This thesis investigates how the British press responded to the extermination of European Jewry in 1944 and 1945, well after the West first received reliable reports about the mass killings of Jews in the middle of 1942. Most historians have argued that the press was reluctant to publicise the mass murder of Europe’s Jews in 1942, and they contend that this subject was also neglected in the last two years of the war. But their claims have not been substantiated by a systematic press survey. This thesis provides a systematic analysis of the British press’s response to the Holocaust in 1944 and 1945. There were three crucial developments relating to the extermination of European Jewry in 1944 and 1945. With the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944 its Jewish population of approximately 800,000 faced extermination. Between May and July of the same year almost 400,000 Hungarian Jews were deported to Poland where, at Auschwitz-Birkenau, most were exterminated. In April and May 1945 Allied forces began to uncover concentration camps in Germany into which many Jews (including many thousands from Hungary) had entered after being expelled from Polish extermination camps such as Auschwitz. As the German concentration camps were liberated, many Jews were found among the freed inmates.

When we speak of historical events, we do so with a certain amount of perceived knowledge; that is, we come to believe we know specific, individual 'truths' about the event. Since historical works are never unembellished lists of documented facts, the knowledge of how we conceive of factual events, how we document events we did not witness, is important in understanding the resulting storytelling process, not just in fictional literary constructs such as novels, short stories, poetry or film, but in the formulation of history itself. For written history must be seen, at least in part, as a constructed or representational reality and this construction generally takes place organically, that is, there are no architects of such histories. Instead, they come together as a result of public acceptance of the individual elements of the narrative. Over time, historical data and anecdotal narrative solidify into a cohesive whole made up of both hard fact and individual response to those facts, a blended whole that can be termed the master narrative of the historical event and which serves as the basis on which we construct the fictional narratives of literature and film.

Orientador: Fabio Akcelrud Durão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T07:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Curi_FabianoAndrade_M.pdf: 5800196 bytes, checksum: fa1306d7a4bd82f8efed9032794645d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este texto tem o objetivo de apresentar a obra Maus, de Art Spiegelman, como uma nova forma de transmissão dos traumas da Shoah. Com a proximidade do fim das gerações de sobreviventes, as atenções se voltam para produção daqueles que tiveram contato indireto com a tentativa de aniquilamento de judeus nos campos de extermínio nazistas. Nesse grupo encontra-se o autor da obra que analisamos com um livro no formato de quadrinhos absolutamente inovador não só entre os testemunhos, mas também entre os próprios quadrinhos. A composição de textos e desenhos feita por Spiegelman enfrenta as mesmas limitações de outras obras de testemunhos diretos ou indiretos ao tentar narrar o que não se narra, mas traz elementos bastante interessantes na representação artística da memória, como a adequação dos relatos ao espaço dos quadros, as feições antropomórficas dos personagens e toda a discussão sobre a obra dentro dela mesma. Além disso, Maus traz uma série de experiências nesse tipo de literatura ao justapor a história de sobrevivente de Auschwitz narrada pelo pai com a sua própria vida de filho de sobrevivente com as difíceis implicações dessa situação. Dessa forma, Spiegelman trabalha em diferentes níveis de narrativa, alternando e relacionado biografia e autobiografia. / Abstract: This text aims to present the Art Spiegelman's work, Maus as a new way of transmitting the traumas of the Shoah. With the generations of survivors coming to an end, the attention has turned to the production of the new generations, who have had indirect contact with the attempt of annihilation of Jews in the Nazi?s extermination camps. In this group, there is the author of the work that we look with a comic book format that is absolutely innovative, not only among the Shoah?s narratives, but also among the comics itself. The composition of texts and drawings made by Spiegelman faces the same limitations that other important testimonies direct or indirect have on trying to tell what cannot be told, but has very interesting elements in the artistic representation of the memory and the suitability of reporting the area of the drawings, the anthropomorphic features of the characters and the whole discussion on the work inside itself. Moreover, Maus has a lot of experiences in this type of literature when juxtapose the story of an Auschwitz survivor narrated by his father with his own life as the son of a survivor with the difficult implications of this situation. As a result, Spiegelman works in different levels of narrative, alternating and linking biography and autobiography. / Mestrado / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Ten Jewish second-generation men and women from metro Portland, Oregon were interviewed regarding growing up in the aftermath of the Holocaust. The American-born participants ranged in age from fifty-one to sixty-four years of age at the time of the interviews. Though the parents were deceased at the time of this study the working definition of a Holocaust survivor parent included those individuals who had been refugees or interned in a ghetto, labor camp, concentration camp, or extermination camp as a direct result of the Nazi Regime in Europe from 1933 to 1945. A descriptive phenomenological approach was utilized. Eight open-ended questions yielded ten unique perspectives. Most second-generation do not habitually inform others of their second-generation status. This is significant to conflict resolution as the effects of the Holocaust are trans-generational. The second-generation embody resilience and their combined emphasis was for all people to become as educated as possible.

Orientador: Márcio Orlando Seligmann-Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DevalNeto_Antonio_M.pdf: 2278101 bytes, checksum: 76b2216dc2c1df7e5c846af5c20f050d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho busca apresentar a obra de André Schwarz-Bart, o Último dos Justos, publicado em 1959, e as formas como a memória e a violência nela se inscrevem. Começamos por analisar quais são as formas de violência que o romance contempla, todas elas ligadas à história das comunidades judaicas da Europa e as perseguições por elas sofridas nos séculos que o romance pretende abordar. Além das perseguições, expulsões e massacres, outras formas de violência são abordadas, como as relações de trabalho. Também foram analisadas as formas como o romance constrói seus cenários e personagens e como eles se ligam à lenda dos Lamed-vav e à história dos judeus europeus desde a Idade Média até a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Os problemas da recepção do romance que se ligam ao período histórico conturbado pelo qual a França passava na década de 1950 também foram abordados, uma vez que, tanto o livro quanto seu autor estiveram no meio de acusações de plágio, falsificação histórica e desconhecimento do judaísmo ao mesmo tempo em que foi acolhido como um dos maiores romances franceses do século. Procuramos também demonstrar a atualidade do romance tendo em vista seu caráter universal que extrapola a questão judaica e da Shoah / Abstract: The present study aims to present the work of André Schwarz-Bart, Le dernier des Justes , published in 1959 , and the forms such as memory and violence appear in the novel. We start by analyzing what are the forms of violence included in the novel, all of them connected to the history of Jewish communities in Europe and the persecutions they suffered centuries. Beyond the persecutions, expulsions and massacres, other forms of violence are researched, such as labor relations. The ways in which the novel builds the sets and characters and how they relate to the legend of the Lamed-vav and the history of European Jews from the Middle Ages to World War II were also studied. The problems concerning the reception of the novel related to the troubled historical period by which France passed in the 1950s were also problematized, since, both, the book and the author were in the middle of accusations of plagiarism, falsification and historical ignorance of Judaism at the same time it was recognized as one of the greatest French novels of the century. Also sought to demonstrate the relevance of the novel given its universal character that goes beyond the Jewish and Holocaust issue / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Une interrogation sur la nature et les pouvoirs de l’art traverse les journaux intimes de Mircea Eliade, Eugène Ionesco, Mihail Sebastian et Nicolae Steinhardt. Cette interrogation remonte aux débats littéraires de la Grande Roumanie, contexte historique d’où émergent ces écrivains. A cette période est aussi liée leur pratique du journal intime, genre qui caractérise la ‘jeune génération’, groupement de jeunes acteurs culturels lancé par Eliade. Les réceptions (selon le terme de H. R. Jauss) des œuvres d’art que ces quatre auteurs consignent dans leurs journaux intimes permettent d’illustrer trois pouvoirs de l’art mis en relief par leur jeunesse roumaine et leur cheminement après la guerre. L’art a un pouvoir formateur : il les enseigne en leur ouvrant des mondes présentés par les œuvres. Il a aussi un pouvoir nationaliste car, dans le nouvel état-nation roumain, dans le contexte d’une « littérature mineure », l’art tendait à être politisé et l’état roumain pratiqua une politique nationaliste qui n’épargna pas le domaine des arts. Enfin, l’art a un pouvoir thérapeutique car il permet d’aborder des expériences douloureuses telles que celle de la crise nationaliste roumaine, par des voies indirectes et plus attrayantes. Les quatre journaux intimes, établis à partir de textes publiés en Roumanie et en France, font découvrir quatre cheminements qui se croisent et s’éclairent mutuellement, notamment sur leurs relectures difficiles du passé roumain. Le parcours de Ionesco ressort particulièrement comme celui d’une thérapie par l’art et d’un ‘travail de mémoire’, selon le terme de Ricœur, sur son passé personnel et sur le XXe siècle européen. / Reflections about the nature and powers of art pervade the diaries of Mircea Eliade, Eugène Ionesco, Mihail Sebastian, and Nicolae Steinhardt. These reflections stem from the literary debates in fashion in Greater Romania in which all four authors took part. Their practice of diary keeping also goes back to this period. It especially characterized a group of young intellectuals launched by Eliade called the ‘Young Generation.’ The diary genre lends itself well to a type of study H. R. Jauss has called ‘reception.’ The receptions of art in the four diaries illustrate three powers of art. Art has a formative power: it teaches by opening the receiver to the world proposed by the work of art. Art also has a nationalistic power: as an instrument of national-identity building for the new Romanian nation-state, art did not escape the danger of politicization characteristic of so-called ‘minor literatures,’ a term this dissertation discusses, and the Romanian state practiced nationalist policies with regards to the arts. Lastly, art has a therapeutic power: it can help in coming to terms with painful experiences like that of the Romanian nationalist catastrophe by indirect and more attractive means. The text of the four diaries is here established from fragments published in Romanian and in French publications. The diaries reveal four lives that crossed paths and that shed light on each other and especially on the difficult re-readings of the Romanian past. Ionesco’s diary in particular emerges as an example of a therapy by art and of what Paul Ricœur has called a ‘work of memory,’ about his personal history, that of his generation and of twentieth-century Europe.