No description available.

This thesis deals with the characterization, modeling and calibration of pipeline analog-digital converters (ADC)s. The integral nonlinearity (INL) is characterized, modeled and the model is used to design a post-correction block in order to compensate the imperfections of the ADC. The INL model is divided into: a dynamic term designed by the low code frequency (LCF) component depending on the output code k and the frequency under test m, and a static term known as high code frequency (HCF) component depending solely on the output code k. The HCF is related to the pipeline ADC circuitry. A set of adjacent piecewise linear segments is used to model the HCF. The LCF is the dynamic term depending on the input signal characteristics, and is modeled using a polynomial with frequency dependent coefficients. Two dynamic calibration methodologies are developed to compensate the imperfections of the pipeline ADC. In the first approach, the INL model at hand is transformed into a post-correction scheme. Regarding the HCF model, a set of gains and offsets is used to reconstruct the HCF segments structure. The LCF polynomial frequency dependent coefficients are used to design a bank of FIR filters which reconstructs the LCF model. A calibration block made by the combination of static gains/offsets and a bank of FIR filters is built to create the correction term to calibrate the ADC. In the second approach, the calibration (and modeling) process is extended to the upper Nyquist bands of the ADC. The HCF is used directly in calibration as a look-up-table (LUT). The LCF part is still represented by a frequency dependent polynomial of which the coefficients are used to develop a filter bank, implemented in the frequency domain with an overlap-and-add structure. In brief the calibration process is done by the combination of a static LUT and a bank of frequency domain filters. The maximum likelihood (ML) method is used to estimate the K-factor of a wireless Ricean channel. The K-factor is one of the main characteristics of a telecommunication channel. However, a closed-form ML estimator of the Kfactor is unfeasible due to the complexity of the Ricean pdf. In order to overcome this limitation, an approximation (for high K-factor values) is induced to the Ricean pdf. A closed-form approximate ML (AML) for the Ricean K-factor is computed. A bias study is performed on the AML and the bias derived value is used to improve the AML estimation, leading to a closed-form bias compensated estimator (BCE). The BCE performance (in terms of variance, bias and mean square error (MSE)) is simulated and compared to the best known closed-form moment-based estimator found in the literature. The BCE turns to have a superior performance for low number of samples and/or high K-factor values. Finally, the BCE is applied on real site wireless channel measurements in an urban macro cell area, using a 4-antenna transmit/receive MIMO system. / QC 20120528

Yes / The Rician K-factor of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless propagation channel is estimated using a moment-based method on the envelope of measured pulse data. The measurements were carried out under vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication channel condition with car rooftop antenna heights at one end of the link and very low antenna height at the other end. Data captured from typical urban, suburban and rural areas are analyzed and the K-factor probability density function is generated for each scenario to give an insight into the V2V channel behavior. For all three areas, the majority of K values are found to be within the range of -10 to +10 dB. The K-factor distributions are close to normal with mean values of 1.8, 2.6 and 3 dB respectively for urban, suburban and rural area.

No / This paper investigates the seasonal variations of effective earth radius factor, k, in the Arabian Gulf region where non-standard propagation phenomena are commonly experienced. The k-factor is derived from the vertical profile of refractivity in the area under study. The vertical refractivity gradient, δN, in the first kilometre of the atmosphere above the ground surface is analysed using long term meteorological data. Long-term radiosonde data gathered in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), are used to calculate the variations of refractivity gradient and k-factor parameter.

No description available.

Les tests de dispositifs de communication sans fil peuvent être réalisés en utilisant des simulations numériques ou des sondeurs de canaux. Bien que ne reflétant pas un environnement électromagnétique réaliste, une chambre réverbérante peut néanmoins émuler un canal de propagation comparable à un cas réel si l’on modifie convenablement ses propriétés. Les propriétés des signaux générés dans une chambre réverbérante sont fonction de différents paramètres. Au cours des trois années de thèse, nous avons analysé et mis en oeuvre plusieurs techniques pour mesurer et contrôler ces paramètres à l’intérieur d’une chambre réverbérante. D’abord, différents estimateurs du facteur K sont testés et leurs propriétés sont évaluées. Nous présentons les limites de fonctionnement utiles dans lesquelles différents estimateurspeuvent être utilisés. Ensuite, nous proposons deux nouveaux estimateurs qui utilisent comme données d’entrée seulement l’enveloppe du signal. Ils apportent en outre des améliorations sur la gamme des valeurs détectables du facteur K. Une des possibilités pour contrôler un canal de propagation à l’intérieur d’une chambre réverbérante est d’utiliser des matériaux absorbants. Nous présentons une méthode pour estimer la surface équivalente moyenne d’absorption en utilisant une seule antenne. Cette méthode exploite la mesure de la bande de cohérence du canal de propagation. Ensuite, nous étendons notre analyse à la prédiction de la surface équivalente moyenne d’absorption lorsqueles dimensions géométriques et les propriétés électromagnétiques des absorbants sont connues. On crée ensuite un modèle de canal de propagation en exploitant les régimes transitoire et permanent du signal. Avec ce modèle, selon les informations disponibles, on peut extraire le facteur K, la surface équivalente moyenne d’absorption et différents paramètres temporels (i.e., profil de l’étalement des retards). Nous poursuivons avec deux applications possibles des chambres réverbérantes. Tout d’abord, on évalue le gain d’une antenne à partir de mesures du coefficient de réflexion decette antenne. Nous étendons notre analyse à l’évaluation du diagramme de rayonnement de l’antenne et de son erreur d’estimation. Nous estimons aussi la désadaptation de l’antenne et son ouverture à 3 dB. La deuxième application porte sur l’évaluation du gain de diversité dans la chambre réverbérante. Nous isolons les influences des efficacités des antennes, des puissances des composantes brassées, et des facteurs K sur l’évaluation du gain de diversité.On obtient une relation simple de la corrélation de puissance en fonction de la corrélation complexe lorsque les facteurs K sur différents branches ne sont pas identiques. Nous montrons que lors d’un fort déséquilibre de facteur K il est impossible de conclure sur le gain de diversité à partir de la seule évaluation de la corrélation d’enveloppe ou de puissance. À l’aide de simulations statistiques on compare le gain de diversité mesuré avec les valeurs simulées. / The testing of wireless devices is generally done using numerical simulations or channel sounders. Though a reverberation chamber does not reflect a real transmission environment, its properties can also be appropriately modifiedto emulate one. This emulation may be achieved thanks to various parameters. Our PhD thesis has been devoted toanalyze and implement several techniques to measure and control these parameters inside reverberation chambers.First we evaluate different K-factor estimators and their capabilities. We present the useful limits in which severalcomplex, phase and envelope K-factor estimators can be used. Then, we propose two new envelope-based estimatorsimproving the useful range of detectable values of K-factor. One of the possibilities to control a propagation channel inside areverberation chamber is to use absorbing materials. We present a method to estimate the average absorbing crosssection by using only one antenna. This is done with measurements of coherence bandwidth of the channel. Then,we extend our analysis to predict the average absorbing cross section when we know the physical dimensions of aparallelepiped absorber as well its electromagnetic properties. Next, we create a model of the reverberation chamberpropagation channel using the transient regime and steady state of the signal. With this model, depending on the availableinformation, we can extract the K-factor, the average absorbing cross section and different time spreads parameters (i.e., mean delay spread and the root mean square delay spread). We continue with two possible applications of the reverberation chamber. First, we evaluate the gain of an antenna from only the measurement of reflection coefficient. We extend our analysis to the evaluation of antenna pattern and its estimation errors. We also estimate the antenna mismatch and half power beamwidth. The second application deals with the evaluation of the diversity gain in reverberation chamber. We isolate the effects on the diversity gain due to different antenna efficiencies, stirred powers and K-factors. Then, we estimate a simple relation of the power correlation as a function of the complex correlation when the K-factors on different branches are not identical. We show that using an envelope/power correlation as a criterion to characterize the diversity may bias the conclusions without taking into account other parameters. Using statistical simulations we compare the measured diversity gain with the simulated values.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-25T20:29:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Eliete Nazar? Eduardo.pdf: 947644 bytes, checksum: d85c318ce9c161ce157d42e89ed6c4af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T20:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Eliete Nazar? Eduardo.pdf: 947644 bytes, checksum: d85c318ce9c161ce157d42e89ed6c4af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / FAPERJ / The purpose of this study was to determine the soil erodibility (K) and soil cover and management factor (C) under natural and simulated rainfall in an Udult soil in Serop?dica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. In the study with natural rainfall, the soil losses (SL) were evaluated from measurements in Wischmeier standard-plots in the period of 2006 to 2011, with their respective erosivity index (EI30). The soil erodibility values were calculated from the ratio of soil loss and the annual rainfall erosivity (Ka) and total period (Kt), considering the angular coefficient generated from the linear regression analysis between those parameters (Kci and Kct). For the determination of C factor under natural rainfall, it was evaluated the treatments maize in contour lines (MN) and maize in slope lines (MMA) during three years of cultivation. In the study with simulated rainfall, soil losses were evaluated during the period of September to December 2011, under the same treatments (MN and MMA). The soils erodibility under natural rainfall for 5 years of study is 0.0090 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1. For the simulated rain, this value is 0.00021 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1; under natural rainfall, the average values of C factor calculated are 0.0070 and 0.0132 Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1, respectively, for maize grown in contour and slope line, and 0.0932 and 0.1298 Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1 under simulated rainfall. In both studies, the C factor showed higher values in the beginning of the study period, decreasing with the evolution of culture. The higher C factor values obtained in the study with simulated rainfall are associated with higher erosivity index resulting from the characteristics adopted in the use of simulator rainfall. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a erodibilidade do solo (K) e o fator manejo e cobertura do solo (C), sob chuva natural e simulada, em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO em Serop?dica (RJ), informa??es necess?rias para o planejamento do uso da terra e conserva??o do solo e da ?gua. No estudo com chuva natural foram avaliadas as perdas de solo (PS) ocorridas em parcelas padr?o de Wischmeier, no per?odo de 2006 a 2011, com seus respectivos ?ndices de erosividades (EI30). As erodibilidades do solo foram calculadas pelo quociente entre a perda de solo e a erosividade das chuvas anuais (Ka) e total no per?odo (Kt), considerando o coeficiente angular gerado na an?lise de regress?o linear entre esses mesmos par?metros (Kci e Kct). Para a determina??o do fator C, sob chuva natural foram avaliados os tratamentos de milho em n?vel (MN) e de milho morro a baixo (MMA) em tr?s anos de cultivo. No estudo com chuva simulada, as perdas de solo foram avaliadas no per?odo de setembro a dezembro de 2011, sob os mesmos tratamentos (MN e MMA). A erodibilidade do solo estudado sob chuva natural, para 5 anos de estudo ? de 0,0090 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1. Para a chuva simulada, esse valor ? de 0,00021 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1; sob chuva natural, os valores m?dios do fator C calculados s?o de 0,0070 e 0,0132 Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1, respectivamente, para a cultura do milho cultivado em n?vel e morro abaixo, e de 0,0932 e 0,1298 Mg ha Mg-1 ha-1 sob chuva simulada. Em ambos os estudos, o fator C apresentou maiores valores no in?cio do per?odo avaliado, decrescendo com a evolu??o da cultura. Os elevados valores do fator C obtidos no estudo com chuva simulada est?o associados ao elevado ?ndice de erosividade resultante das caracter?sticas adotadas no uso do simulador de chuva.

This thesis describes a unique approach of turning on and off transistor cores to reconfigure low-noise amplifiers. A small footprint single-pole, single-throw switch is optimized for low insertion loss and high isolation. A narrowband (non-switchable) LNA is developed as a basis of comparison for reconfigurable designs. The optimized switch is incorporated into different switchable transistor core architectures. These architectures are investigated to determine their ability to reconfigure amplifier performance. One switchable transistor core topology is integrated into a cascode LNA design. An in depth stability analysis employing the S-probe technique is used to help improve the reliability of the cascode design. In addition, a single-pole, double-throw transmit/receive switch, as well as a deserializer are developed to help support the LNA block in a reconfigurable phased-array radar system. This type of flexible radar design is very beneficial in challenging electromagnetic environments.

Prevailing propagation phenomena in certain areas play a vital role in deciding terrestrial wireless systems performance. Vertical refractivity profile below 1 km is a critical parameter for designing reliable systems; noting that there is a shortage of upper-air data worldwide. Anomalous phenomena may cause severe signal fading and interference beyond the horizon. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate dominant refractive conditions in the subtropical Arabian Gulf region, develop new approaches and empirical models for evaluating vertical refractivity profiles and relevant propagation parameters in the low troposphere, and to examine the impact of frequently experienced anomalous phenomena on terrestrial microwave links. Twenty-three years of meteorological measurements, from 1990 to 2013, are utilized using spatially separated surface stations and a single radiosonde in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Profiles of sea level, surface and upper refractivity components are statistically analysed. Three major atmospheric layers; namely 65 m, 100 m and 1 km above the ground are studied to analyse relevant propagation parameters such as sub-refraction, super-refraction, anomalous propagation probability parameter β0 and point refractivity gradient not exceeded for 1% of time. The effective earth radius factor k is investigated using a new weighted averaged approach. In addition, the seasonal structure of atmospheric ducting is dimensioned within 350 m layer above ground. Finally, microwave measurement campaign is conducted using multiple radio links operating in UAE using various frequency bands. The link budget simulations are compared with the signal strength measurements. Fading scenarios are studied against the observed anomalous conditions and several recommendations are concluded.

The objective of this study was to provide an adequate model of the k-factor for scientific radio planning in South Africa for terrestrial propagation. An extensive literature survey played an essential role in the research and provided verification and confirmation for the novelty of the research on historical grounds. The approach of the research was initially structured around theoretical analysis of existing data, which resulted from the work of J. W. Nel. The search for analytical models was extended further to empirical studies of primary data obtained from the South African Weather Service. The methodology of the research was based on software technology, which provided new tools and opportunities to process data effectively and to visualise the results in an innovative manner by a means of digital terrain maps (DTMs) and spreadsheet graphics. MINITAB / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted