The worldwide occurrence of sites contaminated with toxic metals and the associated high costs of remediating them using chemical and mechanical methods have led to calls to develop inexpensive and sustainable approaches based on the use of plants that naturally accumulate large amounts of metals in their tissues. The ability of plants to remediate metals has been rigorously studied and some species have been identified as excellent phytoremediators. However, the growth of phytoremediators is often retarded under high soil metal concentrations, rendering them ineffective. Meanwhile, some plants do not have remediating abilities but are capable of growing in contaminated environments with little or no sign of stress. Despite the volume of research dedicated to the screening and evaluation of phytoremediators, major questions remain about why some plants survive but do not remediate while the growth of phytoremediators is mostly hindered. The growth and metal-remediating efficiency of plants exposed to toxic concentrations of metals can be enhanced by inoculating phytoremediating plants with certain bacteria but the mechanisms behind this process remain unclear. Furthermore, the use of leguminous plants to improve the growth of a target plant under a mixed planting system has long been recognised as an effective yield-enhancing cropping system. However, the possibility of a non-remediating but tolerant leguminous plant conferring metal tolerance to a phytoremediator has not been explored. This thesis reports results from repeated glasshouse and lab-based growth experiments on the phytoremediating plant Brassica juncea exposed to 400 – 600 mg Zn kg-1. The aim was to investigate the abilities of two plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) species Pseudomonas brassicacearum and Rhizobium leguminosarum, and a leguminous plant Vicia sativa to promote B. juncea growth and enhance remediation of Zn-contaminated soil. B. juncea plant roots were analysed using synchrotron based micro-focus X-ray Fluorescence (μXRF) imaging and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (μXANES) analysis to probe Zn speciation. P. brassicacearum exhibited the poorest plant growth promoting ability, while R. leguminosarum alone and in combination with P. brassicacearum significantly enhanced B. juncea growth and Zn bioaccumulation. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) analysis showed that reduced plant growth was due to root accumulation of Zn as Zn sulphate, Zn oxalate and Zn polygalacturonic acids. The better growth and increased metal accumulation observed in plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum and its combination with P. brassicacearum was attributed to root storage of Zn in the chelated forms of Zn phytate and Zn cysteine. A subcellular analysis of plant root also showed that the PGPB enhanced tolerance to Zn contamination by enhancing epidermal Zn compartmentalisation depending on the nature of root colonization, and induced changes in Zn speciation to less toxic Zn species in the epidermis and endodermis of plant root. The thesis therefore identifies enhanced Zn compartmentalization at the root epidermis and bacterial mediated changes in Zn toxicity through changes in Zn speciation as key complimentary mechanisms of plant growth promotion and enhanced Zn accumulation in plants by PGPB. Further experiments investigating alternative phytoremediation strategies showed that the use of the leguminous plant V. sativa in a mixed planting system with B. juncea plants completely out performed the effects of bacteria in promoting the growth and remediation potential of B. juncea under Zn contamination. By combining PGPB with mixed planting, B. juncea recovered full growth while also achieving maximum phytoremediation efficiency. The novel legume assistedmicrobial phytoremediation method that is reported in this thesis is the first to demonstrate complete plant growth recovery in plants exposed to 400 – 450 mg kg-1 soil Zn contamination for 5 weeks. Survival of V. sativa was attributed to its root storage of Zn in the chelated forms of Zn histidine and cysteine whereas in the roots of stunted B. juncea plants the majority of Zn was present as Zn oxalate and toxic Zn sulphate. Although the use of natural and synthetic chelates has been reported to enhance phytoremediation, this thesis recommends a legume-assisted-microbialphytoremediation system as a more sustainable method for Zn bioremediation.

Excessive metal deposition in soil is of major concern to the environment due to the toxicity of metals to animals and plants. Since metals do not degrade, reducing risk of exposure relies in either removing the metals from soil, or changing their speciation which leads to changes in bioavailability, mobility and toxicity. Plants have been shown to provide a cheap alternative to chemical methods for both removing and changing metal speciation, particularly when augmented with plant growth promoting bacteria. The focus of this thesis was to investigate whether the form (speciation) in which a metal contaminant is introduced to soil affects both plant health and the efficiency of metal remediation by the plant, using the well-known hyperaccumulator Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and zinc (Zn) as the metal contaminant. This study also examined the role of plant growth promoting bacteria in changing metal speciation, impact on metal toxicity and phytoremediation efficiency. Brassica juncea was grown in pots containing soil spiked with equal amounts (600 mg Zn kg-1) of soluble Zn (ZnSO4) and nanoparticulate ZnS and ZnO. Plant height, number of leaves, root length, plant biomass and chlorophyll content of Brassica juncea were used to assess Zn toxicity. Zn localisation and speciation in soil and plant tissues was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping (μXRF) and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Growth parameters showed that ZnSO4 was the most toxic form of Zn whilst ZnS and ZnO effects were not statistically different. These differences were linked to differences in Zn content in root and shoot biomass, which was higher in ZnSO4 treatments. Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Pseudomonas brassicacearum enhanced plant growth, Zn concentration in plant biomass and translocation of Zn in all Zn treatments. XAS analysis showed that Zn speciation was altered in roots of plants inoculated with bacteria, with Zn cysteine as the most dominant form of Zn in all inoculated Zn treatments, suggesting a role for cysteine in ameliorating Zn toxicity. By also assessing Zn speciation changes across the soilrhizosphere- plant interface, this study established that Rhizobium leguminosarum modified Zn speciation at the rhizosphere. Through this thesis work, metal speciation is a major factor in determining the efficiency of metal phytoremediation and plant tolerance. Hence, this research provides useful information on Zn speciation which will contribute to effective implementation of Zn phytoremediation.

Abstract In our continuing studies on the chemical constituents of Taiwanese octocorals, the gorgonian coral Isis hippuris and the sea pen coral Virgularia juncea, which were collected from the coast of Green Island and Peng-Hung Islands, respectively, have been the subjects of our investigations. Six compounds, including two new steroids, hippuristerones A and E (1 and 2), along with three known steroids 3£]-hydroxy-5£\-pregnan -20-one (3), prenga-4-ene-3,20-dione (4), prenga-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (5) and a known sesquiterpene subergorgic acid (6) were isolated from I. hippuris. Four compounds, incoulding a new sesquterpene, junceol A (7) and two known diterpenoids, sclerophytin A (8), cladiellisin (9) and a known steroid 24-methylenecholesterol (10) were isolated from V. juncea. The structures of above isolates were determined by physical (mp and optical rotation) and extensive spectral (UV, IR, MS, HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR) analysis and by comparison with the related physical and spectral data from other known compounds. The structure, including the relative configuration of hippuristerone A (1) was further confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray analysis.Furthermore, the relative configuration of hippuristerone E (2) was supported by the chemical dynamics calculations.

Two trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of inclusion level of canola meal derived from Brassica (B.) napus and B. juncea on cattle performance and nutrient utilization. Trial 1 consisted of backgrounding (54 d) and finishing (153 d) phases. The control diet for the backgounding (BK) phase consisted of 39% barley silage, 30.4% barley grain, 22.8% brome grass hay and 7.8% supplement (DM). Treatments consisted of B. napus or B. juncea at 15 or 30% (DM) inclusion, replacing barley grain. The finishing control diet consisted of 88.3% barley grain, 4.4% barley silage and 7.3% supplement (DM). Treatments consisted of B. napus or B. juncea at 10 or 20% (DM) inclusion, replacing barley grain. During BK, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed (G:F) increased linearly (P < 0.01) as the level of inclusion of B. juncea meal increased. Cattle fed B. napus meal showed a quadratic response (P = 0.05) in DMI and linear increase (P = 0.02) in ADG with increasing inclusion. During finishing, DMI increased linearly (P = 0.05) for cattle fed B. juncea meal while a quadratic response (P = 0.02) was seen with B. napus meal. Feed efficiency and NEg content of the diet (P ≤ 0.02) decreased linearly with increasing inclusion of both meals. Trial 2 evaluated dietary rumen fermentation and total tract digestibility characteristics in a 5 x 5 Latin Square Design. Diets were similar to finishing phase of Trial 1. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH, however a linear increase in acetate (P ≤ 0.01), ammonia (P < 0.01) and decrease (P < 0.01) in propionate was seen with both meal types. Crude protein and acid detergent fiber digestibility increased (P = 0.03) linearly with increasing inclusion of B. juncea meal. The results indicate that canola meal derived from B. napus and B. juncea is not suitable as a supplemental energy source replacing for barley grain in finishing diets but canola meal from B. juncea can be fed at levels up to 30% of the DM in backgrounding diets if priced appropriately.

Submitted by DOGLAS BASSEGIO null (doglas14@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-16T22:03:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T17:47:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bassegio_d_dr_bot.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T17:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bassegio_d_dr_bot.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O gênero Brassica é a terceira maior fonte de óleo vegetal do mundo, com oleaginosas cultivadas no Hemisfério Norte. No Brasil, apesar do aumento nos últimos anos, a espécie Brassica napus L., não é um cultivo tradicional, devido as limitações de fotoperíodo e altas temperaturas. Outras espécies do gênero, como é o caso da Brassica juncea L. e Brassica rapa L., amplamente cultivadas em zonas de baixa precipitação e fertilidade, podem ser opções de cultivo em áreas marginais de sequeiro em condições tropicais, visto que possuem alto teor de óleo com características propicias para o biodiesel, além de menor sensibilidade ao ambiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar germoplasma de Brassica juncea L. e Brassica rapa L., avaliar o potencial produtivo e a divergência genética de acessos em Botucatu – SP, Brasil. Os experimentos tiveram início em outono-inverno de 2012, com a avaliação de 424 acessos de Brassica juncea L. e 209 de Brassica rapa L. quanto ao florescimento e produção de sementes. Em outono-inverno de 2015 e 2016 acessos de brássicas e um híbrido comercial da espécie Brassica napus L. foram avaliados, em experimentos em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em relação aos componentes da produção, à produção grãos e óleo e a divergência genética. Do total de acessos introduzidos e avaliados, apenas 51 (12%) de Brassica juncea L. e 59 (28%) de Brassica rapa L. produziram sementes, devido ao efeito de fotoperiodo. Os componentes da produção variaram entre acessos e espécies, com destaque para precocidade e teor de óleo de acessos da espécie Brassica rapa L.; e o número de síliquas e a produtividade de grãos e óleo de acessos da espécie Brassica juncea L.. A produtividade de grãos e óleo foi em média 15% superior nos acessos de Brassica juncea L. em relação a espécie Brassica rapa L., com destaque para o acesso PI 180266 com 2056 kg ha–1 de grãos e 805 kg ha–1 de óleo. A variabilidade genética entre os acessos de brássicas possibilitou a formação de grupos de acessos para futuros ganhos em melhoramento genético. Conclui-se que os acessos selecionados confirmam a hipótese do potencial produtivo sem efeito de fotoperíodo em condições tropicais, o que demonstra que podem ser opções para cultivo em áreas onde a Brassica napus L. não está bem adaptada. / Brassica is the third largest source of vegetable oil in the world, with oilseeds grown in the Northern Hemisphere. In Brazil, despite the increase in recent years, Brassica napus L., is not a traditional crop due to limitations of photoperiod and high temperatures. Other species of the genus, such as Brassica juncea L. and Brassica rapa L., widely cultivated in low rainfall zones and fertility, may be cultivation options in marginal rainfed areas under tropical conditions, since they have high oil content with characteristics conducive to biodiesel, in addition to lower sensitivity to environment. The objectives of this work were to characterize the germplasm of Brassica juncea L. and Brassica rapa L. and to evaluate the productive potential, as well as the genetic divergence of accesses in Botucatu – SP, Brazil. The experiments started in autumn-winter of 2012, with the evaluation of 424 accessions of Brassica juncea L. and 209 of Brassica rapa L. regarding flowering and seed production. In the autumn-winter of 2015 and 2016, Brassica napus L. and commercial Brassica napus L. were evaluated in randomized blocks with three replicates, in relation to the production components, grain and oil production, and divergence genetic. Of the total number of accesses introduced and evaluated, only 51 (12%) of Brassica juncea L. and 59 (28%) of Brassica rapa L. produced seeds, due to the effect of photoperiod. The components of the production varied between accesses and species, with emphasis on precocity and oil content of Brassica rapa L.; and the growth and number of siliques of the specie Brassica juncea L. The yield of grains and oil was on average 15% higher in the accessions of Brassica juncea L. in relation to the species Brassica rapa L., with emphasis on access PI 180266 with 2056 kg ha–1 of grains and 805 kg ha–1 of oil yield. The genetic variability among the accessions of brassicas allowed the formation of groups of accessions for future gains in genetic improvement. It is concluded that the selected accessions confirm the hypothesis of the productive potential without photoperiod effect in tropical conditions, which demonstrates that they can be options for cultivation in areas where Brassica napus L. is not well adapted.

Submitted by GUSTAVO ANDRÉ DE ARAÚJO SANTOS null (gustavo_anndre@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-17T12:44:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Gustavo_André_de_Araújo_Santos_2017.pdf: 1203073 bytes, checksum: 78f11b55d4ddcff45b38620efe74534a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-23T17:09:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_gaa_me_jabo.pdf: 1203073 bytes, checksum: 78f11b55d4ddcff45b38620efe74534a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T17:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_gaa_me_jabo.pdf: 1203073 bytes, checksum: 78f11b55d4ddcff45b38620efe74534a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A otimização de sistemas conservacionistas de produção, com objetivo de aumentar os estoques de carbono e diminuir a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, e em concomitância aumentar a produtividade agrícola, são considerados um dos maiores desafios da agricultura atual. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de CO2 (FCO2) e sua relação com os atributos do solo em sistema de semeadura direta com diferentes sucessões de sequências de culturas de verão e de inverno. O estudo foi conduzido em área sob sistema de semeadura direta no município de Jaboticabal-SP, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram nas combinações de três sequências de culturas de verão com duas de inverno, sendo as de verão: monocultura do milho (MM), monocultura da soja (SS) e rotação soja e milho (SM). As culturas de inverno foram: crotalaria e milho O delineamento experimental foi em faixas com três blocos em parcelas subdivididas. Entre os meses de julho e agosto foram conduzidas 16 avaliações da emissão de CO2 (FCO2), temperatura (Ts) e umidade (Us) do solo ao longo de um período total de 51 dias. Após essas avaliações foram realizadas coletas de solo, na profundidade de 0-0,20 m para a determinação dos atributos físicos e químicos. Não foi observado interação (p > 0,05) das sequências das culturas verão com as culturas de inverno sobre os atributos do solo, FCO2, Us e Ts tanto na variação temporal quanto para a espacial, por este motivo as culturas de inverno foram comparadas isoladamente das sequências de culturas de verão. A Us foi o atributo que mais influenciou a variação temporal da FCO2, com correlação de (r = 0,79; p < 0,0001) e (r = 0,70; p = 0,002) entre MM e SS para as sequências de culturas de verão, para as culturas de inverno a correlação foi de (r = 0,78; p < 0,0001) para os resíduos de crotalaria (r = 0,66; p = 0,005) para os do milho. A FCO2 não apresentou diferença entre as sequências de verão (p > 0,05). Contudo, para as culturas de inverno, o solo sob resíduo da crotalaria apresentou maior FCO2 (1,03 µmol m-2 s-1) quando comparado ao tratamento com a cultura do milho (0,94 µmol m-2 s-1). O solo com resíduo da crotalaria também apresentou maiores valores de porosidade total, microporos e macroporos, bem como, do diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados. Desta forma, os resultados indicam que a umidade do solo foi a variável que melhor se correlacionou a FCO2 no tempo, e os atributos físicos (porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade mais a temperatura) foram os atributos que melhor explicaram a FCO2 no espaço e que independentemente do cultivo das sequências de verão (MM, SS e SM), o solo sob resíduos da cultura da crotalaria proporciona maior FCO2 devido ao efeito que esta leguminosa propicia aos atributos físico do solo. Maior estoque de carbono é proporcionado por MM, enquanto que para as culturas de inverno o estoque de carbono é igual. / The optimization of conservationist production systems, with the aim of increasing carbon stocks, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, and concomitantly increasing agricultural productivity, are considered one of the greatest challenges of the current agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CO2 emission (FCO2) and it is relation with the soil attributes in a direct seeding system with different successions of summer and winter crop sequences. The study was conducted in an area under direct seeding system in the municipality of Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. The treatments consisted of the combinations of three sequences of summer and two winter cultures, being summer: maize monoculture (MM), soy monoculture (SS) and soybean and corn (SM) rotation. The winter crops were: crotalaria and corn the experimental design was in bands with three blocks in subdivided plots. Between July and August, 16 evaluations of CO2 emission (FCO2), temperature (Ts) and soil humidity (Us) were conducted over a total period of 51 days. After these evaluations, soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-0.20 m for the determination of physical and chemical attributes. There was no interaction (p > 0.05) of the sequences of summer crops with the winter crops on the attributes of the soil, FCO2, Us and Ts in both temporal and spatial variation, for this reason the winter crops were compared Isolated from the summer crop sequences. The Us was the attribute that most influenced the temporal variation of the FCO2, with correlation of (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001) and (r = 0.70; p = 0.002) between MM and SS for the sequences of summer crops, to the winter crops the correlation was (r = 0,78; p < 0,0001) for crotalaria residues (r = 0.66; p = 0.005) for corn. FCO2 showed no difference between the summer sequences (p > 0.05). However, for winter crops, soil under crotalaria residues showed higher FCO2 (1.03 μmol m-2 s -1 ) when compared to the treatment of corn crop (0.94 μmol m-2 s -1 ). The soil with crotalaria residue also presented higher values of total porosity, micropores and macropores, as well as of the weighted average diameter of aggregates. Thus, the results indicate that soil humidity was the variable which best correlated FCO2 in time, and physical attributes (total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity plus temperature) were the attributes that best explained FCO2 in space and that Independently of the cultivation of the summer sequences (MM, SS and SM), the soil under residues of the crotalaria crop provides higher FCO2 due to the effect that this legume provides to the physical attributes of the soil. Higher carbon stock is provided by MM, while for winter crops the carbon stock is the same.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wildjaime de bergaman.pdf: 302638 bytes, checksum: 61eb497bb063a622d1a5b4e1cc763c86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the Crotalaria juncea, under applications of different doses of cattle manure and of earthworm humus. An experiment was carried out in the period of August to October of 2007 in the greenhouse of the Plant Science Department of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN. A 2 x 5 factorial scheme with thee replications of two plants per plot in a completely randomized design was used. The treatments consisted of the combination of two sources of organic matter ( cattle manure and earthworm humus ) with five doses of these sources ( 0, 15, 45, 60 t ha-1 ) the doses of organics fertilizers were incorporated to the total soil volume and, soon after application of the treatments it was sowed five seeds per pot with Crotalaria juncea, leaving later two plants per pot. The evaluated traits were: plant height and stalk diameter, number of leaves per plant, shoot fresh and dry mass. Significant interaction between sources of organic matter and their doses was observed on plant height, stalk diameter and number leaves per plant. The highest plant height ( 173.50 cm) and stalk diameter (4,83 cm) were obtained with the dose application of 45 t ha-1 of cattle manure, being this value 24% higher as compared to that value in the same dose of earthworm humus. These was not significant the interaction between sources of organic matter and their doses on shoot fresh and dry mass. The Crotalaria juncea responded very well the input of the organic matter sources. The dose of organic matter to be recommended for fresh production of Crotalaria juncea is of 40 t ha-1 . the production of more vigorous plants was provided by the cattle manure / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a performance da Crotalaria juncea sob a aplicação de diferentes doses de esterco bovino e húmus de minhoca. Um experimento foi conduzido no período de agosto a outubro de 2007 na casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com três repetições com duas por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas fontes de matéria orgânica (esterco bovino e húmus de minhoca) com cinco doses destas fontes ( 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 t ha-¹). As doses dos fertilizantes orgânicos foram incorporados ao volume total do solo, e, logo após a aplicação dos tratamentos, semeou-se cinco sementes de Crotalaria juncea por vaso, posteriormente deixando-se das plantas por vaso. As características avaliadas foram: altura de plantas e diâmetro do caule, número de folhas por planta, massa verde e seca da parte aérea. Interação significativa entre as fontes de matéria orgânica e suas doses foi observada na altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e número de folhas por planta. A maior altura de planta (173,50 cm ) e o maior diâmetro de caule (4,83 cm) foram obtidos com aplicação da dose de 45 t ha-¹ de esterco bovino. Para o número de folhas por planta o maior valor foi observado na dose de 30 t ha-¹ de esterco bovino, sendo este valor 24 % superior ao obtido com o húmus de minhoca na mesma dose, não houve interação significativa entre fontes de matéria orgânica e suas doses na massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. A Crotalaria juncea respondeu muito bem ao aporte das fontes de matéria orgânica.a dose de matéria orgânica recomendada para a produção da Crotalaria juncea é de 40 t ha-¹. A produção de plantas mais vigorosas foi proporcionado pelo esterco bovino

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wildjaime de bergaman.pdf: 302638 bytes, checksum: 61eb497bb063a622d1a5b4e1cc763c86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the Crotalaria juncea, under applications of different doses of cattle manure and of earthworm humus. An experiment was carried out in the period of August to October of 2007 in the greenhouse of the Plant Science Department of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN. A 2 x 5 factorial scheme with thee replications of two plants per plot in a completely randomized design was used. The treatments consisted of the combination of two sources of organic matter ( cattle manure and earthworm humus ) with five doses of these sources ( 0, 15, 45, 60 t ha-1 ) the doses of organics fertilizers were incorporated to the total soil volume and, soon after application of the treatments it was sowed five seeds per pot with Crotalaria juncea, leaving later two plants per pot. The evaluated traits were: plant height and stalk diameter, number of leaves per plant, shoot fresh and dry mass. Significant interaction between sources of organic matter and their doses was observed on plant height, stalk diameter and number leaves per plant. The highest plant height ( 173.50 cm) and stalk diameter (4,83 cm) were obtained with the dose application of 45 t ha-1 of cattle manure, being this value 24% higher as compared to that value in the same dose of earthworm humus. These was not significant the interaction between sources of organic matter and their doses on shoot fresh and dry mass. The Crotalaria juncea responded very well the input of the organic matter sources. The dose of organic matter to be recommended for fresh production of Crotalaria juncea is of 40 t ha-1 . the production of more vigorous plants was provided by the cattle manure / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a performance da Crotalaria juncea sob a aplicação de diferentes doses de esterco bovino e húmus de minhoca. Um experimento foi conduzido no período de agosto a outubro de 2007 na casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com três repetições com duas por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas fontes de matéria orgânica (esterco bovino e húmus de minhoca) com cinco doses destas fontes ( 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 t ha-¹). As doses dos fertilizantes orgânicos foram incorporados ao volume total do solo, e, logo após a aplicação dos tratamentos, semeou-se cinco sementes de Crotalaria juncea por vaso, posteriormente deixando-se das plantas por vaso. As características avaliadas foram: altura de plantas e diâmetro do caule, número de folhas por planta, massa verde e seca da parte aérea. Interação significativa entre as fontes de matéria orgânica e suas doses foi observada na altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e número de folhas por planta. A maior altura de planta (173,50 cm ) e o maior diâmetro de caule (4,83 cm) foram obtidos com aplicação da dose de 45 t ha-¹ de esterco bovino. Para o número de folhas por planta o maior valor foi observado na dose de 30 t ha-¹ de esterco bovino, sendo este valor 24 % superior ao obtido com o húmus de minhoca na mesma dose, não houve interação significativa entre fontes de matéria orgânica e suas doses na massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. A Crotalaria juncea respondeu muito bem ao aporte das fontes de matéria orgânica.a dose de matéria orgânica recomendada para a produção da Crotalaria juncea é de 40 t ha-¹. A produção de plantas mais vigorosas foi proporcionado pelo esterco bovino

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to investigate the influence of the basic experimental unit size in the estimate of the plot size to evaluate the fresh matter of aerial part of brown hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), using three different methods for determining the plot size. Two uniformity trials were carried out in the field during the 2014/2015 agricultural year. Uniformity trials with useful area of 1152m2 were sown on October 22, 2014 and on December 03, 2014, in the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria. For both sowing dates, the 48m×24m (1152m2) area was evaluated in basic experimental units (BEU) of 0.5m×0.5m (0.25m2), totaling 4608 BEU for each sowing date. For each sowing date, the harvest was carried out during the crop flowering period. From the obtainment of fresh matter values of aerial part of brown hemp plants of each BEU, different plans were simulated with different sizes of BEU in order to determinate the plot size. Plot size was determined for each organized BEU size by three different methods: method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation model, the modified maximum curvature method and Hatheway method. For the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation model, 64 plans were simulated with BEU ranging from 0.25m2 to 64m2. For the modified maximum curvature method, 36 plans were simulated with BEU ranging from 0.25m2 to 16m2 and for the Hatheway method (1961), 36 plans were simulated with BEU ranging from 0.25m2 to 16m2. The estimate of the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh matter of brown hemp depends on the basic experimental unit size but it is independent of the method utilized to determine the plot size. Assessing the fresh matter in basic experimental units as small as possible is recommended in order to use it in the estimation of the optimum plot size. / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do tamanho da unidade experimental básica na estimativa do tamanho de parcela, para avaliar a massa verde de parte aérea de crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), por meio de três métodos de determinação de tamanho de parcela. Foram realizados dois ensaios de uniformidade em campo, na safra de 2014/2015. A semeadura dos ensaios foi em 22 de outubro de 2014 e em 03 de dezembro de 2014, na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, no Departamento de Fitotecnia, cada ensaio com área útil de 1152m2. Nas duas épocas de semeadura, foram avaliados os 48m×24m (1152m2) em unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 0,5m×0,5m (0,25m2), totalizando 4608UEB por época de semeadura. A colheita, em cada época de semeadura, foi realizada no florescimento da cultura. A partir da obtenção dos valores de massa verde de parte aérea das plantas de crotalária juncea de cada UEB, foram organizados distintos planos, com distintos tamanhos de UEB, para determinação do tamanho de parcela. Foi determinado o tamanho de parcela para cada tamanho de UEB planejado, por três distintos métodos: método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação, método da máxima curvatura modificado e método de Hatheway. Para o método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação, foram organizados 64 planos com UEB variando de 0,25m2 a 64m2. Para o método da máxima curvatura modificado foram organizados 36 planos com UEB variando de 0,25m2 a 16m2 e para o método de Hatheway (1961), foram organizados 36 planos com UEB variando de 0,25m2 a 16m2. A estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela para a avaliação da massa verde de crotalária juncea, depende do tamanho da unidade experimental básica, porém é independente do método utilizado para determinação do tamanho de parcela. É indicado avaliar a massa verde em unidades experimentais básicas de menor tamanho possível, para serem usadas na estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 318049 bytes, checksum: 1064de7bb2c48fb0a111ddbb15512315 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / In the evaluation studies of green manure the effect of the roots are not considered. So the knowledge of the effects of parties on the production of legume crops may help to better understand the use of green manure. In this context, this work aimed to study the general effect of root and shoot of green manure Crotalaria juncea (sunnhemp) and Canavalia ensiformis (jack beans) on the nitrogen nutrition, growth and yield of cabbage. The specific objectives were to evaluate the effect of root, shoot or whole plant of green manure C. juncea and C. ensiformis on growth and production of cabbage, and evaluate the residual effect of the root, shoot or whole plant of legumes on the growth and production of cabbage. Three experiments were installed, in pots and two in the field, in a factorial way (2 x 3) + 2, being 2 species of legumes (Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis), 3 parts of the plant (root, shoot or whole plant) and 2 additional treatments (mineral fertilizer with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for the cultivation of cabbage). The second planting of cabbage was done in the same area as of the first experiment in the field, already defined in the same plots without any fertilization. In the experiment in pots, the application of the entire plant of both species of legumes reduced the production of heads of cabbage. Fertilization with N can be reduced by 50% without loss of productivity with the implementation of the roots or shoots of any species of legume. In the first cultivation of cabbage in the field, the application of whole plant of sunnhemp increased the production of cabbage, compared to plants grown on 100% Nmineral fertilization (N.M.F.). Growth of the roots of jack beans production decreased compared to plants grown with 50% N.M.F. The implementation of the shoot or whole plant of any of the legumes with N-mineral fertilizer can be reduced by 50% without loss of production. Areas that were left in the shoot or whole plant of sunnhemp or jack beans resulted in higher yields and therefore higher residual effects than with N-mineral fertilizer. The successive cultivation of the roots of legumes resulted in no residual effect from the different mineral fertilizer with 50 or 100% of the recommendation of N fertilizer. / Em estudos de avaliação da adubação verde não se considera o efeito das raízes. O conhecimento dos efeitos das diferentes partes das leguminosas sobre a produção das culturas pode contribuir para o melhor entendimento do uso da adubação verde. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar o efeito da raiz e da parte aérea dos adubos verdes Crotalaria juncea (crotalária) e Canavalia ensiformis (feijão de porco) sobre a nutrição nitrogenada, crescimento e produção do repolho. Os objetivos específicos foram avaliar o efeito da raiz, parte aérea ou planta inteira dos adubos verdes C. juncea e C. ensiformis sobre o crescimento e a produção do repolho; e avaliar o efeito residual da raiz, parte aérea ou planta inteira de leguminosas sobre o crescimento e a produção do repolho. Foram instalados 3 experimentos, sendo um em vasos e dois em campo, em esquema fatorial (2 x 3) + 2, sendo 2 espécies de leguminosas, 3 partes das plantas (raiz, parte aérea ou planta inteira) e 2 tratamentos adicionais (adubação mineral com 100% e 50% da dose recomendada de N para a cultura do repolho). O segundo plantio do repolho foi realizado logo após a colheita, na mesma área do primeiro experimento de campo, nas mesmas parcelas já delimitadas, sem qualquer adubação. No experimento em vasos, a aplicação da planta inteira de ambas as espécies de leguminosas diminuiu a produção de cabeça do repolho e com a aplicação de raiz ou parte aérea de quaisquer das espécies de leguminosas a adubação com N- mineral pode ser reduzida em 50% sem perda de produtividade. No primeiro cultivo do repolho em campo, a aplicação da planta inteira de crotalária aumentou a produção de cabeça do repolho, comparativamente às plantas cultivadas com 100% de adubação de N-mineral. O cultivo sobre o sistema radicular de feijão de porco diminuiu a produção, comparativamente às plantas cultivadas com 50% A.M.N. Com a aplicação da parte aérea ou planta inteira de quaisquer das leguminosas a adubação com N-mineral pode ser reduzida em 50% sem perda de produção. O cultivo em áreas em que foram deixadas a parte aérea ou a planta inteira de crotalária ou feijão de porco resultaram em maiores produções e consequentemente, maiores efeitos residuais do que a adubação com N-mineral. O cultivo sucessivo sobre as raízes destas leguminosas não resultou em efeito residual diferente do proveniente da adubação mineral com 50 ou 100 % da recomendação da adubação N.