Os Sei solo â Violino senza Baßo accompagnato de Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1001-1006) têm sido transcritos para violão em movimentos isolados desde o final do século XIX e a transcrição (1934) da grandiosa Ciaccona pelo espanhol Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) tornou-se uma peça central no repertório para violão, sobretudo porque que a escrita para violino sofreu um redimensionamento na adaptação do violonista. Por outro lado, as abordagens do ciclo completo no violão têm se aproximado cada vez mais da escrita original para violino. Kazuhito Yamashita (1989), autor da primeira gravação do ciclo completo no violão, se mostra ainda influenciado pela prática segoviana de transcrição, mas Frank Bungarten (1988 - Sonatas/2000 - Partitas) chega a rechaçar a transcrição BWV 1006a, em que o próprio compositor adiciona baixos e preenchimentos harmônicos; Elliot Fisk (2001) segue o exemplo de Bungarten, realizando linhas de baixo apenas ocasionalmente e Timo Korhonen (2009- 2010) leva esse tipo de abordagem ao ápice, não fazendo adição alguma. Contrariando a tendência atual, a única referência coeva que temos de J. S. Bach tocando seus solos de violino é ao clavicórdio, adicionando quanta harmonia ele julgasse necessário, segundo seu aluno Johann Friedrich Agricola. Transcrições dele e de seus contemporâneos nos mostram que a prática de transcrição sempre envolvia a modificação da escrita original para violino tendendo uma maior elaboração polifônica da obra segundo os recursos da nova instrumentação (normalmente teclado ou alaúde). Ao se transcrever os Sei solo para o violão, a prática da época revela que uma pretensa fidelidade ao texto original é tão equivocada do ponto de vista estilístico quanto seria a versão de Segovia se essa fosse julgada fora dos padrões de sua época. Por outro lado, há gravações parciais dos Sei solo ao violão que seguem em maior ou menor grau as práticas de transcrição e de execução barrocas, além de várias gravações do ciclo completo por alaudistas e cravistas que não hesitam em transfigurar a textura original da escrita para violino, para a adequação da escrita aos seus instrumentos. O presente estudo visa estabelecer os fundamentos de uma prática de transcrição para violão dos Sei solo com base nas técnicas de transcrição e de execução do período da composição sem a pretensão de autenticidade ou fidelidade, mas como fonte de recursos de instrumentação (pela reelaboração da textura polifônica com adições de linhas de baixo e preenchimentos harmônicos) e de expressão (pela adaptação de recursos estilísticos essenciais como as articulações e os ornamentos). Em segunda instância, o estudo apresenta uma nova transcrição para violão dos Sei solo como exemplo de aplicação dos fundamentos de adaptação dessas obras. / The Sei solo â Violino senza Baßo accompagnato by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1001-1006) have been arranged for guitar as isolated movements since the end of the 19th century and the transcription (1934) of the great Ciaccona made by the Spaniard Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) became a central work on the repertory, mainly for he remodeled the violin writing when adapting it for guitar. In the other hand, more recent approaches of the cycle have been became progressively simpler and closer to the original writing for violin. The first recording of the cycle on guitar, made by Kazuhito Yamashita (1989), still shows influences of Segovia, but Frank Bungarten (1988 - Sonatas/2000 - Partitas) rejects even Bach\'s own transcription of the 3rd Partia, BWV 1006a, where the composer adds bass lines and harmonies; Elliot Fisk (2001) follows Bungarten\'s example, with few bass additions; Timo Korhonen (2009-2010) goes further and does not add any notes, relying just on the violin score. In opposition to today\'s tendency on guitar, the only reference we to Bach himself playing the violin Solos is on the clavichord, adding as much harmony as he considered necessary, as reports his student Johann Friedrich Agricola. Bach\'s and his contemporaries\' arrangements clearly show us that the change of the medium in a composition (usually violin or cello) always involved the modification of the original writing, generally having more polyphonic elaboration after the resources of the new instrument (normally keyboard or lute). The period\'s practice reveals that an intentioned fidelity to the original musical text in a guitar arrangement is as misplaced as it would be the Segovia\'s version when judged by today\'s standards. In the other hand, there are partial recordings of the Sei solo on the guitar that seek to follow the baroque\'s arrangement and performance practices. There are also several recordings of the whole cycle made by lute and harpsichord players that do not hesitated about changing the original writing for violin in order to adequate the works for their instruments. The present study aims to establish the adaptation principles of the Sei solo for guitar based on period\'s arrangement and performance practices with no pretention of reaching neither authenticity nor fidelity, but simply as instrumentation resources (when rewriting of polyphonic texture with additions of bass lines and harmonies) and expression resources (when adapting stylistic essentials like articulations and ornaments). The secondary purpose of this research is to exemplify an application of the adaptation principles by presenting a new arrangement of the Sei solo for guitar.

Os Sei solo â Violino senza Baßo accompagnato de Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1001-1006) têm sido transcritos para violão em movimentos isolados desde o final do século XIX e a transcrição (1934) da grandiosa Ciaccona pelo espanhol Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) tornou-se uma peça central no repertório para violão, sobretudo porque que a escrita para violino sofreu um redimensionamento na adaptação do violonista. Por outro lado, as abordagens do ciclo completo no violão têm se aproximado cada vez mais da escrita original para violino. Kazuhito Yamashita (1989), autor da primeira gravação do ciclo completo no violão, se mostra ainda influenciado pela prática segoviana de transcrição, mas Frank Bungarten (1988 - Sonatas/2000 - Partitas) chega a rechaçar a transcrição BWV 1006a, em que o próprio compositor adiciona baixos e preenchimentos harmônicos; Elliot Fisk (2001) segue o exemplo de Bungarten, realizando linhas de baixo apenas ocasionalmente e Timo Korhonen (2009- 2010) leva esse tipo de abordagem ao ápice, não fazendo adição alguma. Contrariando a tendência atual, a única referência coeva que temos de J. S. Bach tocando seus solos de violino é ao clavicórdio, adicionando quanta harmonia ele julgasse necessário, segundo seu aluno Johann Friedrich Agricola. Transcrições dele e de seus contemporâneos nos mostram que a prática de transcrição sempre envolvia a modificação da escrita original para violino tendendo uma maior elaboração polifônica da obra segundo os recursos da nova instrumentação (normalmente teclado ou alaúde). Ao se transcrever os Sei solo para o violão, a prática da época revela que uma pretensa fidelidade ao texto original é tão equivocada do ponto de vista estilístico quanto seria a versão de Segovia se essa fosse julgada fora dos padrões de sua época. Por outro lado, há gravações parciais dos Sei solo ao violão que seguem em maior ou menor grau as práticas de transcrição e de execução barrocas, além de várias gravações do ciclo completo por alaudistas e cravistas que não hesitam em transfigurar a textura original da escrita para violino, para a adequação da escrita aos seus instrumentos. O presente estudo visa estabelecer os fundamentos de uma prática de transcrição para violão dos Sei solo com base nas técnicas de transcrição e de execução do período da composição sem a pretensão de autenticidade ou fidelidade, mas como fonte de recursos de instrumentação (pela reelaboração da textura polifônica com adições de linhas de baixo e preenchimentos harmônicos) e de expressão (pela adaptação de recursos estilísticos essenciais como as articulações e os ornamentos). Em segunda instância, o estudo apresenta uma nova transcrição para violão dos Sei solo como exemplo de aplicação dos fundamentos de adaptação dessas obras. / The Sei solo â Violino senza Baßo accompagnato by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1001-1006) have been arranged for guitar as isolated movements since the end of the 19th century and the transcription (1934) of the great Ciaccona made by the Spaniard Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) became a central work on the repertory, mainly for he remodeled the violin writing when adapting it for guitar. In the other hand, more recent approaches of the cycle have been became progressively simpler and closer to the original writing for violin. The first recording of the cycle on guitar, made by Kazuhito Yamashita (1989), still shows influences of Segovia, but Frank Bungarten (1988 - Sonatas/2000 - Partitas) rejects even Bach\'s own transcription of the 3rd Partia, BWV 1006a, where the composer adds bass lines and harmonies; Elliot Fisk (2001) follows Bungarten\'s example, with few bass additions; Timo Korhonen (2009-2010) goes further and does not add any notes, relying just on the violin score. In opposition to today\'s tendency on guitar, the only reference we to Bach himself playing the violin Solos is on the clavichord, adding as much harmony as he considered necessary, as reports his student Johann Friedrich Agricola. Bach\'s and his contemporaries\' arrangements clearly show us that the change of the medium in a composition (usually violin or cello) always involved the modification of the original writing, generally having more polyphonic elaboration after the resources of the new instrument (normally keyboard or lute). The period\'s practice reveals that an intentioned fidelity to the original musical text in a guitar arrangement is as misplaced as it would be the Segovia\'s version when judged by today\'s standards. In the other hand, there are partial recordings of the Sei solo on the guitar that seek to follow the baroque\'s arrangement and performance practices. There are also several recordings of the whole cycle made by lute and harpsichord players that do not hesitated about changing the original writing for violin in order to adequate the works for their instruments. The present study aims to establish the adaptation principles of the Sei solo for guitar based on period\'s arrangement and performance practices with no pretention of reaching neither authenticity nor fidelity, but simply as instrumentation resources (when rewriting of polyphonic texture with additions of bass lines and harmonies) and expression resources (when adapting stylistic essentials like articulations and ornaments). The secondary purpose of this research is to exemplify an application of the adaptation principles by presenting a new arrangement of the Sei solo for guitar.

This document examines the performance practices of the chorales in Johann Sebastian Bach's (1685-1750) Passio secundum Johannem, BWV 245. While many modern-day scholars and performers believe that the congregation sang the Passion chorales and therefore perform them in an accordingly straightforward and homogenous manner, my involvement with this work has led me to consider other possibilities of performance. I am convinced by the evidence in the Ordnungen und Gesetze der Schola Thomana (Regulations and Legislations of the Thomas School), the evidence presented by three renowned Bach scholars, and the evidence of Bach’s music, that the congregation would not have sung the chorales of the Passion. Having scrutinized the musical language and text that Bach deliberately and thoughtfully laid out, I see the possibility for a more dramatic and contextualized approach to these chorales, something the congregation would not and could not have achieved. Because there is almost no published scholarship regarding the performance practice of Passion chorales, there is a need for a study of this nature. My goal is to provide conductors and performers with a historically-informed option to present Bach's chorales in a manner that reflects the drama of the Passion story. I will demonstrate that conductors should consider factors such as harmonic language, textual interpretation, and placement within the broader Passion narrative when making interpretive performance decisions for each of the twelve chorales.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), one of the best known German composers. He has a strong influence on the development of Western Music. Bach's three Viola da Gamba Sonatas (BWV 1027-1029) were composed during his Koethen period. These works were inspired by Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi, and have influenced the Classical Sonatas. The purpose of this thesis is to give a thorough presentation on Bach's three Viola da Gamba Sonatas. This essay consists of three chapters. The first chapter includes the introduction to Bach¡¦s life, the background of the three sonatas, and the development of the viola da gamba. The second chapter is the elimentary analysis of these works. The final chapter offers a comprehensive comparison to the different versions of the three Viola da Gamba Sonatas. The purpose of the thesis is to understand Bach¡¦s three viola da gamba sonatas deeply through the above aspects.

The suite is made up of many successive movements. It originates from pair dances, developing and evolving during different periods. Standard classic suites consist mainly of traditional dances such as the allemande, courante, sarabande and gigue. This paper closely examines three suites¡GPartita in B-flat major No.1 Bwv 825 by J. S. Bach, Suite Bergamasque by Debussy and Suite op.25 by Schönberg. At first, focus is on the definition, origin, development and changes of the genre, and then the features of dances in each of the three suites will be fully discussed, especially in the ones by J. S. Bach and Schönberg. J. S. Bach was one of the greatest composers of suites in the Baroque period. In his works, traditional dances are highly stylized, full of characteristics, as observed in his Partita in B-flat major No.1 Bwv 825. However, the form gradually declined after the Baroque period; until the Romantic period, when the character pieces rise, usually forming a group, which correspond to the nature of the suites. In the Twentieth century, influenced by Neoclassicism, Schönberg composed Suite op.25, which adopts the form of the suite, imitating the style of the traditional dances, while utilizing his twelve-tone technique for the very first time¡I To sum up, drastic changes can not be detected in the styles of dances from different periods. It is the distinctive characteristics of different composers that bring about the diversities.

The objects of this study are the thirty-four gigues of J. S. Bach. This corpus of pieces represents one musician's encounter with the most engrossing dance genre of his time, and by coming to terms with this repertory I develop analytical perspectives with wide relevance to music of Europe in the early eighteenth century. The dissertation has a clear analytical focus but it also speaks to methodological issues of the relationship between theory and analysis, and the problem of reading a creative practice out of fixed works. Its main theoretical commitment is to middle-out perspectives on musical process. The dissertation's main themes are form, hypermeter, and schema. Its primary contribution to music theory lies in setting out an original position on the analysis of hypermeter, and advancing approaches to form and schema that are consistent with that position. "Form" and "schema" refer to compositional formulas that associate with hypermeter on the larger and smaller scales respectively, with observational windows as wide as the first half of a binary movement and as narrow as a couple of bars. Chapter 2 addresses the form of Bach's cello gigues. I arrive at a complete model of formal functions and phrase rhythm by first considering the turning points in the rhetoric of Fortspinnung. Chapter 4 addresses the chain of fifths sequence in Bach's harpsichord gigues. I analyze over fifty sequence passages, develop a typology of their contrapuntal frameworks, and consider the connections from sequence passages to subsequent events. These substantive analytical case studies flank the discussion of hypermeter. Chapter 3 includes analyses of Bach's orchestral gigue and two chamber-sonata gigues but is the most purely theoretical chapter. Its arguments are relevant to the study of meter and hypermeter across the whole "common practice" period. Since Chapters 2-4 address subsets of the corpus, a comprehensive overview is entrusted to Chapter 1, which also introduces the dissertation. Chapter 1's overview anchors the more specialized chapters in a wider reflection on the ability of compositional technique to inflect different styles, idioms, genres, and affects. / Music

The keyboard toccatas of J. S. Bach, BWV 910-916, present a formidable challenge of interpretation to the modern-day performer. These works contain some of the most unusual compositional techniques to be found in Bach’s output due to their use of an improvisatory, virtuosic style inherited from the seventeenth century. While pianists of today are trained to perform with perfect fidelity to the score, the treatises from the time of Bach point to a rhythmically free approach to the improvisatory features of these toccatas. The goal of this treatise is to explore how the historical tradition from which Bach’s toccatas emerged influenced their stylistic characteristics with the purpose of applying this information to create an informed performance by today’s interpreters. In this effort, this treatise focuses on several broad categories in the process of understanding the inspiration and, therefore, the interpretation of these works. These categories include the genesis of the toccata as a genre, the compositional techniques associated with the toccata, Bach's personal contribution to the genre, and the interpretation of Bach's toccatas specifically. / text

Der Beitrag zeichnet die inhaltlichtechnische Entwicklung der Komponistendatenbank Bach digital nach und erläutert ihre Zielsetzungen. Damit einhergehend werden einerseits die Herausforderungen und Probleme digitaler Langezeitprojekte benannt. Andererseits wird dargestellt, wie durch die Entwicklung eines komplexen digitalen Recherche-Instruments die Organisation und Präsentation von Forschungsergebnissen transformiert werden und welche Veränderungen sich dadurch für das musikwissenschaftliche Arbeiten und die Forschungskommunikation ergeben. / The article outlines the content-technical development of the composer-database Bach digital and explains the project goals. Consequently, on the one hand, the challenges and problems of digital long-term projects are identified. On the other hand, it is shown how the organization and presentation of research results are transformed by the development of a complex digital research instrument and which changes result from it for the musicological work and the research communication.

This thesis examines organ reform in England between 1901 and 1965, an arena of practical music-making and intellectual and ideological debates in which a number of related practices surrounding the English organ – notably its scholarship, aesthetics of design, liturgical functions, native and foreign repertoires, including J. S. Bach’s organ music – played a central role in transforming the sound, design, and appearance of the instrument. Whilst influential musicians asserted that the English organ of the first half of the twentieth century was a great work of art, and survived in what could be termed ‘splendid isolation’ from Continental models, others contended that it lacked a logical relationship with more than a home-grown repertory. However, supporters of the English organ claimed that technological and tonal improvements made it the most perfect medium for Bach performance. It was a renewed interest in historical organs and repertory that exposed the limitations of cultural centrism, pointing to the English organ’s weakness as a point of departure for understanding its European repertory. This insistence paved the way for an enthusiastic reception of other organs, which, through their construction and new tonal qualities, won the favour of musicians who had found the English organ too limited and focused on a particular culture. The thesis allows historical actors to populate the discourse, revealing the diverse practices out of which a quest for reform emerged. As such the organ provides a fascinating and preliminary rehearsal case for what in the 1970s and 80s would be termed the early music revival.

Syftet med detta arbete var att utvecklas som Bach-interpret på piano genom att först studera verken på cembalo. Förutom på interpretationsfrågor hade jag i min undersökning även fokus på fingerteknik samt uttrycksmässiga utmaningar i Bachs Das Wohltemperierte Klavier  (1722) preludium b-moll ur bok I. Metoderna som användes var dels en studie av källor som litteratur, notutgåvor och andra musikers inspelningar samt analys av dessa, dels egen musikalisk praktik på cembalo och piano som jag spelade in. Analyserna av samtliga inspelningar skedde i efterhand.   Resultatet visar att spelandet på cembalo har gett mig ett ökat självförtroende i min tolkning av Bach på piano och ökad musikalisk insikt i den tidiga musiken. Jag har fått mycket bättre fingerlegato och jämnare klang. Dessutom har jag kunnat börja och sluta med en svagare dynamik och samtidigt ha jämna och fina toner. Förutom det musikaliska resultatet fick jag även ett kunskapsresultat, eftersom jag läste mycket om stycket och analyserade andras inspelningar och detta har gett mig en bredare syn på den musikaliska stil jag var ute efter.   Slutsatserna är att ju mer jag spelar på cembalo desto mer jämnare och stabilare klang får jag i mitt pianospel. Jag får ett bättre fingerlegato. Användning av pedalen är inte längre nödvändig i detta stycke. Dock försvinner lite sångbarhet i pianospelandet