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Hundreds of journalists took to the streets in different parts of Guatemala to protest attacks against their colleagues and infringements on their freedom of expression in the country, during the second week of March in 2015. The larger protests were held in Guatemala City and in Mazatenango, Suchitepéquez, where earlier that week at slightly past noon three reporters were gunned down at a park in front of a municipality building; one survived the attack. Three days later a cameraman was shot dead by men on motorcycles, in front of the television station he worked for in Chicacao, Suchitepéquez. This is the perpetual cycle of violence that has been inculcated into the daily lives of the people in the country - it's a cultural construct that's oozed into the depths of society and sadly into the profession of journalism. This thesis is a study that investigates how Guatemalan journalists live and work in the country under a constant threat of violence, fighting for their space as a respected profession in a society that could benefit from a functioning media system. The in-depth interviews with reporters in the country will allow for a first-hand interpretation to support the research already conducted in the literature review. The study is a furthered analysis of literature and interviews to better understand why the state of journalism in Guatemala is complex, and why it is imperative for journalists to continue fighting for their space.

In the past few decades, the proportion of business news compared to general news has increased tremendously across all media platforms in Africa. While the critical role played by business journalism is recognised, little is known about the people who write and report such news. Most studies on business reporting have tended to focus on analysing the content of business news, rather than the specific processes through which business journalists are socialized and trained. The findings of this study are drawn mainly from in-depth interviews with business reporters and editors at two leading newspapers in Malawi, The Daily Times and The Nation. Three major findings emerge trom the study data. First, business journalists vary in their educational and professional backgrounds, as well as the reasons for working on this beat. Second, the majority of them have no prerequisite formal education and training in business journalism and, therefore, have little knowledge and skills about what constitute good business journalism. Third, professionalism in the sub-field is constrained by a host of factors, influence of advertisers being the critical one. The study recommends that business reporting become an integral component of journalism education and training programmes to adequately prepare future generations of business journalists. In addition there is need for media houses to devise strategies to counter obstacles that business journalists face for them to effectively contribute to political economy debate. / KMBT_363

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur makt konstrueras inom hockeyinformationsflödet på Twitter. Genom att ta utgångspunkt i hockeyjournalisters utsagor är målet med uppsatsen att belysa rådande maktstrukturer mellan journalister och citizen journalists på Twitter. Jag vill även undersöka hur nya informationsteknologier har förändrat journalisternas yrkesroll och yrkespraktik, med ett stort fokus på den förändrade interaktionen med de olika typerna av användare (journalister, citizen journalists och ”vanliga” medieanvändare). För att ta reda på detta har uppsatsen analyserat relationen mellan citizen journalists och journalister ur ett maktperspektiv. För att undersöka hur makt konstrueras inom Twitter har jag utgått ifrån Manuel Castells diskussion kring makt och värdeskapande i nätverkssamhället. Jag har även valt att använda journalistikens ideologi och praktik i förändring samt citizen journalists och dess förhållande med journalister som teoretiska utgångspunkter för att undersöka hur nya informationsteknologier och den förändrade interaktionen med användarna har påverkat journalisternas yrkesroll och yrkespraktik. Genom kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med fem hockeyjournalister på rikstäckande mediebolag visar de resultat jag fått fram att det har skett en maktförskjutning mellan citizen journalists och hockeyjournalisterna. Relationen verkar utåt sätt präglas av en demokratisk dialog och större informationsutväxling de två emellan, men hockeyjournalisterna verkar fortfarande befästa makt kring nyhetsprocessen genom att referera till den journalistiska ideologin. Detta gör att det fortfarande finns en tydlig hierarkisk ställning inom hockeyinformationsflödet. Resultatet visade även att hockeyjournalisternas yrkespraktik präglas av en mycket högre hastighet än tidigare vilket har förändrat journalisternas sociala praktik, där det stora informationsflödet har omvandlat deras tillvägagångssätt att hämta och distribuera nyheter och information. Till skillnad från vad andra studier visat så pekar min studie på att hockeyjournalisternas yrkesroll blivit mer individualiserad, med högre krav på tekniskt kunnande och kunskaper inom flera olika medieområden till följd av en mer krävande och kunnig publik.

The diploma thesis is concerned with the protection of journalists in armed conflicts. From my point of view this topic is relevant in connection with the recent war in Iraq and many other conflicts of local character. Many professionals in the world deal with this issue but in our country almost nobody opens it, with a few exceptions. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the protection of journalists in armed conflicts - it means the applicable legislation and also proposals of new regulation. The main question is whether applicable law is adequate to provide an appropriate protection for journalists and news media personnel in armed conflicts. I suggest a new convention, which contains a special status for journalists and determines a protective emblem for them, should be adopted and in this thesis This thesis is composed of thirteen chapters which are subsequently divided into subchapters. It consists of two main parts. The first one focuses on applicable rules - especially Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. The beginning of this part is concerned with the interpretation of the term "journalist" and then briefly describes a history of the protection of journalists in armed conflicts. These two chapters are followed by the third one, which...

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The journalistic field is currently disrupted by digital networked technologies and by the rise of public participation. In the case of Hong Kong, the journalists' situation is complicated by the political uncertainties of the territory and the high economic pressures local journalists are facing. This research aims to understand how the legacy press and digital-only media in Hong Kong are patrolling and strengthening their professional borders in order to continue doing their work in this new environment. The journalistic field is analysed in relationship with four main themes: 1) technological convergence and actants, 2) public participation, 3) political pressures, and 4) economic imperatives. Anchored in Pierre Bourdieu's field theory and borrowing from Thomas Gieryn's concept of boundary-work, this comparative study highlights the historical developments that have led to the current configurations of the journalistic field. This empirical research is carried out while fully taking into account social and cultural characteristics of the territory, but especially of the journalistic field in Hong Kong. Apart from such an investigative effort, this research analyses where new actors (e.g. the audience through its participation) and recent technological developments are located within the broader journalistic field. Through a case-study method, relying on in-depth interviews, newsroom observations, and annual reports, this study points out to what extent legacy journalists and digital-only journalists adopt similar or different tactics to enforce their professional boundaries and how they adapt to a new environment brought forward by technological convergence, public participation, growing political and economic pressures. On the theoretical level, this research contributes with an inclusive re-conceptualization of the journalistic field and the concept of boundary-work.