This thesis addresses the following question: What is the role of judicial training (JT) and performance appraisal (PA) in the organizational reform of judiciaries? The research studies the effects of various JT and PA mechanisms upon models of judicial organization. In light of the great diversity of judicial systems and variable configurations of JT and PA, the research strategy is twofold: First, the study focuses on the judiciaries of Chile and England and Wales being representatives of contrasting judicial organizational traditions. Second, I use typologies of judicial organization to focus on the main organizational aspects of judiciaries only, reducing the complexity of multidimensional analysis. After critically reviewing existing typologies of judicial organization, the thesis argues that these analytical constructs cannot fully explain contemporary changes in judiciaries, owing to their one-sided focus upon authority as a central organizational dimension. Rather, the thesis highlights the importance of the values and beliefs implicit in JT and PA arrangements in the normative evolution of the two judiciaries. The research employs a grounded theory methodology to uncover the organizational variables that underpin JT and PA arrangements in the two contexts, using them to develop a new typology, and to explain the role of these mechanisms in the organization of judiciaries. The empirical data shows that JT and PA bear normative content that can influence the reform of judiciaries. The functioning of these mechanisms also expresses different conceptions of authority, organizational cultures, and levels and types of formalization. The thesis proposes an organizational typology to analyse the role of JT and PA in changes to judicial organization. The results help to: 1) explain reforms in judicial organizational models; 2) understand how JT and PA contribute to such processes of change, and 3) highlight the relevance of the type of formalization for the normative analysis of the resulting organizational models.

Submitted by Leoná Rodrigues (leonarodrigues@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-30T20:42:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A primeira fase da Justiça Federal - Maria da Conceição Panait.pdf: 641997 bytes, checksum: 2eff2f63284a00cf15ba872021a019e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito (bfd@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-12T14:14:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 A primeira fase da Justiça Federal - Maria da Conceição Panait.pdf: 641997 bytes, checksum: 2eff2f63284a00cf15ba872021a019e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T14:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A primeira fase da Justiça Federal - Maria da Conceição Panait.pdf: 641997 bytes, checksum: 2eff2f63284a00cf15ba872021a019e7 (MD5) / Essa dissertação é o resultado da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica sobre as possíveis causas da extinção da Justiça Federal de primeira instância na Constituição de 1937, imposta pelo Estado Novo, correlacionando a trajetória da instituição aos acontecimentos históricos. Neste estudo, levou-se em consideração a influência das forças políticas centralizadoras e descentralizadoras do poder na estruturação e na funcionalidade do Judiciário em diversos momentos da história do Brasil. Ao examinarmos a organização judiciária da primeira Constituição Republicana, inspirada no paradigma norte americano, apresentamos a controvérsia levantada pela corrente centralista, a respeito do sistema de dualidade judiciária, no qual coexistem duas magistraturas (federal e estadual). Foram, também, discutidas as críticas ao modelo da dualidade do direito, que estabeleceu a competência dos entes federados para legislar sobre direito processual e a competência da União para legislar sobre direito material. Mediante pesquisa de documentos da época, procuramos traçar um perfil da primeira fase da Justiça Federal, através do diagnóstico dos problemas enfrentados pelos juízes seccionais no exercício da jurisdição. Na sequência, procuramos identificar os motivos que provocaram a demanda social centralizadora que repercutiu na Reforma Constitucional de 1926 e nos anteprojetos das comissões legislativas instituídas após a Revolução de 1930. Discutimos os argumentos utilizados pela Assembléia constituinte de 1934 a respeito da unidade do direito processual e sobre a manutenção da dualidade da magistratura na organização judiciária. Ao final, cuidamos de demonstrar o processo que levou a formação da Justiça Nacional, implantada na Carta de 1937, que atribuiu à Justiça dos Estados a competência para julgar as matérias federais, unificando a primeira instância. Concluímos que a primeira instância da Justiça Federal, na sua fase inicial, não possuía uma estrutura funcional e administrativa adequada para superar os problemas políticos inerentes à realidade social da época e, por este motivo, foi suprimida da organização judiciária do Estado Novo. / This dissertation is the result of document research and literature about the possible causes of extinction of the Federal Justice of first instance, in the 1937 Constitution imposed by the Estado Novo, correlating the trajectory of the institution to historical events. In this study, it was taken into consideration the influence of political centralization and decentralization of power in the structure and functionality of the judiciary at different moments in the history of Brazil. By examining the judicial organization of the first Republican Constitution, inspired by the North American paradigm, we presented the legal controversy, raised by the current centralist, about the judicial system of duality, in which coexist two magistrates (federal and state). We also discussed the criticism made of the duality of the law, which defined the legislative competence of state procedural laws and the federal government`s competence to legislate on substantive law. Through research documents of the period, we tried to draw a profile of the first phase of the Federal Justice through the diagnosis of the problems faced by judges in the exercise of jurisdiction sectional. Further, we identify the reasons that led to the centralizing social demand that resonated in the Constitutional Reform of 1926 and draft of the legislative committees established after the 1930 Revolution. We discuss the arguments used by the Constituent Assembly of 1934 concerning the unity of the procedural Law and the maintenance of the duality of the judiciary in the judicial organization. At the end, take care to demonstrate the process that led to the formation of the National Justice, established in the Charter of 1937, which gave the Justice of the States competence to judge the federal matters, unifying the first instance. We concluded that the first instance of a Federal Justice, in its early stages, did not have an adequate administrative and functional structure to overcome the political problems inherent in the social reality of the period and, therefore, was removed from the judicial organization of the Estado Novo.

Officiellement concédé à la France par la convention franco-chinoise du 16 novembre 1899, le territoire de Kouangtchéou Wan était, aux yeux de Paul Doumer, Gouverneur Général de l’Indochine à cette époque-là, un « engin » important et indispensable en vue de réaliser son ambitieux projet politique et économique vis-à-vis de la Chine méridionale, et pour le futur développement français en Extrême-Orient. L’étude portant sur l’histoire de la France à Kouangtchéou Wan vise à faire ressortir l’évolution d’une cité portuaire chinoise sous l’administration française, au cours de la première moitié du siècle précédent. Il s’agit, d’abord, de découvrir les initiatives stratégiques et géopolitiques motivant la prise dudit territoire, l’organisation administrative et judiciaire adoptée ainsi que les réformes organiques qui ont résulté des changements de la circonstance locale ou voisine et qui ont plus ou moins provoqué l’évolution de cette cité ; puis, d’exposer les espoirs de la France sur ce territoire et ses œuvres réalisées ; enfin, d’étudier les raisons pour lesquelles les espoirs de la France à Kouangtchéou Wan ont été déçus / Officially conceded to France by the Franco-Chinese convention of November 16, 1899, the territory of Guangzhou Wan was, in the eyes of Paul Doumer, General Governor of Indochina at that time, an important and indispensable “machine” for achieving his ambitious political and economic project with regard to the southern China, and for the future French development in the Far East. The study on the history of France in Guangzhou Wan aims to reveal the evolution of a Chinese port city under the French administration, during the first half of the previous century. It’s about, at first, to discover the strategic and geo-political initiative that motivate the takeover of the territory, the administrative and judicial organization adopted, as well as the organic reforms that resulted from the changes of the local or neighboring circumstance, witch had more or less provoked the evolution of this city; then, to expose the hopes of France on this territory and its realized works; finally, to study the raisons why the hopes of France to Guangzhou Wan have been disappointed

Si le but final du procès consiste dans le prononcé du jugement, par lequel le juge dit le droit (jurisdictio), dissipant, l'incertitude juridique et promouvant ainsi la paix sociale, d'autres actes doivent également être réalisés pour l'accomplissement de la mission de juger dans des conditions satisfaisantes : ce sont les actes d'administration judiciaire, sujet de notre étude. Le concept français englobe les actes d'organisation juridictionnelle et les actes de gestion procédurale qui visent, respectivement, au bon fonctionnement des juridictions et au bon déroulement de l'instance. Malgré la portée de ce sujet, il reste peu exploré par les juristes et nous avons pu constater des hésitations quant à l'exacte qualification des actes du juge par la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Ceci n'est pas pourtant souhaitable dans la mesure où les actes judiciaires administratifs sont soumis, selon le droit positif français, à un régime différent de celui qui s'applique aux actes liés à l'activité juridictionnelle. En conséquence, ils ne sont pas assujettis en principe aux mêmes contraintes que les jugements et ne sont sujets à aucun recours. L'absence de voies de contestation liée à l'adoption d'un système souple dans un domaine où le chef de juridiction dispose de pouvoirs majeurs ouvre alors des questionnements légitimes sur Je respect des principes majeurs qui gouvernent le procès et la justice. Même si le droit brésilien ne connaît pas ladite notion française, l'administration de la justice brésilienne requiert, elle aussi, l'accomplissement d'actes judiciaires administratifs. Les similitudes pour ce qui concerne les actes de gestion procédurale et les différences significatives dans le domaine de l'organisation juridictionnelle justifient alors la méthode comparative de la présente étude qui vise à déterminer les particularités et les traits communs de ces deux systèmes juridiques et à identifier ce que chacun peut apprendre de l’autre dans un but constant de développement. / If the ultimate goal of the trial is in the judgment, by which the judge says the Jaw (jurisdictio), dispelling legal uncertainty and thus promoting social peace, other acts must also be made for the fulfillment of the mission of judging : these are the judicial administration acts, which are the subject of our study. The French concept includes the acts of judicial organization and the acts of procedural management, which provide, respectively, the proper functioning of the courts and the proper conduct of the proceedings. Despite the importance of the subject, it is little explored by jurists and we see some hesitation concerning the exact definition of the acts of the judge by scholars and in the jurisprudence. This is not desirable, however, because the judicial administration acts are subjected, according to the French law, to a different set of rules, so they are not in principle liable to the same constraints as judgments, and they cannot incur to any appeal. The Jack of ways of contesting, in addition with the adoption of a flexible system, where the head of the court has major powers in the subject, open legitimate questions concerning the respect of major principles governing the trial and the justice. Although Brazilian law does not have the French notion, the administration of Brazilian justice requires, too, the practice of judicial administration acts. The similarities related with the acts of procedural management and the significant differences in the acts of judicial organization justify the comparative method of this study, which proposes to determine the peculiarities and common features of these two legal systems and to identify what each one can learn from the other in a constant goal of development.

Les moyens et l'organisation de la justice sont des déterminants importants de l'efficacité de cette institution. Pourtant, ces aspects restent encore marginalement étudiés dans l'analyse économique du droit. Après avoir mis en évidence le besoin d'un cadre d'analyse économique des relations entre les résultats de l'activité judiciaire, les moyens alloués au système, la demande de justice et ses modes d'organisation, nous contribuons directement à l'exploration de ces relations. D'abord grâce à un modèle théorique, nous démontrons l'existence d'un effet multiplicateur des dépenses publiques de justice en nous appuyant sur l'analyse d'un type de conflits particulier : les conflits locatifs. Nous démontrons alors qu'une augmentation marginale des dépenses consacrées à la résolution de ce type de conflits améliore de manière significative à la fois le fonctionnement des tribunaux et le fonctionnement du marché du logement locatif. Ensuite, grâce à un test économétrique à partir de données originales – en particulier celles produites par la Commission Européenne pour l'Efficacité de la Justice – nous mettons en évidence un lien positif et robuste entre la confiance des individus dans la justice et diverses variables budgétaires. Nous développons l'idée que le budget de la justice joue un rôle de signal de la qualité de l'institution pour les agents dont la connaissance réelle du système judiciaire est limitée. Enfin, dans un modèle de double aléa moral appliqué à la production de justice, nous analysons les relations entre les moyens et l'organisation de la justice puis entre cette dernière et les résultats de son activité. Nous démontrons alors que certains équilibres du jeu stratégique entre les agents responsables de la production des services judiciaires – le gouvernement et les magistrats – correspondent à des situations inefficaces car les magistrats sont amenés à effectuer des tâches administratives à la place du gouvernement, au prix d'un niveau de production de services judiciaires relativement faible. / The means and organization of justice are important determinants of the efficiency of this institution. Nevertheless, these aspects still remain marginally studied in the economic analysis of law. After we have highlighted the need for an economic analytical framework of the relationships between the results of judicial activity, the means allocated to the system, the demand of justice and its organizational features, we directly contribute to the exploration of these relationships. First, thanks to a theoretical model, we demonstrate the existence of a multiplier effect of public expenditure on justice by focusing on the analysis of a particular type of disputes: rental ones. We thus demonstrate that a marginal increase in expenditures dedicated to the resolution of rental disputes significantly improves both the functioning of courts and the functioning of the rental market. Then, thanks to an econometrical test on original data – in particular the ones produced by the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice – we show a positive and robust link between individuals' trust in justice and different budget-related variables. We argue that the justice budget plays a role as a signal of the institution's quality for agents whose knowledge about the reality of the judicial system is limited. Finally, using a double-sided moral hazard model applied to the production of justice, we analyze the relationship between the means and the organization of justice and then, between the organization and the results of judicial activity. We thus demonstrate that some of the equilibria of the strategic game between the agents who are responsible for the production of judicial services – the government and the magistrates – correspond to inefficient situations because magistrates are led to perform administrative tasks instead of the government, at the cost of a relatively low level of production of judicial services.