This thesis explores the lives and works of Carlo Gozzi and Carlo Goldoni. Specific emphasis is placed on their feud, positions in society, the motivations behind their theatrical styles, and the ways they used theatre to either attempt to maintain the status quo (Gozzi) or strive for social change (Goldoni). Contrary to previous studies, this study suggests that Goldoni tried to influence the world around him, rather than merely reflect it. This study examines the above through the lens of several twentieth century theories including semiotics, structuralism, and the avante-garde. The contents of this work are essential to anyone seeking biographical information, doing dramaturgical research or producing one of their plays, and those investigating the ways theatre has been used to incite change and create an atmosphere of social equity. This work demonstrates that theatre can, has been, and should be actively used to influence that change.

A obra visa a estudar as comédias de Sá de Miranda, situando-as dentro do contexto paradigmático que as informa e fundamenta. / The book consists on a study of the comedias by Sá de Miranda, placed in the paradigmatic context that inspires and supports them.

A obra visa a estudar as comédias de Sá de Miranda, situando-as dentro do contexto paradigmático que as informa e fundamenta. / The book consists on a study of the comedias by Sá de Miranda, placed in the paradigmatic context that inspires and supports them.

O presente trabalho é uma reflexão acerca do gênero cômico cinematográfico denominado commedia all\'italiana. Para essa pesquisa, primeiramente, acompanhamos a evolução do cinema cômico italiano desde seus primórdios até o fenômeno estudado. Na formação do cinema cômico, aludimos não só à importância da contribuição da vertente teatral - através da commedia dell\'arte - como também dos atores cômicos do primeiro cinema, do período conhecido como telefoni bianchi, de figuras como Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia e Mario Mattoli, além da fase denominada neorrealismo rosa. Desse modo, através do percurso anterior à commedia all\'italiana, procuramos estabelecer sua inserção na tradição cômica da Itália. Também foram considerados aspectos importantes do contexto históricosocial à época do surgimento e consolidação desse gênero cômico popular do cinema italiano. Procuramos resgatar as origens e fontes da commedia all\'italiana, focalizando as diferentes fases que a compuseram e as principais filmografias que a evidenciaram. Ainda nesse momento, traçamos seus percursos e suas particularidades, percorremos a trajetória de seu surgimento e focalizamos algumas de suas características intrínsecas. Trouxemos a discussão de três momentos emblemáticos na história do gênero ao trabalharmos com três obras fílmicas significativas de diretores e fases diversas, apresentando alguns dos aspectos presentes na commedia all\'italiana e ressaltando questões que se mostraram pertinentes na construção de um senso crítico nas obras desse gênero / This dissertation explores the comic genre in Italian cinema known as commedia allitaliana. First, we accompanied the evolution of Italian comic cinema from its beginnings up to the phenomenon studied. In the formation of comic cinema, we alluded not only to the importance of the contribution of theatre - through the commedia dellarte - but also to the first silent comic actors in cinema from the period known as telefoni bianchi, including such figures as Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and Mario Mattoli. We also traced the influence of the phase known as pink neorealism. In this way, through an analysis of comic genres before commedia allitaliana we aimed to insert it in the entire Italian comic tradition. We also considered the important historical and social contexts of the era in which this popular comic genre arose and consolidated itself. We attempted to rescue the origins and sources of commedia all\'italiana, focusing on the different phases that composed it and its principal films. We charted its emergence, traced its development and peculiarities and stressed some of its intrinsic characteristics. We highlighted three emblematic moments in the history of the genre through an analysis of three significant films from diverse phases and directors, showing some of the main aspects present in commedia all\'italiana and emphasizing the pertinent questions for a critical approach to works in the genre

O presente trabalho é uma reflexão acerca do gênero cômico cinematográfico denominado commedia all\'italiana. Para essa pesquisa, primeiramente, acompanhamos a evolução do cinema cômico italiano desde seus primórdios até o fenômeno estudado. Na formação do cinema cômico, aludimos não só à importância da contribuição da vertente teatral - através da commedia dell\'arte - como também dos atores cômicos do primeiro cinema, do período conhecido como telefoni bianchi, de figuras como Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia e Mario Mattoli, além da fase denominada neorrealismo rosa. Desse modo, através do percurso anterior à commedia all\'italiana, procuramos estabelecer sua inserção na tradição cômica da Itália. Também foram considerados aspectos importantes do contexto históricosocial à época do surgimento e consolidação desse gênero cômico popular do cinema italiano. Procuramos resgatar as origens e fontes da commedia all\'italiana, focalizando as diferentes fases que a compuseram e as principais filmografias que a evidenciaram. Ainda nesse momento, traçamos seus percursos e suas particularidades, percorremos a trajetória de seu surgimento e focalizamos algumas de suas características intrínsecas. Trouxemos a discussão de três momentos emblemáticos na história do gênero ao trabalharmos com três obras fílmicas significativas de diretores e fases diversas, apresentando alguns dos aspectos presentes na commedia all\'italiana e ressaltando questões que se mostraram pertinentes na construção de um senso crítico nas obras desse gênero / This dissertation explores the comic genre in Italian cinema known as commedia allitaliana. First, we accompanied the evolution of Italian comic cinema from its beginnings up to the phenomenon studied. In the formation of comic cinema, we alluded not only to the importance of the contribution of theatre - through the commedia dellarte - but also to the first silent comic actors in cinema from the period known as telefoni bianchi, including such figures as Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and Mario Mattoli. We also traced the influence of the phase known as pink neorealism. In this way, through an analysis of comic genres before commedia allitaliana we aimed to insert it in the entire Italian comic tradition. We also considered the important historical and social contexts of the era in which this popular comic genre arose and consolidated itself. We attempted to rescue the origins and sources of commedia all\'italiana, focusing on the different phases that composed it and its principal films. We charted its emergence, traced its development and peculiarities and stressed some of its intrinsic characteristics. We highlighted three emblematic moments in the history of the genre through an analysis of three significant films from diverse phases and directors, showing some of the main aspects present in commedia all\'italiana and emphasizing the pertinent questions for a critical approach to works in the genre

Le « théâtre sur le théâtre », procédé par lequel le théâtre se prend explicitement pour objet, connaît en France, entre 1680 et 1762, une vogue inégalée : à l’exception de l’Opéra, il concerne plus du quart du répertoire comique créé sur les scènes publiques de Paris. Cette étude s’appuie sur plus de quatre cents pièces et se concentre sur une sélection de cent vingt-sept d’entre elles, jouées à la Comédie-Française : principalement des prologues dramatiques et des comédies en un acte, des « comédies de comédiens », des « comédies de spectateurs », des pièces allégoriques et des pièces d’actualité. Le théâtre autoréflexif, où s’exerce en action une conscience critique aux yeux du public, permet de retracer l’histoire d’un art, tel qu’il se donne à voir. Sur un plan pratique, il se fait le miroir des realia de la vie théâtrale en dévoilant les dynamismes de la conception d’un ! spectacle et de sa performance. Il aborde des enjeux qui touchent encore à la dramaturgie [conditions de représentation], à la poétique [apparition des genres nouveaux], à l’esthétique [fabrique de l’illusion] et à la vie institutionnelle des théâtres [querelles dramatiques]. Il interroge l’ancrage et la fonction du théâtre dans le monde en offrant un reflet prismatique de la société. L’étude présentée trace les contours de ce phénomène et de ses évolutions. Elle propose de repérer, en contexte, les enjeux idéologiques de ce répertoire, les effets qu’il provoque sur le spectateur, ainsi que les stratégies qu’il met en œuvre dans le fonctionnement du champ littéraire. / « Metatheatrical theatre » – theatre looking at itself and taking itself as its own object—flourished between 1680 and 1762, reaching unequalled proportions. More than a quarter of all the comic plays created in the Parisian public theatres of the time, apart from the Opera, consisted in metatheatre. Dealing with more than four hundred plays, this study focuses on a selection of one hundred and twenty-seven plays staged at the Comédie-Française—including mainly dramatic prologues, one-act comedies, comedians’ comedies, spectators’ comedies, allegorical plays and topical plays. Self-reflexive theatre allows us to retrace the history of an art which performed its critical consciousness before the spectator’s eyes. From a practical point of view, this repertoire mirrored the realia of theatrical life, by exhibiting the dynamics at work in the staging and acting of a play. From an aesthetic point of view, it raised central issues! related to the art of performance [the staging conditions], the institutional life of theatres [dramatic quarrels], poetics [the emergence of new genres] and aesthetics [the construction of theatrical illusion]. On an ideological level, they offered a prismatic reflection of society, thus developing a concrete questioning on the social inscription and function of theatre. The present study aims at mapping the modalities and evolution of this phenomenon. It seeks to bring out the ideological stakes of this repertoire, the effects it produced on the audience, as well as the strategies of its positioning in the literary field.