Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Madalao.pdf: 1672302 bytes, checksum: ce05cf38ee29fd5a71cc99ef0b33d811 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo selecionar plantas tolerantes ao herbicida sulfentrazone, capazes de remediar solos contaminados com esse herbicida e determinar o tempo mínimo que essas plantas devam permanecer no campo remediando, antes da semeadura de espécies sensíveis ao herbicida. Para isso, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, 16 espécies previamente selecionadas foram testadas para verificar a tolerância ao herbicida sulfentrazone e, consequentemente, o seu potencial para a fitorremediação. As espécies testadas foram: amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), calopogônio (Calopogonium mucunoides), capim-pé-de-galinha-gigante (Eleusine coracana), cover crop (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), crotalária breviflora (Crotalaria breviflora), crotalária júncea (Crotalaria juncea), crotalária espectábilis (Crotalaria spectabilis), crotalária ochroleuca (Crotalaria ochroleuca), feijão-guandu fava larga (Cajanus cajan cv. Fava Larga), feijão-guandu anão [(Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43 (Anão)], feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), lablab (Dolichos lablab), mucuna-anã (Stizolobium deeringianum), mucuna-preta (Stizolobium aterrimum), mucuna cinza (Stizolobium cinereum) e nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus). As espécies foram cultivadas sob cinco doses do herbicida sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800 e 1600 g ha-1). Nessa etapa, foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: altura de plantas (cm) efitotoxicidade (%) aos 30 e 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS); biomassa fresca e seca das raízes (g) e biomassa fresca seca da parte aérea (g) aos 60 DAS. As espécies selecionadas como plantas potencialmente fiotorremediadoras do herbicida sulfentrazone são a C. juncea, C. ensiformes, C. cajan e o C. cajan (anão), apresentando os menores sintomas de fitotoxicidade e apresentando os maiores índices de altura e biomassa fresca e seca. No segundo experimento, para inferir quais seriam capazes de remediar solos contaminados com esse herbicida, aquelas quatro espécies foram cultivadas sob quatro doses de sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400 e 800 g ha-1), seguidas pelo bioensaio no próprio vaso com as espécies bioindicadoras Pennisetum Glaucum e Stizolobium deeringianum, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à altura de plantas (cm) e fitotoxicidade (%), aos 30 DAS e aos 60 DAS, e biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea (g), aos 60 DAS. Quando as espécies bioindicadoras P. Glaucum e S. deeringianum foram cultivadas após a C. juncea, apresentaram os menores sintomas de fitotoxicidade e os maiores ganhos em altura e biomassa, indicando que a C. juncea é a espécie que apresentou maior capacidade de fitorremediar solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone. No terceiro experimento, a C. juncea foi submetida a diferentes tempos de cultivo (25,50, 75 e 100 dias) sob dois níveis de contaminação (0 e 400 g ha-1) e em seguida foi realizado o bioensaio com P. Glaucum para se determinar o tempo mínimo que a espécie deve permanecer na área fitorremediando, o solo antes da espécie susceptível ao sulfentrazone ser semeada. O P. Glaucum quando cultivado após a C. juncea por um período mínimo de 50 dias foi capaz de crescer e acumular biomassa normalmente, ou seja, não teve suas atividades fisiológicas prejudicadas pela atividade do herbicida sulfentrazone. A prática de fitorremediação, empregandose a espécie C. juncea por 50 dias, é efetiva para solos contendo doses médias de 400 g ha-1 do herbicida sulfentrazone. / The objective of this study was to select plants tolerant to herbicide sulfentrazone,capable of remediate soil contaminated with this herbicide and to determine the minimum time that these plants should stay in remedying in the field before the sowing of species sensitive to herbicide. Due to this, three experiments were held. At first, sixteen species were previously selected and tested to verify its tolerance to the herbicide sulfentrazone and consequently it s potential to phytoremediation. The species tested were: Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Eleusine coracana, Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense, Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria juncea,Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Cajanus cajan cv. Fava Larga, Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43 (Drawf), Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium deeringianum, Stizolobium aterrimum, Stizolobium cinereum and Rapahanus sativus.The species were cultivated under five doses of herbicide sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g ha-1). At this stage the following assessments were made: plantheight (cm) and phytotoxicity (%) 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS); fresh biomass and dry roots (g) and fresh biomass of the aerial part (g) at 60 DAS. The plant species selected as potentially phytoremediator of herbicide sulfentrazone are C. juncea, C. ensiformes, C. cajan and C. canjan (dwarf) showing the least symptoms of phytotoxicity and presenting the highest rates of height and fresh biomass and dry. In the second experiment, to interfere which are able to remediate soils contaminated with this herbicide, these four species were cultivated under four doses of sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, and 800 g ha-1), followed by bioassay in the same pot with the species bioindicators Pennisetum glaucum and Stizolobium deeringianum, which evaluated the plant height (cm) and phytotoxicity (%) at 30 DAS and at 60 DAS, and fresh biomass and the aerial part (g), at 60 DAS. When the species bioindicators P. Glaucum and S. deeringianum were cultivated after C. juncea, showed the least symptoms of phytotoxicity and the largest gains of height and biomass, indicating that C. juncea is a specie that presents the highest capacity of phytoremediation soils contaminated with the herbicide sulfentrazone. In the third experiment, C. juncea was submitted to different times of culture (25, 50, 75 and 100 days) with two levels of contamination (0 and 400 g ha-1) and then the bioassay with P. Glaucum was performed to determine the minimum time that specie should stay in the phytoremediation soil area before the specie susceptible to sulfentrazone be sown. The P. Glaucum when cultivated after C. juncea for a period of time of 50 days was able to grow and accumulate biomass normally, that is, their activities physiological weren t prejudiced by the activity of herbicide sulfentrazone. The practice of phytoremediation, using the species C. juncea for 50 days, is effective to soils containing mean doses of 400 g ha-1 of herbicide sulfentrazone.

O plantio de adubos verdes na renovação do canavial constitui importante fonte de nutrientes, principalmente nitrogênio (N), possibilitando redução no uso de fertilizante nitrogenado. A hipótese deste trabalho é de que a rotação com Crotalaria irá aumentar a disponibilidade de N no solo e diminuir a resposta da cana-planta ao N. Objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica do N no solo em área com e sem rotação com crotalária e seu potencial na redução da adubação nitrogenada de plantio. Foram instalados dois experimentos em Iracemápolis, SP, em um Nitossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico Latossolico, em delineamento de bloco casualizados com quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento, utilizou-se rotação com crotalária e, no segundo, a área foi deixada em pousio. No plantio da cana-planta (abril de 2013) foram aplicados os tratamentos controle (sem N), 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de nitrato de amônio no sulco de plantio. A cada dois meses realizou-se coleta de solo para determinação dos teores de N mineral (N-NH4+ e N-NO3- + N-NO3-) e fração hidrolisável do N orgânico (pelo método do Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test-ISNT). Mensalmente avaliou-se o número de perfilhos e, aos seis meses após o plantio, foram avaliados os teores de N total, N-NH4+ e N-NO3- e índice SPAD. Na colheita da cana-planta (julho de 2014) foram realizadas avaliações de produtividade, atributos tecnológicos, acúmulo de N e análises microbiológicas do solo. A rotação com crotalária aumentou o perfilhamento da cana-de-açúcar nos primeiros meses após o plantio. Nas folhas houve predomínio de N na forma de N-NH4+ em relação a N-NO3 e a rotação com crotalária aumentou a concentração foliar de N-NH4+. Não houve efeito da rotação com crotalária e nem das doses de N no acúmulo de N na cana-de-açúcar. Houve resposta às doses de N aplicadas no plantio somente na área sem rotação com crotalária. Apesar dos teores de N mineral no solo e N-ISNT não terem aumentado com a rotação com crotalária, o cultivo desta leguminosa aumentou a disponibilidade do N no solo, o que pode ser verificado pela ausência de resposta à adubação nitrogenada na área com rotação. A rotação com crotalária em cana-de-açúcar tem potencial de aumentar a produtividade e reduzir o uso de adubos nitrogenados no plantio da cana-de-açúcar, contribuindo para sustentabilidade do sistema. / The establishment of cover crops in rotation with sugarcane is an important source of nutrients, mainly nitrogen (N), showing potential to reduce N fertilization requirements by sugarcane. This study hypothesized that sunn hemp rotation with sugarcane will increase soil N availability and reduces sugarcane (cane-plant) response to N fertilization. The objective was to evaluate soil N dynamics in areas subjected or not to rotation, and the potential in reducing N fertilization at sugarcane planting. Two field trials were set up in Iracemápolis, SP, in a Rhodic Kandiudox, in a complete block experimental design with four repetitions. In the first trial, sunn hemp was sowed and in the second trial, the field was left without cover crops. At sugarcane establishment (April 2013) the treatments were applied: control (without N), 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 of N, as ammonium nitrate applied at the borrow of the furrow. Soil sampling was performed bi-monthly to evaluate soil inorganic N content (N-NH4+, and N-NO3- + N-NO2-) and hydrolysable soil N (Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test - ISNT). Sugarcane sprouting was recorded monthly and, after six months from planting, sugarcane leaves were collected to determine total N, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, and SPAD index. At cane-plant harvest (July 2014), the stalk yield was recorded, as well as quality parameters, N uptake, and soil microbiological analysis. Sunn hemp rotation increased sugarcane sprouting during initial growth stages. In sugarcane leaves the amount of N-NH4+ is higher than N-NO3-, and sunn hemp rotation increased N-NH4 content in the leaves. However, there was no effect of rotation or N rates in N uptake by sugarcane. Sugarcane yield increased with N fertilization only in the area without rotation. Besides soil inorganic N and ISNT content did not increases with rotation, the use of sunn hemp increased the availability of soil N to sugarcane, since the rotation reduced sugarcane response to N fertilization. Rotation of sunn hemp in sugarcane field showed potential in increasing yield and reducing N fertilization at planting, contributing to the sustainability of sugarcane production.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - Ilzo Artur Moreira Risso.pdf: 896818 bytes, checksum: 56fd3f7023096dc481dfe565208e7ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The study was conducted in the Experimental Field of Embrapa Agrobiologia in Serop?dica, state of Rio de Janeiro, with the objectives: (a) evaluate different spatial arrangements of corn in monoculture or syndication with legumes, as the production of grains and nutrient intake of green incorporated biomass accumulated in the soil; (b) assess the residual effect of biomass built on the agronomic performance of sweet potato grown in succession. The treatments for the pre-cultivation were: corn sown in rows of individual spaced 1.0 m between them and double spaced rows of 1.5 m, with 0.5 m between each component; monoculture of corn with or without additional organic fertilizer of coverage (50 kg ha-1 total N in the form of "bed" of chicken), in consortium with corn Crotalaria juncea submitted to cut single or two cuts over the cycle, and corn in consortium with Mucuna pruriens. The crops were conducted in the body system, adopting to block randomized experimental design, involving the 10 treatments arranged in split plots, with four repetitions. Computaram is the biomass of the shoots of each species, as well as the productivity of corn grain in dry and sweet potato tubers of a commercial pattern. The management of Crotalaria juncea through cutting provided only increase the production of corn, compared to the monoculture without fertilization of coverage. Already the cuts parcelados of Crotalaria juncea undermined the productive performance of corn, but resulted in higher intake of biomass to the system. The sowing of Mucuna pruriens, 40 days after planting corn, did not affect the performance of the cereal. The productivity of corn was not influenced by the spatial arrangements evaluated. The performance of the sweet potato has no influence of any of the treatments related to pre-cultivation, production reaching above state and national averages disclosed. The inclusion of legumes green manure, via consortium with corn, is considered a viable option for its ability to provide significant input of organic matter, produced in situ, containing significant amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen, with the potential to bring benefits in the medium deadline for subsequent commercial crops. / O estudo foi realizado no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia, em Serop?dica, estado do Rio de Janeiro, tendo por objetivos: (a) avaliar diferentes arranjos espaciais de milho, em monocultivo ou consorciado com leguminosas, quanto ? produ??o de gr?os e aporte de nutrientes acumulados na biomassa verde incorporada ao solo; e (b) avaliar o efeito residual dessa biomassa incorporada sobre o desempenho agron?mico da batata-doce cultivada em sucess?o. Os tratamentos relativos ao pr?-cultivo foram: milho semeado em fileiras individuais espa?adas de 1,0 m entre si e em fileiras duplas espa?adas de 1,5 m, com 0,5m entre cada componente; monocultivo do milho com ou sem aduba??o org?nica suplementar de cobertura (50 kg ha-1 de N total, na forma de cama de frango), milho em cons?rcio com Crotalaria juncea (crotal?ria) submetida a corte ?nico ou a dois cortes durante o ciclo, e milho em cons?rcio com Mucuna pruriens (mucuna cinza). As culturas foram conduzidas no sistema org?nico, adotando-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, envolvendo os 10 tratamentos dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repeti??es. Computaram-se as biomassas da parte a?rea de cada esp?cie, assim como a produtividade do milho em gr?os secos e da batata-doce em tub?rculos de padr?o comercial. O manejo da crotal?ria por meio de corte ?nico proporcionou aumento na produ??o do milho, em compara??o ao monocultivo sem aduba??o de cobertura. J? os cortes parcelados da crotal?ria prejudicaram o desempenho produtivo do milho, por?m resultaram em aporte superior de biomassa ao sistema. A semeadura da mucuna cinza, 40 dias ap?s o plantio do milho, n?o afetou o desempenho do cereal. A produtividade do milho tamb?m n?o foi influenciada pelos arranjos espaciais avaliados. O desempenho da batata-doce n?o sofreu influ?ncia de qualquer dos tratamentos relacionados ao pre-cultivo, alcan?ando produ??o acima das m?dias estadual e nacional divulgadas. A inclus?o das leguminosas para aduba??o verde, via cons?rcio com o milho, ? considerada uma op??o vi?vel por sua capacidade em prover expressivo aporte de mat?ria org?nica, produzida in situ, contendo significante quantidade de nutrientes, especialmente nitrog?nio, com potencial de trazer benef?cios no m?dio prazo para subsequentes culturas comerciais.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-25T13:23:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - Esmeralda Aparecida Porto Lopes.pdf: 883696 bytes, checksum: f8674ae83ea197a31035a6bf14482b84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T13:23:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - Esmeralda Aparecida Porto Lopes.pdf: 883696 bytes, checksum: f8674ae83ea197a31035a6bf14482b84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02 / The study had the objective of evaluating height and density of crotalaria planting (Crotalaria juncea L.) as biomass indicators of production, N accumulation, and potential of nitrogen biological fixation in the plant, and its influence in the maize crop (Zea mays L.). Also to obtain a corn response pattern to green manure and equivalence to N added as ammonium sulphate fertilizer. The study was conducted in 2005 and 2006, under field conditions, in the experimental area of Embrapa Agrobiologia, Serop?dica, RJ. The soil in the experimental area was identified as a Fragiudult. In the first experiment, a randomized block with four replicates design was used to test four planting densities of crotalaria (50, 100, 150 e 200 plants m-2). In the second experiment, it was used a randomized block, and it was evaluated the corn crop response pattern to doses of 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N ha-1, applied in the form of crotalaria biomass, without incorporation in the soil. For comparing N corn response it was used as reference the N fertilizer ammonium sulphate, at 0, 38, 75, 113 and 150 kg N ha-1 dosages. In the first experiment, the height of crotalaria plants was affected by the plant densities per linear meter (15, 30, 45 and 60 pl/m), starting at 48 days after the planting. The density treatment of 15 plants presented the tallest height. The variation of crotalaria plants population did not favor differences in N accumulation, biological nitrogen fixation, ratio shoot/leaf and dry aerial biomass production of crotalaria. On average, crotalaria produced an amount of dry mass of 9.0 Mg ha-1 and accumulated 164.36 kg N ha-1, with an average height of 2.6 m. From the total of N accumulated by crotalaria, 59% derived from BNF and the remaining from the soil. This leguminous was able to add to soil, through BNF, about 97 kg N ha-1, consisting in an excellent strategy of supplying N to soil. The different crotalaria population arrangements resulted in a production of aerial dry matter and N accumulation in corn, in the milky grain stage, higher than the reference plot without N. In the second experiment, crotalaria produced an amount of dry matter of 11.5 Mg ha-1 and accumulated 328 kg N ha-1 in 112 days. Each unit of mineral-N and green manure-N resulted in an increment of 22.27 and 11.98 kg ha-1, respectively. A linear model was also adjusted for total N accumulation in corn as function of green manure-N doses (R2 = 0.64) and with Nammonium sulphate (R2 = 0.79) to 5% of significance level. Each unit of mineral-N and green manure-N resulted in an increment of 0.43 and 0.09 kg ha-1, respectively. It was concluded, through the angular coefficients of the linear regression equations, which green manure and mineral fertilizer did not presented same efficiency, neither in crotalaria dry biomass production nor in total N accumulation. Therefore, it takes twice and five times more green manure to reach the same production of dry matter and total N accumulation, respectively. / O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a altura e a densidade de plantio de crotal?ria (Crotalaria juncea L.) como indicadores da produ??o de biomassa, acumula??o de N e potencial de fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio na planta, e sua influ?ncia na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), assim como se obter uma curva de resposta da cultura do milho ? aduba??o verde, em equival?ncia ao N na forma de sulfato de am?nio. Foram conduzidos trabalhos experimentais nos anos de 2005 e 2006, sob condi??es de campo na ?rea experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia, Serop?dica, RJ. Os experimentos foram instalados em um Planossolo H?plico, sendo que, no primeiro experimento, utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeti??es, para testar quatro densidades de plantio de crotal?ria (50, 100, 150 e 200 plantas m-2). No segundo experimento, utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos ao acaso e avaliou-se a resposta da cultura do milho ?s doses de 0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 kg N ha-1 na forma de parte a?rea de crotal?ria, sem incorpora??o no solo, tendo como refer?ncia a resposta ? fertiliza??o com doses de 0, 38, 75, 113 e 150 kg N ha-1 na forma de N-sulfato de am?nio. No primeiro experimento, a altura da planta de crotal?ria foi afetada pelas densidades de plantas por metro linear (15, 30, 45 e 60 pl/m) a partir dos 48 dias ap?s o plantio, sendo a densidade de 15 plantas a que apresentou a maior altura. A varia??o da popula??o de plantas de crotal?ria n?o favoreceu diferen?as na acumula??o de N, fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio, rela??o caule/folha e produ??o de biomassa seca a?rea pela crotal?ria. Em m?dia, a crotal?ria produziu uma quantidade de mat?ria seca de 9,0 Mg ha-1 e acumulou 164,36 kg N ha-1, com uma altura m?dia de (2,6 m). Do total de N acumulado pela crotal?ria, 59% foram derivados da FBN, sendo o restante proveniente do solo. Sendo assim, essa leguminosa foi capaz de aportar ao solo, via FBN, cerca de 97 kg N ha-1, constituindo-se em uma excelente estrat?gia de fornecimento de N ao solo. Os diferentes arranjos populacionais da crotal?ria resultaram em uma produ??o de mat?ria seca a?rea e ac?mulo de nitrog?nio no milho no est?dio de gr?o leitoso superior a testemunha n?o nitrogenada. No segundo experimento, a crotal?ria produziu uma quantidade de mat?ria seca de 11,5 Mg ha-1, acumulou 328 kg N ha-1 em 112 dias. Um no milho em fun??o das doses de N como adubo verde (R2 = 0,64) e com N-Sulfato de am?nio (R2 = 0,79) ao n?vel de 5% de signific?ncia. Para cada unidade de N mineral e Nadubo verde resultou em um incremento de (0,43 e 0,09 kg ha-1), respectivamente. Concluiuse atrav?s dos coeficientes angulares das equa??es de regress?o linear que o adubo verde e o adubo mineral n?o apresentaram a mesma efici?ncia quanto a produ??o de biomassa a?rea seca da crotal?ria nem quanto ao ac?mulo de N-total, sendo portanto necess?rio duas e cinco vezes a mais adubo verde para alcan?ar a mesma produ??o de mat?ria seca e ac?mulo de Ntotal, respectivamente.

O plantio de adubos verdes na renovação do canavial constitui importante fonte de nutrientes, principalmente nitrogênio (N), possibilitando redução no uso de fertilizante nitrogenado. A hipótese deste trabalho é de que a rotação com Crotalaria irá aumentar a disponibilidade de N no solo e diminuir a resposta da cana-planta ao N. Objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica do N no solo em área com e sem rotação com crotalária e seu potencial na redução da adubação nitrogenada de plantio. Foram instalados dois experimentos em Iracemápolis, SP, em um Nitossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico Latossolico, em delineamento de bloco casualizados com quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento, utilizou-se rotação com crotalária e, no segundo, a área foi deixada em pousio. No plantio da cana-planta (abril de 2013) foram aplicados os tratamentos controle (sem N), 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de nitrato de amônio no sulco de plantio. A cada dois meses realizou-se coleta de solo para determinação dos teores de N mineral (N-NH4+ e N-NO3- + N-NO3-) e fração hidrolisável do N orgânico (pelo método do Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test-ISNT). Mensalmente avaliou-se o número de perfilhos e, aos seis meses após o plantio, foram avaliados os teores de N total, N-NH4+ e N-NO3- e índice SPAD. Na colheita da cana-planta (julho de 2014) foram realizadas avaliações de produtividade, atributos tecnológicos, acúmulo de N e análises microbiológicas do solo. A rotação com crotalária aumentou o perfilhamento da cana-de-açúcar nos primeiros meses após o plantio. Nas folhas houve predomínio de N na forma de N-NH4+ em relação a N-NO3 e a rotação com crotalária aumentou a concentração foliar de N-NH4+. Não houve efeito da rotação com crotalária e nem das doses de N no acúmulo de N na cana-de-açúcar. Houve resposta às doses de N aplicadas no plantio somente na área sem rotação com crotalária. Apesar dos teores de N mineral no solo e N-ISNT não terem aumentado com a rotação com crotalária, o cultivo desta leguminosa aumentou a disponibilidade do N no solo, o que pode ser verificado pela ausência de resposta à adubação nitrogenada na área com rotação. A rotação com crotalária em cana-de-açúcar tem potencial de aumentar a produtividade e reduzir o uso de adubos nitrogenados no plantio da cana-de-açúcar, contribuindo para sustentabilidade do sistema. / The establishment of cover crops in rotation with sugarcane is an important source of nutrients, mainly nitrogen (N), showing potential to reduce N fertilization requirements by sugarcane. This study hypothesized that sunn hemp rotation with sugarcane will increase soil N availability and reduces sugarcane (cane-plant) response to N fertilization. The objective was to evaluate soil N dynamics in areas subjected or not to rotation, and the potential in reducing N fertilization at sugarcane planting. Two field trials were set up in Iracemápolis, SP, in a Rhodic Kandiudox, in a complete block experimental design with four repetitions. In the first trial, sunn hemp was sowed and in the second trial, the field was left without cover crops. At sugarcane establishment (April 2013) the treatments were applied: control (without N), 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 of N, as ammonium nitrate applied at the borrow of the furrow. Soil sampling was performed bi-monthly to evaluate soil inorganic N content (N-NH4+, and N-NO3- + N-NO2-) and hydrolysable soil N (Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test - ISNT). Sugarcane sprouting was recorded monthly and, after six months from planting, sugarcane leaves were collected to determine total N, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, and SPAD index. At cane-plant harvest (July 2014), the stalk yield was recorded, as well as quality parameters, N uptake, and soil microbiological analysis. Sunn hemp rotation increased sugarcane sprouting during initial growth stages. In sugarcane leaves the amount of N-NH4+ is higher than N-NO3-, and sunn hemp rotation increased N-NH4 content in the leaves. However, there was no effect of rotation or N rates in N uptake by sugarcane. Sugarcane yield increased with N fertilization only in the area without rotation. Besides soil inorganic N and ISNT content did not increases with rotation, the use of sunn hemp increased the availability of soil N to sugarcane, since the rotation reduced sugarcane response to N fertilization. Rotation of sunn hemp in sugarcane field showed potential in increasing yield and reducing N fertilization at planting, contributing to the sustainability of sugarcane production.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:15:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiullianaMMS_DISSERT.pdf: 3079970 bytes, checksum: f7be23cf2e8ddbe7ac6f9800be3de04c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Green manuring is the practice of incorporating undecomposed plant tissue to the soil, to maintain or increase soil fertility. One of the most used plants as green manure is Crotalaria juncea, with presents advantages compared to other legumes. This work was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of organic manures and plant densities on Crotalaria juncea growth, accumulation of nutrients in its shoots and in the soil, and also on rice yield. The trial was developed in an experimental area of Semiarid Federal Rural University, in Mossoró, RN, Brazil. Experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Factors studied were organic manures (chicken manure, earthworm humus and control) and plant spacing (10 x 10, 14 x 14, 17x 17 and 20 x 20 cm). Determinations realized were: fresh and dry mass of shoot and root of crotalaria, shoot contents of N, P and K and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), PST and contents of C, N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg after decomposition of crotalaria plants, and also rice production components (panicle number in 10 plants, grain weight in 10 plants; empty grain weight in 10 plants; mass of 100 grains). Data were submitted to variance analysis. The results related to the spacing were subjected to linear regression and data on the type of fertilization were subjected to Duncan test at 5% probability. Plant density of crotalaria provided a positive linear effect on shoot dry and green mass and per hectare accumulated amounts of N, P and K of shoot, and also a negative linear effect on root dry mass. Nutrient content per plant were not influenced by plant density and manure type, while manure type influenced only the P content per plant. Chicken manure provided the higher values of shoot fresh (24,55 t ha-1), and dry mass (5,89 t ha-1) and root dry mass (20,23 g) of crotalaria and the higher values of accumulated amounts per hectare of N(122,68 kg ha-1), P (33,38 kg ha-1) and K (78,00 kg ha-1) on shoot. Plant density of crotalaria did not influenced rice production components, while manure type only influenced mass of empty grains. / A adubação verde é a prática de se incorporar, ao solo, o tecido vegetal não decomposto, visando manter ou aumentar a fertilidade do solo. Uma das plantas mais utilizadas como adubo verde é a Crotalaria juncea, apresentando vantagens frente às outras leguminosas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de adubos orgânicos e densidades de semeadura sobre o desenvolvimento da Crotalaria juncea, acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea e no solo e produtividade de arroz. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área experimental da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial do tipo 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores estudados foram três tipos de adubação (esterco de galinhas, húmus de minhoca e testemunha) e quatro espaçamentos entre plantas (10 x 10, 14 x 14, 17x 17 e 20 x 20 cm). Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações: massa verde e seca e teores de N, P e K da parte aérea da crotalaria; massa seca da raiz, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), PST e teores de C, N, P, K, Na, Ca e Mg do solo após a decomposição da crotalária; além de componentes de produção do arroz ( número de panículas em 10 plantas; massa de grãos chochos e massa de grãos cheios em 10 plantas; massa de 100 grãos cheios) . Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Os resultados relacionados ao espaçamento foram submetidos à regressão linear e os dados relativos ao tipo de adubação foram submetidos ao teste de Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. A densidade de semeadura da Crotalaria juncea proporcionou efeito linear positivo sobre sua MVPA, MSPA e quantidades acumuladas por hectare de N, P e K na parte aérea, além de efeito linear negativo sobre a MSR. Os teores de nutrientes por planta não foram influenciados pelos espaçamentos e os tipos de adubo utilizados influenciaram apenas o teor de fósforo por planta. A utilização do esterco de galinha proporcionou os maiores valores de MVPA (24,55 t ha-1), MSPA (5,89 t ha-1) e MSR (20,23 g) da crotalária e os maiores valores das quantidades acumuladas por hectare de N (122,68 kg ha-1), P (33,38 kg ha-1) e K (78,00 kg ha-1) na parte aérea. A densidade de plantas da crotalária não influenciou os componentes de produção do arroz, enquanto que os tipos de adubo influenciaram apenas a massa de grãos chochos.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-13T17:48:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Camila da Costa Barros de Souza.pdf: 3294573 bytes, checksum: 19a6a94e300565df61e362d626a65cf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T17:48:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Camila da Costa Barros de Souza.pdf: 3294573 bytes, checksum: 19a6a94e300565df61e362d626a65cf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / FAPERJ / Residual herbicides, in some cases, can affect subsequente crops. In these situations, The use of phytoremediation species may be an alternative in the degradation of these molecules, minimizing the carryover risks. The first step in establishing if some species can be used as a phytoremediation, is check that it has tolerance to the product, for later verify its remedial effect. Against the foregoing, The present master's thesis aimed to identify plant species capable of phytoremediation the diclosulam herbicide, elucidating the biological mechanism of phytoremediation used by plants. For this, 3 different experiments were performed. In the first experiment, conducted at the Dow Agrosciences Experiment Station, it was selected, among the species Arachis pintoi, Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Crotalaria juncea, those that shows tolerance to the diclosulam herbicide. In the second experiment, conducted in the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, it was evaluated the efficiency of the previously selected plant species to remediate soil contaminated with the diclosulam herbicide, using cucumber as a bioindicator plant. In the third experiment, conducted at Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP), it was verified if the tolerance mechanism of the two species that presented the greatest phytoremediation potential occurs due to the phenomena of absorption and / or translocation of the herbicide by the plant. The doses of diclosulam herbicide tested in the first and second experiments were 21, 42, 63, e 84 g ha-1 + control (without presence of the herbicide); And in the third experiment, the doses that were tested was 42 g ha-1 + control (without presence of the herbicide). The species Arachis pintoi, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Crotalaria juncea showed a tolerance to the diclosulam herbicide at the doses tested, and the species Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Crotalaria juncea were efficient in the dissipation/degradation of these molecules in the soil, it is pointed out that the last two species were those that presented the greatest remedial effect. Using the 14C radiolabeled herbicide in its moleculares structure, could be inferred through the mass balance and observation of the radioimagens of the species Crotalaria juncea e Cajanus cajan that the phytoremediative action performed by these species is, probably, through phytostimulation. In addition, there is an anatomic / metabolic barrier of diclosulam translocation in the collar of these species, which gives them tolerance to this herbicidal molecule. / Herbicidas residuais, em alguns casos, podem afetar culturas subsequentes. Nestas situa??es, o uso de esp?cies fitorremediadoras pode ser uma alternativa na degrada??o destas mol?culas, minimizando o risco de carryover. O primeiro passo para estabelecer se uma esp?cie pode ser utilizada como fitorremediadora, ? verificar se a mesma apresenta toler?ncia ao produto, para posteriormente verificar o seu efeito remediador. Diante do exposto, a presente disserta??o de mestrado teve por objetivo identificar esp?cies vegetais capazes de fitorremediar o herbicida diclosulam, elucidando o mecanismo biol?gico de fitorremedia??o empregado pelas plantas. Para isso foram realizados 3 experimentos distintos. No primeiro experimento, realizado na Esta??o Experimental da Empresa Dow Agrosciences, foi selecionado, dentre as esp?cies Arachis pintoi, Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Crotalaria juncea, aquelas que apresentem toler?ncia ao herbicida diclosulam. No segundo experimento, realizado na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, avaliou-se a efici?ncia das esp?cies vegetais, previamente selecionadas, em remediar solo contaminado com o herbicida diclosulam, utilizando o pepino como planta bioindicadora. No terceiro experimento, realizado no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP), foi verificado se o mecanismo de toler?ncia das duas esp?cies que apresentaram maior potencial fitorremediador ocorre devido aos fen?menos de absor??o e/ou transloca??o do herbicida pela planta. As doses do herbicida diclosulam testadas no primeiro e segundo experimento foram 21, 42, 63, e 84 g ha-1 + controle (sem presen?a do herbicida); E no terceiro experimento foram testadas as doses 42 g ha-1 + controle (sem presen?a do herbicida). As esp?cies Arachis pintoi, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Crotalaria juncea apresentaram toler?ncia ao herbicida diclosulam nas doses testadas, sendo as esp?cies Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Crotalaria juncea eficientes na dissipa??o/degrada??o dessas mol?culas no solo, posto que as duas ?ltimas esp?cies foram as que apresentaram maior efeito remediador. Utilizando o herbicida radiomarcado com 14C em sua estrutura molecular, p?de-se inferir atrav?s do balan?o de massa e observa??o das radioimagens das esp?cies Crotalaria juncea e Cajanus cajan que a a??o fitorremediadora exercida por essas esp?cies ?, provavelmente, atrav?s da fitoestimula??o. Ademais, existe uma barreira anat?mica/metab?lica de transloca??o do diclosulam no coleto dessas esp?cies, o que lhes confere toler?ncia ? essa mol?cula herbicida.

The major objective of this study was to produce synthetic genotypes of Brassica juncea from its parental species <i> B. rapa </i> and <i> B. nigra </i> via somatic and sexual hybridization. As prerequisites for somatic hybridization experiments, methods were developed to improve the culture of mesophyll and hypocotyl protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i>, to obtain reliable plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplast cultures of <i> B. nigra </i>, and to fuse protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i>. A modified Kao's medium (1977), was found suitable for the culture of mesophyll protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i>. At a density of approximately $110\sp5$ protoplasts/ml within a culture plate insert surrounded by culture medium, mesophyll protoplast cultures of <i> B. nigra </i> accessions R890, R1819, R3392 and U1218 and <i> B. rapa </i> cvs. R500 and Wong Bok formed colonies. Genotypic differences in cell division and colony formation were observed. Hypocotyl protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i> were successfully isolated from 6 day-old seedlings cultured in a modified Kao's medium (1977). With <i> B. nigra </i> accession R890 and <i> B. rapa </i> cv. R500, cell division and colony formation were optimal when hypocotyl protoplasts were cultured at a density of 0.5 to $1.010\sp5$ protoplasts/ml within a culture plate insert surrounded by a nurse culture of 4 to 6 day-old mesophyll protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i>. Plant regeneration was obtained from mesophyll protoplast-derived calli of <i> B. nigra </i> accession R890 originally cultured in inserts; a shoot regeneration frequency of 8.1% was obtained on a medium containing the salts and vitamins of medium K3 (Nagy and Maliga 1976) with 3 g/l sucrose, 18.2 g/l mannitol, 2 mg/l ZR, 0.1 mg/l NAA, 10 g/l agarose, pH 5.6. For somatic hybridizatian studies, methods were developed to select out parental protoplasts using iodoacetic acid and to efficiently fuse protoplasts on the bottom of a petri dish using PEG. Twenty-nine plants were recovered from fusion experiments between mesophyll protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> accession R890 and hypocotyl protoplasts of <i> B. rapa </i> cv. Tobin. The somatic hybrid plants resembled natural <i> B. juncea </i>, had $2n=36$ chromosomes and had pollen viabilities ranging from 30 to 45%. Twenty-one plants, derived from one callus colony, possessed the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of <i> B. rapa </i>, as found in natural <i> B. juncea </i>. Eight plants, derived from another callus, had a novel cytoplasmic combination consisting of the mitochondrial genome of <i> B. rapa </i> and the chloroplast genome of <i> B. nigra </i>. Synthetic genotypes of <i> B. juncea </i> were also produced from reciprocal sexual crosses between <i> B. rapa </i> and <i> B. nigra </i>. Seventy-eight interspecific hybrid plants from the cross <i> B. rapa </i> x <i> B. nigra </i> and six hybrid plants from the reciprocal cross were identified by their morphology, pollen viability and chromosome number. The colchicine-induced allotetraploids resembled natural <i> B. juncea </i> in morphology, had 18 bivalents at metaphase I, and had between 35 and 70% pollen viability.

Two trials compared the effects of canola meal (CM) and juncea meal (JM) with and without dietary enzyme supplementation, on production performance, egg quality, bone quality and liver health characteristics of white- (WSLH) and brown-shell egg laying hens (BSLH). A total of 360 Lohmann LSL-Lite White (Trial 1, WSLH) and 300 Lohmann Brown-Lite (Trial 2, BSLH) laying hens were fed one of 10 isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (Soybean meal, 10 % CM, 20 % CM, 10 % JM or 20 % JM with or without a dietary enzyme cocktail of Superzyme OM and Bio-PhytaseTM) for 48 weeks. Based on the results of production performance, incidence of mortality, egg quality, bone quality, and liver health data, up to 20 % CM or JM can be included in diets of WSLH and BSLH without detrimental effects. Enzyme should be included in diets for both WSLH and BSLH.

The potential for an adaptive response to global climatic change was evaluated for an annual C$ sb3$ weed, Brassica juncea, by performing a selection on fecundity for eight generations. During the selection, atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature were gradually increased from current levels (370 $ rm mu L cdot L sp{-1}$ CO$ sb2$, 20$ sp circ$C) to conditions predicted during the next century by climate models (650 $ rm mu L cdot L sp{-1}$ CO$ sb2$, 23.6$ sp circ$C) including heat stress events at 32$ sp circ$C/26$ sp circ$C day/night), At the end of the selection, a reciprocal transplant experiment was conducted to identify genetic differences between control selection lines of plants and those selected under increasing CO$ sb2$ and temperature. I observed a genetic adaptation of early vegetative growth elevated CO$ sb2$ and temperature, which resulted in to 63% more biomass and 11% higher photosynthetic rates. Reproductive biomass, however, was decreased during the selection, mainly due to temperature stress, which disrupted flower development and induced strong maternal effects, counteracting the selection on fecundity.