<p>Den traditionella förväntade nyttoteorin har kritiserats för att inte vara realistisk i sina förutsägelser om hur beslut tas vid risk. Eftersom de flesta situationer innefattar någon form av risk är det viktigt att utreda ifall man bör söka efter en alternativ teori. I denna uppsats undersöks hur väl nyttoteorin och en konkurrent till denna, prospektteorin, kan förklara riskbeteendet hos Black Jack-spelare. Detta görs genom en studie av fem individers spelbeteende på en krog i centrala Jönköping. Materialet analyseras både grafiskt och statistiskt genom att undersöka om individernas beteende förändras beroende på utfallet dels i de fem senaste händerna och dels under hela spelomgången. Resultaten tyder på att individer tar bättre beslut om de har en ackumulerad vinst och sämre beslut om de har en ackumulerad förlust under den tidigare spelomgången, vilket är förenligt med prospektteorin. Samtidigt upptäcks en uttröttningseffekt som leder till sämre beslut tagna ju längre man har spelat, som ingen av teorierna förutsäger. En spelare som har en vinst kan kompensera för denna effekt, men en spelare med förlust kommer att ta sämre beslut både på grund av förlusten och på grund av uttröttning i något som kan kallas för en förlustspiral.</p>

White spruce (<i>Picea glauca</i> (Moench) Voss), black spruce (<i>P. mariana</i> (Mill.) BSP), and jack pine (<i>Pinus banksiana</i> Lamb.) are dominant conifer trees within the boreal forest. Rising CO2 concentrations may create hotter and drier conditions in the Southern Boreal Forest of Canada, and have negative impacts on germination and regeneration of conifers. Conifers vary in their germination requirements and may have different responses to climate change. Experiments were conducted to access the germination potential, variability among collections, and to predict the ability of these conifers to germinate under future climatic conditions. Twelve collections of white spruce and black spruce and ten collections of jack pine seeds were collected from the Boreal Plain Ecozone of Saskatchewan. Seeds of all collections varied in their dormancy characteristics and dormancy breaking requirements because no single stratification or light treatment stimulated germination in all three species. Seed dormancy was greatest in white spruce and least in black spruce. Germination tests at 5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C were used to develop thermal time models. Each species had unique temperatures for optimal germination ranging from 20°C in white spruce, 20-25°C in black spruce, and 25-30°C in jack pine. The speed of germination under similar temperature regimes was fastest for jack pine, intermediate for black spruce, and slowest for white spruce. The base temperature for white spruce decreased (r=0.63, P=0.03) with increasing June precipitation while that of jack pine tended to increase with latitude (r=0.60, P=0.07) and April precipitation (r=0.58, P=0.08). No environmental variables correlated with germination of black spruce. The Canadian Global Climate Model, version 2, with emission scenarios predicted future temperature and precipitation at the sites where seeds were collected. Using the base temperature for germination as a guideline, temperatures suitable for germination in the spring are predicted to advance by a few weeks to a month and a half earlier with increased concentrations of CO2. Moisture availability may, however, control seed germination at these sites. Overall, jack pine and black spruce might better adapt to increasing temperature because of their high germination temperatures (>30°C). Variation in most germination parameters existed among collections, suggesting this variability can be used to select seed sources for reforestation or assisted migration in a changing climate.

White spruce (<i>Picea glauca</i> (Moench) Voss), black spruce (<i>P. mariana</i> (Mill.) BSP), and jack pine (<i>Pinus banksiana</i> Lamb.) are dominant conifer trees within the boreal forest. Rising CO2 concentrations may create hotter and drier conditions in the Southern Boreal Forest of Canada, and have negative impacts on germination and regeneration of conifers. Conifers vary in their germination requirements and may have different responses to climate change. Experiments were conducted to access the germination potential, variability among collections, and to predict the ability of these conifers to germinate under future climatic conditions. Twelve collections of white spruce and black spruce and ten collections of jack pine seeds were collected from the Boreal Plain Ecozone of Saskatchewan. Seeds of all collections varied in their dormancy characteristics and dormancy breaking requirements because no single stratification or light treatment stimulated germination in all three species. Seed dormancy was greatest in white spruce and least in black spruce. Germination tests at 5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C were used to develop thermal time models. Each species had unique temperatures for optimal germination ranging from 20°C in white spruce, 20-25°C in black spruce, and 25-30°C in jack pine. The speed of germination under similar temperature regimes was fastest for jack pine, intermediate for black spruce, and slowest for white spruce. The base temperature for white spruce decreased (r=0.63, P=0.03) with increasing June precipitation while that of jack pine tended to increase with latitude (r=0.60, P=0.07) and April precipitation (r=0.58, P=0.08). No environmental variables correlated with germination of black spruce. The Canadian Global Climate Model, version 2, with emission scenarios predicted future temperature and precipitation at the sites where seeds were collected. Using the base temperature for germination as a guideline, temperatures suitable for germination in the spring are predicted to advance by a few weeks to a month and a half earlier with increased concentrations of CO2. Moisture availability may, however, control seed germination at these sites. Overall, jack pine and black spruce might better adapt to increasing temperature because of their high germination temperatures (>30°C). Variation in most germination parameters existed among collections, suggesting this variability can be used to select seed sources for reforestation or assisted migration in a changing climate.

<p>In his Dispatches, Michael Herr quotes the gonzo photojournalist Tim Page: "Take the glamour out of war! I mean, how the bloody hell can you do that?[...] Ohhhh, war is good for you, you can't take the glamour out of that. It's like trying to take the glamour out of sex, trying to take the glamour out of the Rolling Stones." This dissertation is in essence an exploration of Page's question, examining how popular media during the American conflict in Indochina first removed and then restored the glamour of war. For most of its history, the United States has been defined by a certain level of militarism, a glamorizing of the process of regeneration through violence reflected in this quotation, but the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a challenging of this warrior ethos; this challenge was reversed by the 1980s, when American militarism was taken to a new, paramilitary, level. In this project, I propose that this oscillation in the association of masculinity and violence was directly linked to popular media's depiction of the Vietnam war and of the soldiers who fought it. American society is haunted by Vietnam, not just because it was the first war the US lost (as the cliché would have it), but because of the ways in which popular culture presented the war to Americans: in particular, because of the ways the American public received this war through the emerging technologies of their television screens. The rapid response of television news to the conflict created an image of mundane warfare not through any intention on the part of broadcasters but because of the nature of the medium itself; over the next twenty years this image was both mystified and moderated by the more delayed media of film and literature and eventually molded into the now-familiar Vietvet killing machine.</p><p>In five chapters, I chronicle the evolution of the iconic Vietvet through the twenty years following the war. Following the methods of Raymond Williams and the Birmingham School, I trace the history and development of images from Vietnam as well as the interaction of those images with popular narratives of war, violence, masculinity and heroism in America. I start with Susan Jeffords' work in The Remasculization of America, taking her emphasis on the cultural narratives that fostered the restoration of patriarchal ideologies; I then move through Marita Sturken's discussion of the creation of cultural memory from historical artifacts in Tangled Memories. To these foundational texts, I bring an emphasis on form and technology to shift the focus from the narratives to the mechanisms of transmission themselves. In my first chapter, I show how the relatively new medium of television, and the depiction on the nightly news of Vietnam as both mundane and corrupt, called into question the image of the heroic soldier, finally replacing that image with the demon of the uncontrollable violent vet, driven insane by an unjust war. My next two chapters look at how this image was rehabilitated through its recharacterization in the less immediate channels of novels and film, a recharacterization driven by national debates over the diagnosis of PTSD and the design of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. And in my final two chapters, I show how the image of the overly-muscled Supervet killing machine from pulps and blockbusters replaced the broken, victimized effigy.</p><p>I focus on the evolving history of veterans of the Vietnam War in particular because the strong interdependence of the history of that war and popular culture functions as a spotlight on the nature of the relation between media, history and cultural memory. Television coverage of the Vietnam War to a large extent worked not only to expose the inherent immorality of that particular conflict, but also of war more generally and of the image of the soldier hero. But in the two decades between the end of the Vietnam War and the first Gulf War, the standard history of the war had resolidified into one glorifying combat and violence. By looking at this changing social understanding of Vietnam, I hope to reveal the greater mechanisms by which the newly emerging media technologies of the 1960s through the 1980s drastically changed the nature of representation of warfare, violence, and masculinity: first routinizing, then rejecting, and finally enthroning the image of the explosively violent soldier yoked to the state.</p> / Dissertation

As an enterprise start to grow up, it comes along with the bottleneck and limitation of growth. In the meantime, this enterprise will activate a series of activities of organizational development for creating a better performance. In the past studies, researchers focused most of time on the relationship among organizational structures, those activities and organizational performance. They tried to find out how the organizational change created the marvelous performance, but just missed an important factor that made this happen is the believes of the leader. We believe that leader¡¦s believies will influence the organizational structure and then decide the performance of this organization. Our research focused on how believes affect the organization, and took GE company for example. We tried to explore the changes of organizational structure and organizational performance. Furthermore, to find out the key soft variables that is behind the back of organization¡¦s excellent performance. Our research adopted System Dynamics as the research method. We collected the information about the GE company, analyzed them and constructed the GE¡¦s system dynamics model. According to this model, we do the sumilation, test and analysis. Finally, we proposed our research conclusion.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1940. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-88).

This dissertation examines Jack London’s The Call of the Wild (1903) from a business organization perspective. The novel has long been read as a Naturalistic work with primitiveness and virility at its core. However, this study focuses on London’s presentation of the environment of dog-sledding in the Klondike, into which the dog Buck, his main character, is thrown, as not only primitive but also distinguished by complex organizational characteristics. The novel traces Buck's experiences with several groups of masters, each exhibiting a different leadership style. Buck begins as a mere “hand” in his organization, but he fights for leadership and eventually proves his excellence by rising to the leader position among the team. Although Jack London was never an organization man, his experience as a literary businessman and his previous experience as a manual laborer helped him capture the zeitgeist of a time when Americans experienced the peak of industrialization and, as a result, the ever increasing influence of business and business organizations in American society. London is one of the originators of a genre that might be referred to as business fiction. Two theories of Organizational Behavior, which is a field in the academic discipline of Management, were used for this study: David C. McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory and Robert J. House’s Path-Goal Leader Effectiveness Theory. Using McClelland’s theory, this study found that Buck has a high need for Achievement, and his high achievement motivation is contrasted with that of the other characters—both human and canine. Buck’s character in the novel is close to that of an entrepreneur as defined by McClelland, and thus the novel can be read as a story of a businessman who rises to become CEO owing to exceptional abilities as a business leader. In addition, this study applies House’s theory in evaluating the impact of the various leadership styles of human masters on the behavior and performance of subordinate members of their dog teams. The results of this case study of The Call of the Wild suggest the possibility of applying Organizational Behavior theories to interpreting other late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fictions. / text

This report argues that through his lived experiences of growing up in his hometown of Lowell, MA, and the joys and traumas he accrued from early childhood and into early adulthood, Jack Kerouac began to rewrite, reimagine, and reconstruction Lowell in several different works and iterations to attempt to address and exorcise the ghosts of his past. For my argument, I study several of Kerouac’s works: Visions of Gerard (1963), Doctor Sax: Faust Part Three (1959), Visions of Cody (1972), and Book of Dreams (1960). Pulling from the fields of Beat studies, literary criticism, childhood studies, psychology, geocriticism, and American cultural history, I attempt to highlight the translation and transformation of Lowell in Kerouac’s texts into a psycho-literary space. / text

Den traditionella förväntade nyttoteorin har kritiserats för att inte vara realistisk i sina förutsägelser om hur beslut tas vid risk. Eftersom de flesta situationer innefattar någon form av risk är det viktigt att utreda ifall man bör söka efter en alternativ teori. I denna uppsats undersöks hur väl nyttoteorin och en konkurrent till denna, prospektteorin, kan förklara riskbeteendet hos Black Jack-spelare. Detta görs genom en studie av fem individers spelbeteende på en krog i centrala Jönköping. Materialet analyseras både grafiskt och statistiskt genom att undersöka om individernas beteende förändras beroende på utfallet dels i de fem senaste händerna och dels under hela spelomgången. Resultaten tyder på att individer tar bättre beslut om de har en ackumulerad vinst och sämre beslut om de har en ackumulerad förlust under den tidigare spelomgången, vilket är förenligt med prospektteorin. Samtidigt upptäcks en uttröttningseffekt som leder till sämre beslut tagna ju längre man har spelat, som ingen av teorierna förutsäger. En spelare som har en vinst kan kompensera för denna effekt, men en spelare med förlust kommer att ta sämre beslut både på grund av förlusten och på grund av uttröttning i något som kan kallas för en förlustspiral.

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