Brain drain of Kazakhstan in 1999-2008 Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the main trends and development of brain drain process in Kazakhstan for period from 1999 to 2008. Several key topics are discussed in this work: the economic and social context of skilled migration: employment patterns of highly skilled persons in Kazakhstan; the role of educational migration. In the first part of the work was given general patterns of brain drain in the world and overview of relevant literature. In the second part were analyzed trends of highly skilled migration in Kazakhstan. The data are taken from censuses and other relevant data sources. The data collection is provided by the Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Keywords: brain drain, migration, socio-economical situation, remittances, oralmans, education.

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The Master's Thesis focuses on the impact of the Ukraine political crisis of 2013 - 2014 on Russia's relations with the CIS countries. The crisis was triggered by Ukrainian government when it suspended plans of closer ties with the European Union, and has since spurred escalating tensions between Russia and Western powers. The tense situation in Ukraine and Russia's policies is one of the central affairs in international relations today and this makes this topic especially actual. The Thesis examines impact of Ukrainian events of 2013-2014 on the Eurasian integration led by Russia. Integration projects in the post-Soviet space are a high priority for Russia and a tool, how the country articulates its interests in the region. The work provides a look at the development of Russia's foreign policy since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and considers factors and ideological aspects that affected it. Selected integration projects and Russia's policies towards the Eurasian integration are described. The final part is devoted to the origins of Ukrainian crisis and Russia's attitude to it. Current, as well as potential impact of Ukrainian crisis on Russia's relations with the CIS states is derived from the analysis. KEYWORDS Russian Federation, Russian Foreign Policy, Ukraine, Commonwealth of...

What explains the dynamics of contentious collective political action in post-Soviet Central Asia? How do post-Soviet Central Asian citizens negotiate the tensions between partaking in and abstaining from elite-challenging collective protests? By analysing cross-national attitudes in two Central Asian states, this article (1) systematically analyses the variation in collective protests by testing rival macro-, meso-, and micro-level theories; (2) reintroduces a conceptual and empirical distinction between low-risk and high-risk collective protests; and (3) examines the conditions under which individuals participate in two distinct types of elite-challenging collective actions. Three conclusions are reached. First, the evidence suggests that nuanced consideration of multi-level theoretical perspectives is necessary to explain contingencies of elite-challenging actions. Second, economic grievances and resource mobilization emerge as leading factors driving both low-risk and high-risk protests. Third, Islamic religiosity and social networking robustly predict participation in high-risk collective action.

This study highlights the importance of national factors in explaining the wide variations in child malnutrition that exists among population groups in the three Central Asian Republics under study, and as an avenue through which the investigation of the processes by which other factors influencing child malnutrition can be executed. This study has been guided by the proposition that the effects of socio-economic, health and the environmental factors vary by province of residence. The suggested theory underlying this proposition is the structural violence theory, which stems from the evidence of differences in malnutrition levels among provinces of residence within the three countries under study. Against the background of this theory, the study explores and compares the effects, on child malnutrition of sixteen covariates of malnutrition within these countries. The study assessed, first, the nutritional status of children below 3 years using the three anthropometric indices, weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. Secondly, it examined the confounding factors that influence nutritional status in the Central Asian Republics. The DHS data for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan were used. The data of the countries were combined in order to create a more usable dataset for multivariate analyses. This descriptive analysis was done on all relevant variables in order to get a better understanding of the dynamics involved in the data. A binary logistic regression analysis estimating models using the stepwise forward method (based on Wald statistics) on the pooled dataset was carried out controlling socio-economic, health and environmental characteristics. Separate analysis was carried out to study the odds of being underweight, and stunted among children in the study population. Analyses for the odds of being wasted were not performed because the percentage of wasted children was too low. The main results indicate that province of residence within a country, country of residence, number of people in a household, household wealth, birth weight, age of child, knowledge of ORT, maternal education, number of children under five years, and source of drinking water, are strong predictors of child nutritional status in the three Central Asian Republics. Furthermore, it has revealed that chronic malnutrition (stunting), which is long-term undernutrition, is most prevalent in all three countries but at varied levels. An unexpected finding is that fully vaccinated children were highly likely to be malnourished compared to children who were partially vaccinated. Since stunting appears in early ages in Central Asian children many of the children in this study may be stunted before they receive all the recommended vaccinations. This could also be influenced by the poor nutritional status of the mother who cannot provide nutritious breast milk. Another unexpected finding was that breast-feeding especially in children more than six months old had a strong negative association with stunting and underweight. Women who breastfeed longer may be doing so because they lack the resources and nutritional knowledge to provide their children with adequate nutrition. Another explanation for the observed adverse association of breastfeeding and nutritional status beyond infancy is that of reverse causality, where mothers continue to breastfeed children who appear small for their age. In summary, the results from both the descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis are similar in terms of the explanatory variables and the statistical significance in the models. The study recommends more area-specific (province) policies for the development of nutritional intervention programmes including closer attention to childcare and mother care programmes. / Thesis (PhD (Sociology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Sociology / PhD (Sociology) / Unrestricted

The intent of this thesis is to explore why when compared to the former Soviet Republics of Ukraine and Georgia there is a measure of stability in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has made it a priority to slowly build a sense of its own nationalism after decades of Soviet control. In over 20 years of independence it has only known violence for an 18-month period. The Republic of Kazakhstan has gone from the leftovers from a dissolved empire to a stable regional power. Kazakhstan’s hegemony in Asia and peaceful ethnic-governmental relations has made it possible for Kazakhstan to have a multi-faceted foreign policy with Russia, China, and the United States and this paper will try to answer the question of how this has been possible.

Thesis (D.Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 527-542).

Changing patterns of marital and reproductive behavior of young women in the urban settlement (on the example of Ust-Kamenogorsk, East Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakhstan) Abstract This study primarily addresses nuptiality and fertility patterns among youth in East Kazakhstan region. The data are obtained from censuses, vital statistics and two surveys "Marital and reproductive behavior of young women in Ust-Kamenogorsk" conducted in 2009 and 2016. The survey data collection has been supported by Center of International programs of Kazakhstan "Bolashak" and Charles University in Prague. The thesis examines demographic behaviours of two main ethnicities (Kazakh and Russian) in East Kazakhstan oblast and influence of such factors like ethnicity, education, place of residence and socio- economic conditions on their marital and reproductive behaviour. East Kazakhstan oblast, compared with other regions of Kazakhstan, has lower birth and marriage rates, higher divorce rates, higher share of non-native ethnicities residing in urban areas and higher proportion of female workers employed in the industrial sector. The author tries to evaluate the importance of marriage to young females and its relation to their reproductive and marital behaviour. The general tendency observed from the conducted survey was that young women...

Les relations entre l’Etat et la religion sont déterminantes dans l’histoire de chaque pays. Au Kazakhstan, le statut de l’islam a varié au gré du régime sur place. Implanté en plusieurs vagues, commençant par la conquête arabe du sud du pays, puis officialisé par les Qarakhanides, la Horde d’Or sous le khan Özbek et les khans kazakhs, l’islam a trouvé une certaine régulation à partir du XVIIIème siècle avec la colonisation russe. L’Empire russe, intéressé par le fait de gagner les musulmans à sa cause, favorise leur religion en créant l’Assemblée spirituelle à Orenbourg. L’impératrice Catherine II envoie des mollahs tatars dans la steppe kazakhe et construit de nombreuses mosquées pour mieux contrôler les Kazakhs. Mais le renforcement de l’islam donne des résultats inverses à ceux escomptés et l’empire durcit sa position envers le dernier, il limite le nombre de mollahs et de mosquées par région. Avec l’arrivée des soviétiques au pouvoir, tout semble changer. Mais provisoirement seulement ; les premières « déclarations démocratiques » n’aboutissent qu’à se retourner contre toutes les religions par une série de répressions à la fin des années 1920, et l’idéologie communiste espère mettre fin à l’islam. Pourtant les Directions spirituelles musulmanes avaient été rétablies durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale par Staline qui avait voulu utiliser le potentiel religieux pour servir ses buts. Elles ont fonctionné jusqu’à l’effondrement de l’URSS en reflétant les décisions du parti. L’indépendance du Kazakhstan a donné une chance aux croyants de rétablir la religion, mais en même temps elle a contribué à l’apparition de mouvances radicales. Depuis les années 2000 le gouvernement revoit sa politique en matière religieuse, en effectuant de nouveau des restrictions. L’histoire recommence-t-elle ? / Relations between the state and religion are determining in the history of every country. At Kazakhstan the status of Islam has largely depended on the ruling regime. Islam was brought to Kazakhstan in several waves, starting from the conquest of the country’s south by Arabs. It was legalized by Qarakhanides, the Golden Horde under Khan Özbek and Kazakh clans and was further regularized with Russian colonization starting from XVIII century. Russian Empire, interested in attracting Muslims, has favored their religion by creating a Spiritual assembly at Orenburg. Empress Catherine II (The Great) had sent Tatar mullahs to the Kazakh steppes to establish Moslem institutions (mosques, religious schools, etc). This was aimed at gaining control over the Kazakh population. But reinforcement of Islam has led to rather opposite result and, as a consequence, Empire hardened towards Islam - the numbers of mosques and mullahs were reduced. It seemed to change upon arrival of the Soviets to the region, but only for a limited time, followed by anti-religious declarations of the Soviet Government and repressions at the end of 1920s, aiming to exterminate the influence of Islam once and forever. However during Second World War, under Stalin, Muslin spiritual institutions were once more re-established. They continued to function during the post-war era and collapse of USSR, being in the total support for the latter. Independence of Kazakhstan has provided an opportunity for the citizens to freely express their beliefs, and at the same time it led to the emerging of certain radical movements. From the years of 2000 the Kazakh government revises once again its policy on religion towards restriction. The history repeats itself?

This research examines management of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the two transitional countries of the former Soviet Union - Kazakhstan and Russia. The study focuses on how key PPP actors in Russia and Kazakhstan perceive and adapt to contract regulation, risk allocation and dispute resolution challenges in PPP management. The qualitative study draws on data from 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews with the respondents from four partnership projects, national and regional PPP centres, law firms and the government. Through a qualitative analysis of the interview data, four principal themes have emerged including partner opportunistic behaviour in a PPP; partner interaction; risk management in a PPP; and constraints and impediments to effective PPP governance. Utilising the PPP governance concept as the guiding theoretical framework, the research highlighted partners' opportunistic behaviour. A private partner exhibited its opportunism in a tariff setting and cost increases, whilst the public sector partners demonstrated their opportunistic behaviour by shifting public acceptance risk to a private party, exerting pressure in order to achieve results faster than contracted and framing a private partner's management flexibility. The findings revealed that partners from both sectors tend to downplay the significance of governance structures that would permit them to effectively interact and resolve all kinds of issues including those of risk management. Investigation of tools for dispute resolution between partners showed that this area of collaboration is virtually non-existent. Partners largely disregard formal mechanisms for dispute resolution and excessively rely on informal relations. The research identified a large number of commonalities in PPP management and no major discrepancy between Kazakhstan and Russia with regards to partnership management and PPP critical success factors. In the latter, managing public-private relationship during the entire project term is the principal factor. The study developed a model for more deeply understanding PPP governance in the two countries, which is the thesis' original contribution to knowledge. The model's core is the emergent PPP policy paradigm that the governments in both countries use. The study delineated the paradigm's principal elements and dynamics that contribute to PPP management changes in Kazakhstan and Russia. The research also contributes to knowledge by enhancing opportunism's definition and its application in the PPP setting.