized with regard to the size and structure of populations and patterns of dispersal between populations, which complicates assessment of how human activities, both harmful and beneficial, will affect persistence. I used genetic tools to further this understanding in three case-study fish species of the southeastern United States: Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) of the greater Roanoke River basin and redline (Etheostoma rufilineatum) and greenside darters (E. blennioides) of the upper Tennessee River basin. I found that endangered P. rex persists in seven isolated populations. Within populations, individuals exhibit extensive dispersal and gene flow, which maintains connectivity throughout entire watersheds. Most populations exhibit small contemporary effective population sizes and occupy few stream channels, and thereby face an elevated risk of extinction. Genetic estimates of divergence indicate that fragmentation was recent, coincident with the construction of major dams throughout the species' range. Close evolutionary relationships between most populations suggest that a translocation strategy could decrease extinction risks. I developed a framework to help guide the process of balancing small-population versus translocation risks when formulating conservation strategies. When the framework was applied to populations of P. rex, straightforward management prescriptions emerged. The framework also may prove useful for other fragmented species. Unlike P. rex, E. rufilineatum and E. blennioides are relatively abundant where they occur. However, both species were strongly affected by fragmentation due to hydroelectric dams and reservoirs. Populations in small streams flowing directly into a reservoir had lower genetic diversity than populations in larger, more fluvially connected streams. Furthermore, indices of watershed urbanization (e.g., percent impervious surface, road density) were negatively correlated with genetic diversity and with a genetic index of population stability. This suggests that darters occupying isolated streams and/or urbanizing watersheds experience smaller, more variable population sizes than darters elsewhere. Monitoring of such genetic responses could provide a useful early indicator of ecosystem stress and a useful complement to other biomonitoring techniques. / Ph. D.

O entendimento da contribuição diferencial de processos neutros e adaptativos envolvidos na diferenciação genética entre populações, assim como sua relação com varáveis físicas e ambientais da área de distribuição das espécies, é fundamental para melhorar o conhecimento da história evolutiva, mas também para fazer um manejo e conservação mais adequados da diversidade genética das espécies. O surgimento da Planície Costeira do Atlântico Sul foi um processo relativamente recente, que conduziu a processos de colonização e expansão dos organismos para um ambiente costeiro. Os padrões de estrutura genética gerados em processos de colonização e expansão podem ser difíceis de interpretar devido ao fato de que podem apresentar sinais sobrepostos de efeito fundador em série, isolamento por distância e isolamento por ambiente quando envolvem gradientes ecológicos na área de estudo. No presente trabalho foram conduzidas caracterizações da diversidade e estrutura genética de dois taxa predominantemente costeiros co-distribuídos, Calibrachoa heterophylla e Petunia integrifolia ssp. depauperata, em toda a amplitude da distribuição. Também foram inferidas as dinâmicas de fluxo gênico entre populações e sua relação com variáveis topográficas e climáticas reconstruídas pelo meio de um levantamento exaustivo e modelamento para a área de estudo. Processos de diferenciação genética promovidos pelo regime diferencial de chuvas nos extremos da distribuição foram inferidos para as duas espécies. Também foram identificadas populações das duas espécies apresentando alto nível de mistura de identidade genética nas localidades ao redor da Lagoa dos Patos. Isso foi associado a alta instabilidade na história geomorfológica recente desta região e dinâmicas atuais do vento que favorecem a dispersão secundária de sementes a maiores distâncias. Adicionalmente foram identificados processos espécie-específicos que se relacionaram principalmente a fatores históricos de cada táxon. Em P. depauperata o efeito fundador relacionado a um processo único de colonização do ambiente costeiro determinou o nível superior de estrutura genética, enquanto que em C. heterophylla foi a história filogeográfica da espécie na qual a diferenciação intraespecífica é anterior à colonização da região costeira atual o fator preponderante. As diferenças de duração do ciclo de vida entre as espécies também influenciaram as dinâmicas contrastantes de fluxo gênico dos dois taxa, sugerindo que a colonização e adaptação local de C. heterophylla nas bordas da distribuição poderia ser condizente com um processo de monopolização. Em vista dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, propõem-se o desenvolvimento de experimentos de transplante recíproco para confirmar o processo de adaptação local nas duas espécies e abordagens genômicas para identificar regiões do genoma responsáveis pelos processos de adaptação ao ambiente costeiro e de adaptação local nas margens da distribuição. / The understanding of differential contribution of neutral and adaptive processes to the genetic differentiation among populations, as well as its relationship to physical and environmental variables of species’ distribution area, is essential to improve the knowledge of species evolutionary history, but also to direct appropriate management and conservation policies for the genetic diversity. The emergence of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain was a relatively recent event that led to colonization and expansion processes to the coastal environment. Genetic structure patterns generated in colonization and expansion processes can be difficult to interpret because the overlapping signals, which can present the founder effect in series, isolation by distance, and isolation by environment in the presence of ecological gradients in the study area. In this work characterization diversity and genetic structure were conducted to two co-distributed and predominantly coastal taxa, Calibrachoa heterophylla and Petunia integrifolia ssp. depauperata alongside their complete geographical range. Moreover, we also inferred dynamic of gene flow among populations and investigated the relation between topographical and climatic variables reconstructed by means of an exhaustive survey and modeling for the study area and the gene flow. Shared genetic differentiation processes promoted by differential rainfall conditions at the distribution edges were inferred. In addition, we identified populations from both species with high level of mixed genetic membership in locations around the Patos Lagoon. This was associated with a high instability in recent geomorphological history of coastal region and current wind dynamics that favor the secondary seed dispersal over longer distances. Additionally, specific species processes were identified mainly related to historical factors of each taxon. In P. depauperata founder effects associated with unique colonization process to coastal environment determined the upper level of genetic structure, while in C. heterophylla the upper level of genetic structure was related to the phylogeographical history wherein the intra-specific differentiation preceded colonization to the current coastal region. The differences of the life span length of the species were also related to contrasting gene flow dynamics indicating that the colonization and local adaptation of C. heterophylla at the edges of the distribution could lead to monopolization process. In view of the results we propose the development of reciprocal transplant experiments to confirm the local adaptation process in both species and genomic approaches to identify regions of the genome responsible for the processes of adaptation to the coastal environment and local adaptation in distribution margins.

Mettre en place des mesures de protection efficaces contre la dégradation et la fragmentation de l'habitat d'une espèce nécessite d'être capable de comprendre l'impact de l'environnement sur sa dynamique de population ainsi que sa sensibilité à la perte de connectivité entre les populations. Obtenir ces informations est déjà un défi en soi, qui se complique encore pour les espèces trop sensibles au dérangement pour être suivies de manière classique. Lors de ce travail, nous avons étudié la dynamique et la génétique des populations d'une chauve-souris forestière qui a subi un très fort déclin dans le nord de l'Europe, le Petit rhinolophe (Rhinolophus hipposideros), à l'aide de méthodes non-invasives (comptages, génétique non-invasive).Nos résultats ont montré que le climat et le paysage autour des colonies de maternités influence la taille et la dynamique des populations du Petit rhinolophe. Nous avons également confirmé un impact direct du paysage sur la survie des juvéniles. Enfin, nous avons observé que la diversité génétique des populations pouvait être fortement diminuée par leurs histoires démographiques et par un manque de connectivité entre les populations. Ces résultats ont des implications directes pour la conservation du Petit rhinolophe mais aussi pour le développement des analyses intégrant des données de génétique non-invasive pour la biologie de la conservation. / Efficient conservation management against habitat degradation and fragmentation of a species requires understanding how the environment impacts its population dynamics and the species’ sensitivity to connectivity loss. Acquiring sufficient knowledge about these processes is challenging for any species, and is even more complicated for species too sensitive to be studied with classical methods. During this work, we studied the population dynamics and genetics of a woodland specialized bat who has undergone a serious decline in the north of Europe, the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros), with non-invasive methods (counts, non-invasive genetics).Our results shown that climate and landscape around maternity colonies explain population size variations and dynamics of the lesser horseshoe bat. We also confirmed a direct impact of landscape on juvenile survival. We finally observed that genetic diversity could be strongly decreased by population history and a lack of connectivity between populations. Our results have direct implications for the lesser horseshoe bat conservation but also for the development of analyses integrating non-invasive genetic data in conservation biology.

O entendimento da contribuição diferencial de processos neutros e adaptativos envolvidos na diferenciação genética entre populações, assim como sua relação com varáveis físicas e ambientais da área de distribuição das espécies, é fundamental para melhorar o conhecimento da história evolutiva, mas também para fazer um manejo e conservação mais adequados da diversidade genética das espécies. O surgimento da Planície Costeira do Atlântico Sul foi um processo relativamente recente, que conduziu a processos de colonização e expansão dos organismos para um ambiente costeiro. Os padrões de estrutura genética gerados em processos de colonização e expansão podem ser difíceis de interpretar devido ao fato de que podem apresentar sinais sobrepostos de efeito fundador em série, isolamento por distância e isolamento por ambiente quando envolvem gradientes ecológicos na área de estudo. No presente trabalho foram conduzidas caracterizações da diversidade e estrutura genética de dois taxa predominantemente costeiros co-distribuídos, Calibrachoa heterophylla e Petunia integrifolia ssp. depauperata, em toda a amplitude da distribuição. Também foram inferidas as dinâmicas de fluxo gênico entre populações e sua relação com variáveis topográficas e climáticas reconstruídas pelo meio de um levantamento exaustivo e modelamento para a área de estudo. Processos de diferenciação genética promovidos pelo regime diferencial de chuvas nos extremos da distribuição foram inferidos para as duas espécies. Também foram identificadas populações das duas espécies apresentando alto nível de mistura de identidade genética nas localidades ao redor da Lagoa dos Patos. Isso foi associado a alta instabilidade na história geomorfológica recente desta região e dinâmicas atuais do vento que favorecem a dispersão secundária de sementes a maiores distâncias. Adicionalmente foram identificados processos espécie-específicos que se relacionaram principalmente a fatores históricos de cada táxon. Em P. depauperata o efeito fundador relacionado a um processo único de colonização do ambiente costeiro determinou o nível superior de estrutura genética, enquanto que em C. heterophylla foi a história filogeográfica da espécie na qual a diferenciação intraespecífica é anterior à colonização da região costeira atual o fator preponderante. As diferenças de duração do ciclo de vida entre as espécies também influenciaram as dinâmicas contrastantes de fluxo gênico dos dois taxa, sugerindo que a colonização e adaptação local de C. heterophylla nas bordas da distribuição poderia ser condizente com um processo de monopolização. Em vista dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, propõem-se o desenvolvimento de experimentos de transplante recíproco para confirmar o processo de adaptação local nas duas espécies e abordagens genômicas para identificar regiões do genoma responsáveis pelos processos de adaptação ao ambiente costeiro e de adaptação local nas margens da distribuição. / The understanding of differential contribution of neutral and adaptive processes to the genetic differentiation among populations, as well as its relationship to physical and environmental variables of species’ distribution area, is essential to improve the knowledge of species evolutionary history, but also to direct appropriate management and conservation policies for the genetic diversity. The emergence of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain was a relatively recent event that led to colonization and expansion processes to the coastal environment. Genetic structure patterns generated in colonization and expansion processes can be difficult to interpret because the overlapping signals, which can present the founder effect in series, isolation by distance, and isolation by environment in the presence of ecological gradients in the study area. In this work characterization diversity and genetic structure were conducted to two co-distributed and predominantly coastal taxa, Calibrachoa heterophylla and Petunia integrifolia ssp. depauperata alongside their complete geographical range. Moreover, we also inferred dynamic of gene flow among populations and investigated the relation between topographical and climatic variables reconstructed by means of an exhaustive survey and modeling for the study area and the gene flow. Shared genetic differentiation processes promoted by differential rainfall conditions at the distribution edges were inferred. In addition, we identified populations from both species with high level of mixed genetic membership in locations around the Patos Lagoon. This was associated with a high instability in recent geomorphological history of coastal region and current wind dynamics that favor the secondary seed dispersal over longer distances. Additionally, specific species processes were identified mainly related to historical factors of each taxon. In P. depauperata founder effects associated with unique colonization process to coastal environment determined the upper level of genetic structure, while in C. heterophylla the upper level of genetic structure was related to the phylogeographical history wherein the intra-specific differentiation preceded colonization to the current coastal region. The differences of the life span length of the species were also related to contrasting gene flow dynamics indicating that the colonization and local adaptation of C. heterophylla at the edges of the distribution could lead to monopolization process. In view of the results we propose the development of reciprocal transplant experiments to confirm the local adaptation process in both species and genomic approaches to identify regions of the genome responsible for the processes of adaptation to the coastal environment and local adaptation in distribution margins.