This work aims to investigate the means of legal regulation of youth integration into labour market, and their social effectiveness. The first part of the work analyzes the notion of labour market in the social-economic and institutional aspect, reveals the significance of the legal regulation handling the employment opportunities of the persons with lower possibilities on the labour market. Statistical labour market research data suggest the youth to be one of the social groups experiencing difficulties with the integration into the labour market. 16-25 year old youth and/or young person beginning his work activities for the first time is infixed in the labour code of Lithuania as a person additionally supported in the labour market. The law on the support of unemployed people regulates youth employment support programs. Second part of the work analyzes the documents anchoring the integration of youth into the labour market on the level of the European Union, national and that of municipalities. The present labour market policy of the country is determined by the direct application of employment increase principles set in the legal documents of the European Union, and the implementation of recommendations in the national legislation. For the purpose of expansion of the possibilities for the youth integration into the labour market, the European Union applies the increase of the mobility of young people and the support provided by the Social fund to the member countries... [to full text]

Partant du constat du faible nombre de travaux portant sur la question ethnique à l’école, nous nous attachons à analyser le phénomène d’ethnicisation des rapports sociaux au collège. Le défi réside dans l’analyse et la compréhension de cette ethnicisation à partir d’une méthodologie quantitative. Nous interrogeons les conséquences de la ségrégation sur la subjectivité des élèves. Il s’agit de se placer du point de vue des collégiens, pour comprendre de quelle façon ils voient le monde qui les entoure, rendre compte des phénomènes de saillance et de catégorisation ethnique. Nous étudions la façon dont se construisent et se meuvent les frontières ethniques et comment elles se superposent ou pas aux frontières sociales. Notre approche consiste à appréhender les mécanismes de production des identités ethniques. Nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’ils s’expliquent en partie au moins par le contexte scolaire ségrégué. Pour ce faire, nous avons élaboré un questionnaire qui a été administré à plus de 1300 élèves scolarisés dans six collèges parmi les plus ségrégués de Bordeaux et de Créteil. Ce matériau se complète de 200 questionnaires passés auprès de familles. Nous cherchons donc à étudier les conséquences de la ségrégation ethnique au collège sur la construction de soi et le rapport à soi et à l’institution scolaire des collégiens. Nous faisons aussi l’hypothèse que la construction de soi en fonction de catégories ethniques n’est pas un processus uniquement lié à la ségrégation. Elle dépend de l’ensemble des acteurs de l’école. Ceci amène donc à se questionner sur ses modalités de variation en fonction des contextes diversifiés liés au degré de ségrégation (ethnique, sociale et scolaire notamment), des politiques d’établissements mises en œuvre et de l’action des élèves eux-mêmes. Nous montrons que ceux-ci ne sont pas totalement dominés par leurs appartenances sociales et ethniques, ils opèrent un travail de redéfinition identitaire qui leur permet de « retourner le stigmate ». / Based on the observation that only few studies question the issue of ethnicity in the school context, the present work aims at addressing the phenomenon of ethnicization of social relations in high schools. More specifically, we address the consequences of segregation on students’ subjectivity. By adopting their perspective, we intend to understand how the students perceive the world that surrounds them and to document ethnic salience and categorization. We question the way ethnic boundaries emerge and move, and how they overlap with social boundaries. Hence, our approach intends to grasp the mechanisms of production of ethic identities, and we predict that these mechanisms are, at least in part, accounted for by the segregated school context. Methodologically, the main challenge of the present study lies in the use of a quantitative methodology to analyze and grasp the ethnicization process. In this line, we used a questionnaire administered to over 1’300 students, in six high schools amongst the most segregated in Bordeaux and Créteil. We additionally used 200 questionnaires administered to students’ families. By means of this survey, we investigated the consequences of ethnic segregation at school on the construction of the self. We also questioned the relation of the students to their own selves and to the institution. In our approach of the construction of the self as a function of ethnic categories, we have considered the additional contributions of all actors in school. Our work leads us to point out different modalities of variations, including contexts with different degrees of segregation (mainly ethnic, social, and educational), differences in institutional policies, and differences in the actions of the students themselves. Ultimately, we demonstrated that the students are not entirely dominated by their social and ethnic memberships. Rather, they operate an identity redefinition which allows them to « turn the stigmata over ».