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La présente étude aborde le documentaire italien sous l'ère berlusconienne tout en réfléchissant sur ses interactions avec les transformations historiques et culturelles de l'Italie. Cette production documentaire témoigne de l’urgence de dénoncer les mécanismes du pouvoir et de rechercher la vérité à une époque où réaliser du cinéma politique paraît difficile. Nous sommes partis de l’hypothèse qu’un documentaire de contestation a bien existé et l’étude du contexte social dans lequel un film a été réalisé permet de constituer un cadre de référence qui manifeste quelle production de sens les auteurs ont voulu contester. Le documentaire s’est concentré sur la réalité, en se posant par rapport à l’histoire et à la mémoire. Il a servi d’archive des luttes. Les images de ces films sont des témoignages d’une histoire douloureuse, mais elles montrent également qu’une partie du peuple résiste. Ces documentaires semblent avoir pour objectif d’être la mémoire de cette Italie-là. / The present study debates the Italian documentary in Berlusconi’s era reflecting on its interactions with historical and cultural transformations in Italy. This documentary production reveals the urge to expose power mechanisms and seek truth in a moment when making political cinema looked difficult. We started from the theory that a political protest documentary certainly existed, and the study of the social context in which a certain movie was realized allows us to establish the frame in which the authors operated their criticism. The documentary focused on reality, correlating with history and memory. It served as an archive for struggles. These movies witness painful stories, but also show the resisting fraction of a people. This kind of documentary aspires to being the historical memory of that Italy.

In the 1970s, the concept of security was still strongly connected to territoriality and to a locally-based perception of emergency. The national-international nexus, shaped by the bipolarity of the Cold War, inevitably affected the perception of security in terms of what was recognized as existing inside and outside of the national sovereignty sphere. Over this decade, the definition of political opponents, state borders, territory and national sovereignty in Europe underwent a new attribution of meaning. Political armed violence made its first appearance, for example, as Europe had known only street riots and sporadic social conflicts until then. The international dimension taken on by armed political violence by the end of the 1960s challenged governments and security apparatuses to rethink their theoretical and logistical approaches to terrorist emergency on foreign soil.