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Contribution à la modélisation du procédé de refusion sous laitier éléctroconducteur / Simulation of the ESR process for special steels and Ni-based superalloysHugo, Mathilde 27 June 2014 (has links)
Le procédé de refusion sous laitier électroconducteur (ESR =Electro Slag Remelting) permet de produire des alliages à haute valeur ajoutée utilisés pour des applications critiques. Les mesures in-situ sur les fours industriels étant coûteuses, la simulation numérique est essentielle à la maitrise et à la compréhension de ce procédé complexe. L’Institut Jean Lamour a développé depuis plusieurs années un modèle 2D axisymétrique qui permet de simuler la refusion d’une électrode consommable au sein d’une lingotière considérée comme totalement isolée électriquement du reste du système. Sont alors décrit en régime transitoire les transferts couplés de chaleur et de quantité de mouvement, ainsi que le passage du courant électrique dans le laitier et le lingot lors de la croissance et de la solidification de ce dernier. Les connaissances acquises au cours des dernières années sur le procédé ESR remettent en cause l’hypothèse d’isolation électrique du moule au cours de la refusion. L’objet de cette thèse est d’intégrer et d’étudier la possibilité de passage de courant entre le laitier et la lingotière au cours de la refusion. Un premier modèle a été développé. Il consiste en un calcul électromagnétique complet dans l'ensemble du système pour une géométrie simplifiée. Il a permis de simplifier la mise au point du modèle global, tout en fournissant de premiers résultats. Par la suite, un modèle totalement couplé a été finalisé puis les modifications du code ont fait l’objet de validations avec des mesures expérimentales. Des études de sensibilité ont été menées pour tester l’influence des propriétés du laitier et des paramètres opératoires sur la qualité du lingot final. / The ElectroSlag Remelting process (ESR) is widely used to produce high added value alloys for critical applications (aerospace industry, nuclear plants, etc.). Trial-and-error based approaches being expensive, numerical simulation is fundamental to improve the knowledge and the understanding of this complex process. The Institut Jean Lamour has been developing for several years a numerical code to simulate the melting of a consumable electrode, supposedly perfectly cylindrical, within a mold assumed to be perfectly electrically insulated from the electrode-slag-ingot system. Based on these assumptions, the 2-D axisymmetrical transient-state numerical model accounts for electromagnetic phenomena and coupled heat and momentum transfers, to simulate the continuous growth of the electroslag remelted ingot and the solidification of the metal and slag. Recent studies on the ESR process are challenging the insulated mold hypothesis. Therefore, the main objective of the thesis is to acknowledge and study the existence of a mold current during an ESR remelting. A first model has been set-up, aimed to simulate the electromagnetic phenomena in the whole system for a simplified geometry. The possibility of the existence of such a mold current was confirmed. Based on this work, a fully-coupled model has then been developed and the results have been compared with experimental data to check the validity of the modifications. The influence of slag properties and operating parameters on the final quality of the ingot has been tested.
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Elektrischer Transport und remanentes Widerstandsschalten in \(Pt-Pr_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_3-Pt\) Sandwichstrukturen / Electric transport and remanent resistive switching in \(Pt-Pr_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}MnO_3-Pt\) sandwich structuresScherff, Malte 02 September 2015 (has links)
Diese Arbeit behandelt mögliche Ursachen der reversiblen Änderung des elektrischen Widerstandes von Praseodym-Kalzium-Manganat (PCMO) durch elektrische Spannungspulse. Für diesen Widerstandsschalteffekt werden entweder chemische oder rein strukturelle Änderungen im PCMO angenommen. In den Experimenten liegt das PCMO als gesputterter Dünnfilm in einem Sandwichkontakt zwischen zwei Edelmetallelektroden vor, wobei die Kontaktflächen durch Strukturierung nur wenige µm² betragen. Um insbesondere die elektrischen Transporteigenschaften der Kontakte und den Einfluss der Grenzflächen zwischen Oxid und Elektroden zu untersuchen, wurden elektrische Charakterisierungen der Sandwichkontakte bei verschiedenen elektrischen Feldstärken, Temperaturen und Magnetfeldern für verschiedene Herstellungsparameter des PCMOs und der Elektroden durchgeführt.
Entgegen der üblichen Annahme von Raumladungszonen als bestimmender Faktor des Grenzflächenwiderstandes wurde sowohl in den Grenzflächenwiderständen als auch im Volumenanteil des Films ein elektrischer Transport durch kleine Polaronen beobachtet, wie er von PCMO-Volumenproben bekannt ist. Die damit verbundene Spannungsabhängigkeit der polaronischen Leitfähigkeit, die Änderungen durch elektrisch bzw. magnetisch induzierte kolossale Widerstandseffekte (CER bzw. CMR) sowie negativ-differentielle Effekte in Widerstand bzw. Leitfähigkeit durch Joulesche Erwärmung konnten in den komplexen, stark nicht-linearen Kennlinien zugeordnet werden. Die Befunde legen ein heterogenes Modell für den Grenzflächenwiderstand nahe: Präparationsbedingte, erhöhte Defektdichten, wie z.B. durch Sauerstoffleerstellen, führen lokal zu einem defektinduzierten Metall-Isolator-Übergang und damit zu elektrisch isolierenden Bereichen. Die verbleibenden Bereiche zeigen hingegen noch die Transporteigenschaften von nahezu defektfreien, gut leitfähigem PCMO und bestimmen über ihren effektiven Querschnitt den Grenzflächenwiderstand.
Die bei hohen elektrischen Spannungen auftretenden remanenten Schalteffekte konnten einem einzigen Schaltmechanismus mit klar definierter Schaltpolarität zugeordnet werden, obwohl er an beiden Grenzflächen auch gleichzeitig auftreten und sich damit zusammen mit Relaxation- bzw. Akkumulationseffekten in komplexen Widerstandsänderungen überlagern kann. Weder die Wahl der Herstellungsparameter für die PCMO-Schicht noch der Oberelektrode verändern den generellen Schaltmechanismus, wodurch ein struktureller Mechanismus z.B. auf Basis einer empfindlichen langreichweitigen Ladungsordnung im Vergleich zu einer chemischen Änderung sehr unwahrscheinlich wird. Die gemachten Beobachtungen, insbesondere Schaltpolarität und Zeitabhängigkeiten, sind prinzipiell kompatibel mit einer feldgetriebenen Sauerstoff(leerstellen)migration. Hierzu könnte auch die experimentell beobachtete, im Einklang mit Simulationsergebnissen stehende, starke Joulesche Erwärmung während des Schaltens beitragen. Durch eine Änderung der Sauerstoffleerstellenverteilung könnten lokal an den Grenzflächen defektinduzierte Metall-Isolator-Übergänge auftreten, so dass der Widerstandhub als eine Änderung des effektiven Querschnitts der leitfähigen Bereiche an den Grenzflächen zu interpretieren wäre.
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Caractérisation et modélisation électrothermique des interconnections et inductances en cuivre épais / Electrothermal characterization and modeling of interconnects and inductors in thick copperSiegert, Laurent 01 February 2013 (has links)
Les inductances et interconnexions des composants passifs intégrés pour la téléphonie mobile, sont sujettes à des défaillances dues à l’électromigration et l’auto-échauffement. L’électromigration n’est pas un risque majeur, au regard des grandes dimensions de cuivre de la technologie étudiée et de l’application. L’auto-échauffement est, en revanche, le principal phénomène qui limite le choix des dimensions des inductances et interconnexions lors de leurs conceptions.L’effet Joule pour les interconnexions et les inductances, a été étudié par le biais de caractérisations et de simulations électrothermiques. La méthodologie des plans d’expériences a été utilisée afin de modéliser le comportement électrothermique des inductances et des interconnexions. Un modèle prédictif de l’auto-échauffement en fonction des dimensions et de l’intensité, a été déterminé permettant d’étudier et de déterminer l’influence de chaque facteur dimensionnel, en régime continu. En radiofréquence, une méthodologie de mesure de l’auto-échauffement a été déterminée permettant sa caractérisation sur des composants sur plaquette. Une corrélation entre les régimes continus et alternatifs ne donnant pas de résultat concluant, une méthodologie de couplage faible, entre un simulateur électromagnétique et électrothermique a été effectuée, permettant la simulation du phénomène d’auto-échauffement sous contrainte radiofréquentielle. / Electrothermal and electromigration failure are likely to occur on copper inductor and interconnection in integrated passive devices for wireless telephony application. Electromigration is not a concern considering the high thickness of the copper and the application but the Joule heating is the main restriction on the dimensions during the component design. Joule heating on interconnections and inductors has been studied by electrothermal characterization and simulation. We have shown that Joule heating depends of several parameters such as material layers parameters and component dimensions. Design of experiments methodology has been used in order to model the inductor and interconnection electrothermal behavior. A self-heating predictive model has been determined allowing the study and the determination of dimensions impact in direct current.In radiofrequency, a self-heating measurement methodology has been determined allowing its characterization at wafer level. A correlation between direct current and radiofrequency is not satisfactory and a weak coupling between an electromagnetic and electrothermal simulator has been performed, providing the self-heating simulation under radiofrequency stress.
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Magnetoimpedância como ferramenta para a caracterização magnética de microfios amorfos / Magnetoimpedance as a tool to investigate the magnetic properties of microwiresSossmeier, Kelly Daiane 22 September 2006 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The possibility of exploring the magnetic properties of amorphous microwires in technological applications has attracted the attention of the scientific community in the last years. Beyond, the magnetoimpedance effect has been established as a powerful tool to study these properties. In this work we show a study of the magnetic properties of Joule heated glasscovered amorphous microwires, CoFeSiB, under applied stress. The stress modifies the anisotropy
and the domain structure of the sample being studied by the magnetoimpedance measurements and the FMR dispersion relations. It was established a method to determine the
permeability from the magnetoimpedance measurements, valid for a wide frequency range. From the study of the permeability curves parameters associated to the domain walls dynamic can be determined. From the FMR dispersion relations, the value and the direction of the transverse anisotropy field, as well as an estimative of the magnetic domain structure in these microwires were obtained. It can be concluded that the longitudinal anisotropy has the main
role in the magnetic behavior of the microwire without stress. Also, it was verified the presence of an inner core with longitudinal anisotropy surrounded by an outer shell with circumferential anisotropy under applied stress. These magnetic configurations can be explained in terms of the frozen stress in the production process of the wire and the additional applied stress. / A possibilidade de explorar as propriedades magnéticas de microfios amorfos em aplicações tecnológicas tem atraído a atenção da comunidade científica nos últimos anos. Além disso, a magnetoimpedância foi estabelecida como uma ferramenta poderosa para estudar estas propriedades.
Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo das propriedades magnéticas de microfios amorfos, CoFeSiB, recobertos por vidro, tratados termicamente e sob aplicação de tensão. A
tensão modifica a anisotropia e a estrutura de domínios presente na amostra de tal maneira que podem ser estudadas a partir das medidas de magnetoimpedância e da relação de dispersão de FMR (Ressonância Ferromagnética) extraída delas. Foi estabelecido um método para a determinação da permeabilidade a partir de medidas de magnetoimpedância, válido para uma ampla faixa de freqüências. A partir do estudo dessas curvas de permeabilidade pode-se determinar, por exemplo, parâmetros relativos à dinâmica de paredes de domínios. Do ajuste das relações de dispersão de FMR foram obtidos o valor e a orientação do campo de anisotropia
transversal, bem como uma estimativa da estrutura de domínios dos microfios. Destes estudos, concluiu-se que a anisotropia longitudinal domina o comportamento magnético do microfio sem aplicação de tensão. Aplicando-se tensão aos microfios, verificou-se a presença de um núcleo interno com anisotropia longitudinal envolto por uma casca externa com anisotropia circunferencial. Estas configurações magnéticas podem ser explicadas em termos da tensão residual que surge no processo de produção do fio e da tensão adicional aplicada.
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An Experimental Study of Disturbance Compensation and Control for a Fractional-Order SystemTalarcek, Steven C. January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Performance of Marlow Materials in a Transverse Peltier CoolerVerosky, Mark 08 October 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterization of the electrical behavior of a discontinuous hybrid yarn textile made of recycled carbon and PA6 fibers during Joule heatingReese, Julian, Hoffmann, Gerald, Fieres, Johannes, Cherif, Chokri 13 January 2023 (has links)
The Joule heating of carbon fiber-based textiles enables an energy- and cost-efficient processing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic parts. This article introduces a new method to pass direct current into a dry, not pre-consolidated hybrid yarn textile based on recycled carbon fibers and polyamide 6 fibers. The aim is to melt polyamide fibers, subsequently impregnate carbon fibers, and finally consolidate the material to form a composite part in a single process step. To increase the reliability of this technology, the electrical properties and the behavior of the material during the heating process must be thoroughly investigated. It will be addressed how the material is characterized during the process and how the changing resistivity of the textile affects the current flow between the electrodes to generate intrinsic heat. Moreover, a method to determine the effective material resistivity by finite element simulation on the fiber scale based on a CT scan is presented. Thus, a validated material model with respect to the temperature development in the textile based on ρ = ρ (T) was established.
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Development of a four-phase thermal-chemical reservoir simulator for heavy oilLashgari, Hamid Reza 16 February 2015 (has links)
Thermal and chemical recovery processes are important EOR methods used often by the oil and gas industry to improve recovery of heavy oil and high viscous oil reservoirs. Knowledge of underlying mechanisms and their modeling in numerical simulation are crucial for a comprehensive study as well as for an evaluation of field treatment. EOS-compositional, thermal, and blackoil reservoir simulators can handle gas (or steam)/oil/water equilibrium for a compressible multiphase flow. Also, a few three-phase chemical flooding reservoir simulators that have been recently developed can model the oil/water/microemulsion equilibrium state. However, an accurate phase behavior and fluid flow formulations are absent in the literature for the thermal chemical processes to capture four-phase equilibrium. On the other hand, numerical simulation of such four-phase model with complex phase behavior in the equilibrium condition between coexisting phases (oil/water/microemulsion/gas or steam) is challenging. Inter-phase mass transfer between coexisting phases and adsorption of components on rock should properly be modeled at the different pressure and temperature to conserve volume balance (e.g. vaporization), mass balance (e.g. condensation), and energy balance (e.g. latent heat). Therefore, efforts to study and understand the performance of these EOR processes using numerical simulation treatments are quite necessary and of utmost importance in the petroleum industry. This research focuses on the development of a robust four-phase reservoir simulator with coupled phase behaviors and modeling of different mechanisms pertaining to thermal and chemical recovery methods. Development and implementation of a four-phase thermal-chemical reservoir simulator is quite important in the study as well as the evaluation of an individual or hybrid EOR methods. In this dissertation, a mathematical formulation of multi (pseudo) component, four-phase fluid flow in porous media is developed for mass conservation equation. Subsequently, a new volume balance equation is obtained for pressure of compressible real mixtures. Hence, the pressure equation is derived by extending a black oil model to a pseudo-compositional model for a wide range of components (water, oil, surfactant, polymer, anion, cation, alcohol, and gas). Mass balance equations are then solved for each component in order to compute volumetric concentrations. In this formulation, we consider interphase mass transfer between oil and gas (steam and water) as well as microemulsion and gas (microemulsion and steam). These formulations are derived at reservoir conditions. These new formulations are a set of coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations. The equations are approximated by finite difference methods implemented in a chemical flooding reservoir simulator (UTCHEM), which was a three-phase slightly compressible simulator, using an implicit pressure and an explicit concentration method. In our flow model, a comprehensive phase behavior is required for considering interphase mass transfer and phase tracking. Therefore, a four-phase behavior model is developed for gas (or steam)/ oil/water /microemulsion coexisting at equilibrium. This model represents coupling of the solution gas or steam table methods with Hand’s rule. Hand’s rule is used to capture the equilibrium between surfactant, oil, and water components as a function of salinity and concentrations for oil/water/microemulsion phases. Therefore, interphase mass transfer between gas/oil or steam/water in the presence of the microemulsion phase and the equilibrium between phases are calculated accurately. In this research, the conservation of energy equation is derived from the first law of thermodynamics based on a few assumptions and simplifications for a four-phase fluid flow model. This energy balance equation considers latent heat effect in solving for temperature due to phase change between water and steam. Accordingly, this equation is linearized and then a sequential implicit scheme is used for calculation of temperature. We also implemented the electrical Joule-heating process, where a heavy oil reservoir is heated in-situ by dissipation of electrical energy to reduce the viscosity of oil. In order to model the electrical Joule-heating in the presence of a four-phase fluid flow, Maxwell classical electromagnetism equations are used in this development. The equations are simplified and assumed for low frequency electric field to obtain the conservation of electrical current equation and the Ohm's law. The conservation of electrical current and the Ohm's law are implemented using a finite difference method in a four-phase chemical flooding reservoir simulator (UTCHEM). The Joule heating rate due to dissipation of electrical energy is calculated and added to the energy equation as a source term. Finally, we applied the developed model for solving different case studies. Our simulation results reveal that our models can accurately and successfully model the hybrid thermal chemical processes in comparison to existing models and simulators. / text
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Extrémně rychlé slinování pokročilých keramických materiálů / Extremely fast sintering of advanced ceramic materialsTan, Hua January 2020 (has links)
Techniky rychlého slinování jako „Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)“, „Flash Sintering“ (FS), „Selective Laser Sintering“ (SLS), „Induction Sintering“ (IS) a „Microwave Sintering“ (MS) jsou navrženy tak, aby účinně a předvídatelně kontrolovaly mikrostrukturu během slinovací proces. Spark Plasma Sintering jako jedna z nejmodernějších technik rychlého slinování a byla studována po celá desetiletí. V SPS má tři hlavní rysy: přímý ohřev elektrickým proudem, pulzní stejnosměrný elektrický proud a mechanický tlak. Mechanismy působení faktorů během SPS procesu však nejsou zatím jasně objasněny. Tato práce byla inspirována zvýšeným zájmem o techniky rychlého slinování a snahou o objasnění působení hlavních faktorů. Tato studie je rozdělena do čtyř částí: efekt elektromagnetického pole, efekt pulzního vzoru, tlakový efekt a přímý Joulův ohřev. Výsledky ukázaly, že elektromagnetické pole v SPS může být ignorováno, jak ukázaly simulace, a rovněž během experimentů nebyl nalezen žádný „efekt pole“. Na druhou stranu účinek pulzního vzoru byl významný, prášek TiO2 byl slinován pulzními vzory 12:2 a 10:9 s konstantním příkonem. Po aplikaci pulzního vzoru 10:9 došlo ke zvýšení velikosti zrna o jeden řád a ke zvýšení hustoty o 8%, zatímco množství spotřebované energie zůstalo konstantní. Při zahřátí s různými vzory pulzů se mění účinný výkon a kontaktní odpor indukovaný mechanickým pulsem, což jsou dva hlavní důvody, které vysvětlují měnící se energetickou účinnost. Vliv tlaku byl také významný, výsledky ukázaly, že použití tlaku při 900 ° C přineslo vysokou hustotu a malou velikost zrn, což vedlo k nejvyšší tvrdosti měřenou podle Vickerse. Interakce mezi tlakem a parami, vedoucí k rozdílné rychlosti přenosu páry v prvním slinovacím stupni, je považována za důvod pro rozdíly v mikrostruktuře, jako jsou mikropóry. Načasování mechanického tlaku může také podporovat difúzní mechanismy zhutňování během druhého slinovacího stupně, jako je difúze na hranicích zrn a mřížková difúze. Přímý ohřev, kdy se vede elektrický proud přímo skrz vzorek, vede k nízké měřené teplotě při slinování karbidu boru a jeho kompozitů, avšak teplota uvnitř vzorku je podstatně vyšší. Přidání slitiny titanu a křemíku do B4C významně zvýšilo finální hustotu, což byl hlavní důvod ovlivnění mechanických vlastností. Vzorek B4C + 1.0Ti (1 obj. % Ti slitiny) dosáhl nejvyšší tvrdosti 3628.5 ± 452.6 HV1 (16.2% vyšší než čistý B4C) s lomovou houževnatostí 2.11 ± 0.25 MPa m0.5. Zatímco při dopování křemíkem dosáhl vzorek B4C + 0.5Si (0.5 obj. % křemíku) nejvyšší tvrdosti 3524.6 ± 207.8 HV1 (o 13.0% vyšší než čistý B4C), vzorek B4C + 1.0Si dosáhl nejvyšší lomové houževnatosti 2.97 ± 0.03 MPa m0.5 (o 15.6% vyšší než čistý B4C). Velikost zrn kompozitů dotovaných titanem se oproti čistému karbidu boru byla o něco větší a mikrostruktura více nehomogenní. Naproti tomu se velikost zrn vzorků dotovaných křemíkem příliš nezměnila ve srovnání s velikostí zrn čistého karbidu boru. Sekundární fáze karbid křemíku byla dobře spojena s matricí karbidu boru a vykazovala pozitivní účinek jak na tvrdost, tak na lomovou houževnatost. Tato práce zkoumala vliv různých kontroverzních a nepopsaných aspektů na slinování keramických materiálů metodou Spark Plasma Sintering, což vedlo k lepšímu pochopení této techniky slinování.
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Studium funkčních vlastností tenkých vláken NiTi pro aplikace v smart strukturách a textiliích / Investigation of Functional Properties of Thin NiTi Filaments for Applications in Smart Structures and Hybrid TextilesPilch, Jan January 2011 (has links)
PhD thesis focuses the field of textile application of modern functional materials, namely metallic shape memory alloys with unique thermomechanical properties deriving from martensitic transformation in solid state. Particularly, it deals with the development of a nonconventional thermomechanical treatment of thin NiTi filaments via Joule heating by electric current and related basic research involving thermomechanical testing and modeling of functional properties of the filaments, investigation of martensitic transformations and deformation processes in NiTi and investigation of the fast recovery and recrystallization processes in metals heated by short pulses of controlled electric power. The method was developed and called FTMT-EC. In contrast to conventional heat treatment of metallic filaments in environmental furnaces, this method allows for precise control of the raise of the filament temperature and filament stress during the fast heating (rate ~50 000 °C/s). As a consequence, it is possible to precisely control the progress of the fast recovery and recrystallization processes in heat treated filaments. In this way it is possible to prepare filaments with desired nanostructured microstructure and related functional properties. A prototype equipment for application of the method for heat treatment of continuous SMA filaments during respooling in textile processing was designed and built. Comparing to the conventional heat treatment of SMA filaments in tubular environmental furnaces, this approach is faster, saves energy and allows for preparation of filaments with special functional properties. International patent application was filed on the method. It is currently utilized in the research and development of smart textiles for medical applications.
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