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Abstract The long-term development of a democratic country stems from the establishment of a civil society. The substance and functional mechanisms of a democratic system are very closely connected with the state of the legal system. When the law rests on a basis of democracy, democratic legitimacy underpins the legality of the source of the country's power. In contrast, when the law and democracy have an equivalent relationship, especially under the influence of today's international social consensus and the growing human rights consciousness and social modernization, in the developmental process of the constitutional system, with regard to the people's fundamental rights, the quality of the judicial system and the law will determine the country's ability to realize a modern welfare state and reveal the objective value of a civil society with regard to human dignity; we can then deduce the reasonableness the judicial system must show in the face of objective conditions, which is the basis for the judicial system to represent judicial justice and judicial authority. Taiwan's judicial system has undergone extremely rapid reforms in recent years. The judicial system's interpretation of constitutional principles has led to clear acknowledgement that violations of the principle of equal protection by human rights values and rights and protections suggest that the law is inadequate. This confirms the equal basis of human dignity and rights. In particular, it is necessary to construct a trial system and suit procedures befitting a democratic society. The Judicial Yuan started holding judicial reform committee conferences and national judicial reform conferences in 1993. These conferences brought judicial, prosecutorial, defense, and academic personnel together for far-ranging discussions. The conclusions of the conferences, along with specific reform measures and their timetables, will help meet the challenges of the new century and accelerate judicial reform. A pyramid-shaped suit system and court organization will realize the Judicial Yuan's role as the highest judicial agency and achieve the constitutional intent of institutionalizing the trial system. The three-stage reform framework calls for the merger of agencies and revision of laws. The reforms will also entail the transformation of a "diverse, multi-track" system into a "unified, single-track" system. After the third stage has been completed in 2010, the judicial system will have an all new look, and will be ready to safeguard the people's judicial beneficiary rights. The main purpose of this study is to explore the major changes undergone by Taiwan's judicial system in recent years. These include the change in criminal suit procedures from the traditional inquisitorial system to the improved adversarial system, which serves to strengthen protection of defendants' fundamental human rights. The thorough implementation of the assumption of innocence conforms to the world's trend towards protection of human rights. The institution of a speedy trial system improves trial efficiency. Strengthening the factual review function of the first instance, changing the purpose of the second instance to subsequent review, the use of the third instance for strict legal review, the adoption of a appeal permit system, and various systematic reforms have truly meaningful. In a time of progressive democratic reforms, the practice of law must be comprehensive, feasible, and appropriate if overall reforms are to be completed. Judicial reform can strengthen maintenance of the constitutional order and the protection of fundamental human rights. Keywords: judicial system, trial system, human dignity, fundamental human rights, adversarial system, inquisitorial system

Judicial system in the Czech Republic Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to give a comprehensive picture of judicial system in the Czech Republic, especially its roots, current state and possible future development. The first part of this thesis is developed into four chapters in which concept of judiciary and its functions, the important principles related to the judiciary, the related concept and the basic division of the types of courts are interpreted. The second part is divided into five chapters, which are separated by important historical events. These chapters summarize the historical development of the judicial system from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the disintegration of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, with an emphasis on the system of general courts. At the end of this part is an author's personal appreciation presented. The third part represents a crucial part of this thesis. First chapter of this part defines the relevant legal regulations relating to the judicial system, followed by six chapters, which are gradually devoted to district courts, regional courts, high courts, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. These chapters devoted to the individual courts describe their position in the judicial system, composition, internal organization, jurisdiction,...

A factor that crucially affects the development of a country is the ability of its judiciary to present itself as a legitimate instance for resolving the disputes that arise in social and economic affairs. One way to approach this topic is to study the reasons that lead citizens to trust or to distrust the judiciary. Thus, this thesis analyzes the determinants of public trust in the judicial system in Brazil; it also attempts to determine the drivers that lead people to trust or to distrust it. Chapter 2 addresses the relationship between trust in the judicial system and economic and demographic variables such as race, income, age, gender, education, previous experience with the judicial system, and knowledge about the legal system. The Brazilian Confidence in Justice Index (BCJI) was built as a trust measure. The BCJI is a measure of perception which reveals the opinion of the population regarding Brazil\'s judiciary system. The results indicate that race and gender are important predictors, once controlled for other respondent characteristics. Black persons have a slightly lower level of trust in the judiciary than do non-black persons. Women also espress less trust than men. Finally, the results indicate that poorer people also have lower levels of trust in the judicial system. Although there is a substantial literature that relates the determinants of trust in the judicial system and use of the judiciary, the causal relationship between these two variables is unclear. The purpose of Chapter 3 is to examine this causal relationship in Brazil. The results indicate that trust in the judicial system has a positive impact on use of the judiciary. That is, individuals who have higher levels of trust in the judicial system have a greater propensity to seek the judiciary. There is also a statically significant relationship between trust in the judicial system and use of the judiciary for some economic and demographic variables, such as income, education, age, and race. There is a widespread belief that the police is the government\'s first-line representative, responsible for controlling the social order. Policy-makers and members of the public have long been concerned about the number of police officers who are effectively deployed to reduce crime. Chapter 4 analyzes the relationship between crime rates and trust in the police. For example, do regions with higher crime rates display lower trust in the police? It is in this sense that this Chapter studies the motivations that lead citizens to trust or to distrust the police. The results indicate that in general there is a negative relationship between an increase on the crime rate and trust in the police. Such results are even stronger for some less common crimes such as drug dealing and rape. The results also indicate that those who have had previous experience with the police do not seem to associate police work with crime rates, in contrast with those who have never had a previous experience. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes all of the findings from the previous Chapters and discusses possible future directions of research. / Um problema que afeta o desenvolvimento econômico e social de um país é a habilidade que o judiciário se apresenta como uma instância legítima para resolver os conflitos que surgem nas esferas social e de negócios. Um caminho para medir isto é a legitimidade das motivações que levam os cidadãos a confiarem ou não no judiciário. Sendo assim, esta tese busca analisar os determinantes da confiança pública no sistema judiciário no Brasil e também entender quais são as motivações que levam as pessoas a confiarem ou não no judiciário brasileiro. O capítulo 2 busca analisar a relação entre a confiança no sistema judiciário e algumas variáveis econômicas e demográficas, tais como: raça, renda, idade, gênero, experiência com o sistema judiciário e conhecimento do judiciário. Foi utilizado o Índice de Confiança na Justiça no Brasil (ICJB) como uma medida de confiança. O ICJB é uma medida de percepção, na qual mostra a opinião das pessoas sobre o judiciário no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que raça e gênero são importantes preditores de confiança no judiciário, uma vez controlado para as características dos entrevistados. Negros apresentam um nível de confiança menor comparado aos não negros. Mulheres também apresentam um nível de confiança inferior aos homens. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que pessoas com menos renda apresentam níveis de confiança no judiciário inferior aos com maior renda. Embora haja uma literatura que relaciona os determinantes de confiança no sistema judiciário e sua utilizaçao, há uma lacuna sobre a relação causal entre essas duas variáveis. O capítulo 3 dessa tese busca analisar o impacto de confiança no sistema judiciário sobre a utilização do judiciário. Sendo assim, o propósito do capítulo 3 é examinar a relação causal entre confiança no sistema judiciário e utilização do judiciário no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que há um impacto positivo de confiança no sistema judiciário sobre a sua utilização. Pessoas com maior nível de confiança no sistema judiciário apresentam maior propensão a procurá-lo. Finalmente, os resultados também indicam que há uma relação estatisticamente significante entre confiança no sistema judicário e utilização do judiciário para algumas variáveis demográficas e econômicas, tais como: renda, anos de estudo, idade e raça. O capítulo 4 busca analisar a relação entre taxas de crime e confiança na polícia. Nesse sentido, esse capítulo busca analisar a legitimidade das motivações que levam as pessoas a confiarem ou não na polícia. Algumas pessoas acreditam que a polícia é a representante linha de frente do governo, resonsável pelo controle da ordem social. Os decisores políticos e membros do público têm se preocupado muito com o número de policiais empregados para diminuir o crime. Em outras palavras, regiões com maiores índices de criminalidade possuem menor nível de confiança na polícia? Os resultados indicam que em geral, existe uma relação negativa entre o aumento no índice de criminalidade e a confiança na polícia. Tais resultados são ainda maiores para crimes menos numerosos, como o tráfico de drogas e estupro. Os resultados também indicam que quem já teve experiência com a polícia, parece não associar o trabalho dela com os índices de criminalidade, comparado com quem nunca teve experiência. Finalmente, o capítulo 5 sumariza todos os resultados encontrados nos capítulos anteriores e discute alguns novos caminhos de pesquisa que podem ser seguidos

This study's interest area loops around how it is possible to understand texts' leverage over human thinking and acting. Focus lies on understanding which forces that form people’s views around men and women's relationships and relations in the public room. From this perspective our interest is to explore how the phenomenon rape is expressed in texts and how we can understand how rape through these texts are to be shaped in individuals' thoughts awareness and. Finally, it is also relevant to create understanding for how rape as a discoursive practice can have effects on individuals and society. The choice of method has fallen on Discursive analysis, we mean that this method well live up to those requirements what we set on a method's ability to generate the understanding we intend to achieve. Our aspiration is hereby not only to establish that the reality is a social construction we also intend to create understanding for how these constructions arises and what its effects are. Furthermore, the analysis is related to theories what concern feminism-, gender - and power relationships.

<p>This study's interest area loops around how it is possible to understand texts' leverage over human thinking and acting. Focus lies on understanding which forces that form people’s views around men and women's relationships and relations in the public room. From this perspective our interest is to explore how the phenomenon rape is expressed in texts and how we can understand how rape through these texts are to be shaped in individuals' thoughts awareness and. Finally, it is also relevant to create understanding for how rape as a discoursive practice can have effects on individuals and society. The choice of method has fallen on Discursive analysis, we mean that this method well live up to those requirements what we set on a method's ability to generate the understanding we intend to achieve. Our aspiration is hereby not only to establish that the reality is a social construction we also intend to create understanding for how these constructions arises and what its effects are. Furthermore, the analysis is related to theories what concern feminism-, gender - and power relationships.</p>

A factor that crucially affects the development of a country is the ability of its judiciary to present itself as a legitimate instance for resolving the disputes that arise in social and economic affairs. One way to approach this topic is to study the reasons that lead citizens to trust or to distrust the judiciary. Thus, this thesis analyzes the determinants of public trust in the judicial system in Brazil; it also attempts to determine the drivers that lead people to trust or to distrust it. Chapter 2 addresses the relationship between trust in the judicial system and economic and demographic variables such as race, income, age, gender, education, previous experience with the judicial system, and knowledge about the legal system. The Brazilian Confidence in Justice Index (BCJI) was built as a trust measure. The BCJI is a measure of perception which reveals the opinion of the population regarding Brazil\'s judiciary system. The results indicate that race and gender are important predictors, once controlled for other respondent characteristics. Black persons have a slightly lower level of trust in the judiciary than do non-black persons. Women also espress less trust than men. Finally, the results indicate that poorer people also have lower levels of trust in the judicial system. Although there is a substantial literature that relates the determinants of trust in the judicial system and use of the judiciary, the causal relationship between these two variables is unclear. The purpose of Chapter 3 is to examine this causal relationship in Brazil. The results indicate that trust in the judicial system has a positive impact on use of the judiciary. That is, individuals who have higher levels of trust in the judicial system have a greater propensity to seek the judiciary. There is also a statically significant relationship between trust in the judicial system and use of the judiciary for some economic and demographic variables, such as income, education, age, and race. There is a widespread belief that the police is the government\'s first-line representative, responsible for controlling the social order. Policy-makers and members of the public have long been concerned about the number of police officers who are effectively deployed to reduce crime. Chapter 4 analyzes the relationship between crime rates and trust in the police. For example, do regions with higher crime rates display lower trust in the police? It is in this sense that this Chapter studies the motivations that lead citizens to trust or to distrust the police. The results indicate that in general there is a negative relationship between an increase on the crime rate and trust in the police. Such results are even stronger for some less common crimes such as drug dealing and rape. The results also indicate that those who have had previous experience with the police do not seem to associate police work with crime rates, in contrast with those who have never had a previous experience. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes all of the findings from the previous Chapters and discusses possible future directions of research. / Um problema que afeta o desenvolvimento econômico e social de um país é a habilidade que o judiciário se apresenta como uma instância legítima para resolver os conflitos que surgem nas esferas social e de negócios. Um caminho para medir isto é a legitimidade das motivações que levam os cidadãos a confiarem ou não no judiciário. Sendo assim, esta tese busca analisar os determinantes da confiança pública no sistema judiciário no Brasil e também entender quais são as motivações que levam as pessoas a confiarem ou não no judiciário brasileiro. O capítulo 2 busca analisar a relação entre a confiança no sistema judiciário e algumas variáveis econômicas e demográficas, tais como: raça, renda, idade, gênero, experiência com o sistema judiciário e conhecimento do judiciário. Foi utilizado o Índice de Confiança na Justiça no Brasil (ICJB) como uma medida de confiança. O ICJB é uma medida de percepção, na qual mostra a opinião das pessoas sobre o judiciário no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que raça e gênero são importantes preditores de confiança no judiciário, uma vez controlado para as características dos entrevistados. Negros apresentam um nível de confiança menor comparado aos não negros. Mulheres também apresentam um nível de confiança inferior aos homens. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que pessoas com menos renda apresentam níveis de confiança no judiciário inferior aos com maior renda. Embora haja uma literatura que relaciona os determinantes de confiança no sistema judiciário e sua utilizaçao, há uma lacuna sobre a relação causal entre essas duas variáveis. O capítulo 3 dessa tese busca analisar o impacto de confiança no sistema judiciário sobre a utilização do judiciário. Sendo assim, o propósito do capítulo 3 é examinar a relação causal entre confiança no sistema judiciário e utilização do judiciário no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que há um impacto positivo de confiança no sistema judiciário sobre a sua utilização. Pessoas com maior nível de confiança no sistema judiciário apresentam maior propensão a procurá-lo. Finalmente, os resultados também indicam que há uma relação estatisticamente significante entre confiança no sistema judicário e utilização do judiciário para algumas variáveis demográficas e econômicas, tais como: renda, anos de estudo, idade e raça. O capítulo 4 busca analisar a relação entre taxas de crime e confiança na polícia. Nesse sentido, esse capítulo busca analisar a legitimidade das motivações que levam as pessoas a confiarem ou não na polícia. Algumas pessoas acreditam que a polícia é a representante linha de frente do governo, resonsável pelo controle da ordem social. Os decisores políticos e membros do público têm se preocupado muito com o número de policiais empregados para diminuir o crime. Em outras palavras, regiões com maiores índices de criminalidade possuem menor nível de confiança na polícia? Os resultados indicam que em geral, existe uma relação negativa entre o aumento no índice de criminalidade e a confiança na polícia. Tais resultados são ainda maiores para crimes menos numerosos, como o tráfico de drogas e estupro. Os resultados também indicam que quem já teve experiência com a polícia, parece não associar o trabalho dela com os índices de criminalidade, comparado com quem nunca teve experiência. Finalmente, o capítulo 5 sumariza todos os resultados encontrados nos capítulos anteriores e discute alguns novos caminhos de pesquisa que podem ser seguidos

Media exercises incredible influence on the public; in India media appears to interfere with court proceedings. The purpose of this mixed-methods quasi-experimental study was to explore the effect of media trials on the Indian criminal justice system and to examine the relationship between court verdicts and media trials in India. The narrative policy framework was used to guide the study. Qualitative data were gathered from a variety of sources, including the court cases and the related verdicts reported by the media as media trials from 2005 to 2015. Subsequently, interviews were also conducted to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data were sourced from a survey using Likert scales. Survey and interview data were collected from 450 India-based practicing attorneys. Qualitative data were coded and themes developed. Quantitative data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Findings indicated that media interference affects the Indian criminal justice system, often adversely. Findings may be used to help public policy making bodies formulate media guidelines about reporting crime and the justice system in India. Findings may also be used to bolster public confidence in the judicial system in India.

Unlike in the Ottoman world, the exercise of judicial power in nineteenth century Qajar Iran was not contingent upon formal appointment by the political authority. In accordance with the dominant Ṣ&umacr;l&imacr; theory, it derived from the perceived intellectual ability of a cleric to infer the ruling of God (Ḥukmull&amacr;h) from the sources of Twelver Sh&imacr;'&imacr; law through deductive effort (ijtih&amacr;d). Like the Ottoman q&amacr;ḍ&imacr;, the Qajar Uṣ&umacr;l&imacr; jurist or mujtahid known as Ḥ&amacr;kim-i shar' in a judicial context had both notarial and adjudicative powers. The Qajar jurist could thus authenticate, register, annul legal documents and act as an arbiter in lawsuits. The Qajar jurist could also, however, issue a legal opinion. This was the role of the muft&imacr; – a separate judicial office in other parts of the Islamic world. Qajar jurists exercised their extensive judicial powers through a network of informal shar&imacr;'a courts, which they came to operate in most Iranian towns and cities largely independent of direct state control. While the notarial aspects of the Qajar shar&imacr;'a court have received some scholarly attention, this study aims to investigate the role of the jurist and his ruling (Ḥukm-i shar') in shar&imacr;'a litigation (mur&amacr;fa'a pl. –&amacr;t).

O envolvimento da advocacia nas reformas de ampliação do acesso aos sistemas de justiça tem merecido atenção da literatura comparada, que realça características de comprometimento social e engajamento político de certos movimentos de advogados e suas entidades de classe, mas também aponta para a intervenção desses profissionais na supressão das insuficiências do mercado de serviços legais. A partir de uma abordagem institucional da advocacia, que destaca as disposições constitucionais sobre a participação privilegiada da profissão na administração e funcionamento do sistema de justiça brasileiro, o objetivo do estudo é investigar como a advocacia vem se relacionando com as reformas do acesso à justiça no estado de São Paulo, durante a transição para a democracia e a consolidação democrática no Brasil. A pesquisa envolve a reconstrução do debate sobre o tema no interior da profissão, a partir de uma análise de conteúdo das publicações oficiais das entidades da advocacia. / The advocacy\'s evolvement on the reforms to enlarge the access to judicial systems has deserved attention of comparative literature, which enhances characteristics of social and political engagement of certain movements of lawyers and its professional entities, but also indicates the intervention of these professionals in the suppression of the legal services market\'s insufficiencies. Using an institutional approach of advocacy, that detaches the constitutional disposals about the privileged participation of the profession in the administration and functioning of the Brazilian judicial system, the objective of this study is investigate how advocacy has been involved in the access to justice\'s reforms in São Paulo state, during the transition to democracy and democratic consolidation in Brazil. The research involves the reconstruction of the discussion about that subject inside the profession, using acontent\'s analysis of official publications of the advocacy\'s entities.