This study was set to assess the inter-ethnic conflict between the Pokomo farmers and the Orma pastoralists in Tana River, Kenya. It aimed at determining the underlying causes of the conflict, and in doing so, identify how peaceful co-existence between these groups could be achieved. The study was guided by the assumption that the conflict is about competing perceptions of land among groups due to their conflicting lifestyles. The researcher used qualitative case study methods incorporating purposeful sampling. The field method included informal one-on-one interviews with local residents from the Pokomo, Orma, and Wardei communities. Secondary data was also used, including archives, government publications, and scholarly journals and books, and news sources. From the research findings, it was concluded that there is a need for balanced policies on land in Tana River, Kenya, involving all the stakeholders, such as the local residents, the Kenyan government, the Kenyan population at large, and potential investors. In this sense, the Tana River conflict is a microcosm of larger issues related to neo-colonialism, and national, political and economic sovereignty in Africa.

The effects on production of milking grazed crossbred cattle (32, 53 and 74 cow and heifer dams in experiments 1, 2 and 3 in 1986, 1987 and 1988 respectively) with or without a dietary supplement (2kg dairy meal daily for 3 to 4 months post-partum) were studied in a semi-arid area of Kenya. During the second and third trials, half the calves from the milked and also the unmilked groups were creep fed for 4 months commencing approximately 1 month from birth. Herbage dry matter intake was determined four times during the wet and dry seasons between November 1988 and May 1989, and the deterministic model and computer program of the bioenergetic system of lactating and pregnant cattle of Bruce <i>et al</i> (1984) used to examine the performance of the crossbred cows, and to evaluate its potential applicability. The respective mean extracted milk yields over a six month lactation were 670.6, 414.4 and 371.2 kg for the milked and supplemented (MS) groups, and 563.4, 398.4 and 331.1 kg for the unsupplemented (MNS) groups during experiments 1, 2 and 3 (P> 0.05). Mean daily calf growth rates were affected by milk offtake (P< 0.05). They were respectively, 0.52, 0.48, 0.79 and 0.71 kg during experiment 1; 0.64, 0.61, 0.72 and 0.72 kg during experiment 2; and 0.59, 0.57, 0.66 and 0.66 kg during experiment 3 for the milked (MS and MNS) and the control groups (not milked and supplemented, NMS and the not milked and not supplemented, NMNS). Overall, post-partum supplementation improved dam liveweight gain (P< 0.05) but milk extraction tended to reduce it (P> 0.05). Similarly, calving indices were improved by supplementation while the effect of milking was inconsistent. Both creep feeding of the calves and beef genotypes of the dams were not significant (P> 0.05) factors affecting performance. Similarly, body condition scores (1 to 9 score scale) ranged between condition score 4 and 5 for all treatments. The respective mean daily dry matter intakes were 8.5 and 8.2 during the wet, and 8.6 and 8.2 kg during the dry periods; and the corresponding dry matter digestibilities were 0.72 and 0.74 in the wet, and 0.67 and 0.62 during the dry periods. The discrepancies between observed and predicted values of milk (energy), though not for liveweight, were small, consequently, with a few refinements the bioenergetic model may find a useful role in cattle production systems in the semi-arid tropics. It was concluded that the offtake of milk from suitable crossbred cattle in the semi-arid areas may be increased without significantly reducing offtake of slaughter animals.

This study examined the extent of natural resources management in one of the most densely populated districts in Kenya. The nature of land use, land ownership structure, and natural resource management strategies were examined. A theoretical assessment of the natural resources potential was conducted and the relationship between population and land resources was addressed. possible causes of the major problems in natural resources conservation and development were examined. In addition, possible implications of these problems and opportunities for securing a self-sustaining environment were studied. The approach followed was partly systematic based on the existing data sources, and partly conceptual, based on intuition and observation of some of the significant factors. The principle methods used were a review of the literature, supplemented with a reconnaissance field trip to the area, communication with people knowledgeable of the area, and the author's own experience and observations. The study indicated that the traditional practices of natural resources management have been disrupted by the adoption of a more intensive system of land tenure, and other political, social and economic factors. Two main recommendations were proposed: (1) that a viable development strategy to increase income earning opportunities through the utilization of existing natural resources and local labour resources be adopted, and (2) that top priority be given to addressing the problems of resource conservation and utilization in Murang'a district.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of the growth of primary education in Kenya and to examine developmental patterns that have emerged during the evolvement of this education, from pre-colonial times to the coming of European influence and the post-independence era. The study had as its main goal the discovery of how these patterns of change have shaped today's education in Kenya, and how they are likely to influence the future planning of primary education in the Republic of Kenya.The report was predicated on the proposition that since patterns of change in education are likely to be a common feature to all nations around the world, it might be advantageous to examine Kenya’s development patterns in a wider context of at least two other nations—one, a developing, non-Western country, and the other, a developed, Western nation. It was further proposed that a review of educational growth experienced in these two nations might contain implications relevant to the future planning of education in Kenya. The two countries selected were: the Republic of India and the United States of America.The study was conducted by means of a wide survey of the literature on Kenyan education available in and through the Ball State University Library. In the chapters dealing with the development of primary education in India and in the United States, data collection was based on literature materials available. Chapter seven included questionnaires developed as data-gathering instruments in Kenyan primary schools. These instruments were proposed as a beginning point in designing programs of educational evaluation in Kenyan schools.The following patterns were observed with regard to the emergence of modern education in Kenyan:1. An informal, traditional African system of education existed in Kenya long before and at the coming of Europeans to Africa.2. The modern primary school in Kenya emerged with the coming of European influence, particularly the Christian missionaries. This influence transformed African indigenous education from its traditional nature to the formal, Western system.3. Efforts of Kenyan educational authorities to make the school relevant to modern African needs has resulted in transitional problems which have included insufficient educational facilities and resources to meet the needs of all children of school going age in the nation. To combat these problems, the Kenyan government, with the cooperative efforts of other educational agencies in Kenya, has instituted extensive rural development programs to expand educational facilities and to offer a wide base of alternative programs for post-primary education.Based on the review of educational developments in India and in the United States, the following patterns were recommended for experimental implementation in Kenya:1. Installation of a combined multi-purpose primary and secondary school system to determine if a multipurpose school system will increase educational alternatives for a wider range of pupil interests and aptitudes.2. A national review of the current primary and secondary school curricula to determine whether the two curricula systems are compatible with each other.3. That a school curriculum be designed based on community improvement projects with the intent to improve and increase agricultural production.4. Implementation of extensive in-service and retraining programs for primary school teachers while long-term measures are taken to systematically upgrade teacher education by making all teacher training colleges part of a university system.

Health policy reforms have dominated health systems in African countries for over three decades. However, the impacts of these policies on nurses’ work, as well as the extent to which the nurses are involved in the policy decisions, have not been well documented. As the largest group of health professionals in the workforce, nurses’ services are necessary to achieve population health outcomes. Thus, nurses’ work concerns related to the reform of national policies should be identified and addressed. This study was carried out to examine how the national policy reforms have impacted on nurses’ work in Kenyan district health care systems and how nurses have been involved in policy processes in the health care system. Critical theory and feminist critical policy analysis perspectives guided the study. The study was implemented in two phases. The first phase involved qualitative interviews with 32 decision makers and nurses in the public health care system. The second phase involved a comparative quantitative survey of nurses and nurse managers in two districts. A sample of 169 nurses was interviewed in two district hospitals to generate data for this second phase of the study. This thesis contains three manuscripts. The first manuscript presents a qualitative analysis of the impact of policies on nurses’ work (Chapter 2). The second manuscript presents qualitative results of how nurses were involved in policy processes at various levels of the health care system (Chapter 3). The third manuscript presents results of a quantitative survey of frontline nurses’ experiences with the policy reforms, comparing two districts (Chapter 4). An integrative discussion of key findings from all these manuscripts forms the last chapter of the thesis. The findings revealed that policies meant to enhance access to services like decentralization and primary health care were more enabling to nurses’ work while those aimed at enhancing efficiency like structural adjustment programs were more constraining. The constraints included poor work environments, unchanging work conditions, increased responsibilities and dilemmas in providing care. These constraints were experienced more by nurses in the district that was poorly resourced and had poor health indicators than the district that had better resources and better health indicators. The results suggest that inadequate involvement of nurses in policy processes is a reason why their work concerns have not been addressed. There are recommendations to improve nurses’ work in the context of policy reform and to improve nurses’ abilities to participate in policy processes.

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This study examined the Kenyan Diversified Secondary School Curriculum (KDSSC) which was implemented in 1985. / Data were collected from twelve provincial secondary schools selected from urban, semi-urban and rural regions. Questionnaires were administered to Form three students, teachers and staff of the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE). Additional data were collected through interviews with the deputy Director of Education in charge of the implementation of 8-4-4, deputy Director of KIE and relevant official documents. / The findings indicate that KDSSC addresses the needs of national development and is influenced by human capital theory and the philosophy of African Socialism. / KDSSC is characterized by an academic orientation and the process of implementation is affected by conceptual and operational difficulties. Consequently, a state of distress is evident in schools. / Ultimately, the study concludes that the rationale for KDSSC reflects the prevailing will of policy-makers to ensure that desirable national development takes place in Kenya. However, KDSSC as currently structured is a limited strategy for meeting the needs of national development. / The study has implications for national development strategies, curriculum planning, teaching, and theory on educational innovations. Recommendations are made which may help shape future directions of KDSSC and national development strategies. Finally, areas for further research are proposed.

A public orthodontic system generally is designed to prioritize patients so that those who have the greatest need receive treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective perceptions of the occlusal appearance of 11 to 12 year-old schoolchildren of Nairobi with the modified Aesthetic Component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The objectives were to assess the children&rsquo / s perception of their occlusal appearance, categorise the occlusal appearance using the AC scale, by both the children and researcher / and to compare the children&rsquo / s&rsquo / perception and the AC of the IOTN.