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Underdevelopment is a major problem facing many developing countries around the world. Market mechanisms have increasingly been employed in an attempt to overcome the problem of underdevelopment such as low growth and poverty; however the implementation of market centred policies has raised other problems such as institutional mechanisms and the quality of governance within the institutions designed to implement the market oriented policies. This thesis attempts to throw some light on these problems by investigating the case of liberalisation in the Kenyan coffee industry. The thesis concentrates on the question of the extent to which the liberalisation program sponsored by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Government of Kenya (GOK) has been effective in creating an efficiently functioning market within the coffee sector in particular and the Kenyan macro-economy in general. The research finds that on the whole the liberalisation program targeted at the coffee sector has failed to take into account the institutional conditions and the extent of state centred features like rent seeking and centralised decision makings powers within the coffee sector prior to implementing the liberalisation program. The resulting market arrangement has therefore adversely affected the program’s intended recipients, particularly at the level of cooperative institution where the interests of the small-scale farmers are represented. The thesis will elaborate more on this and relate its findings to the macro-economic view of Kenya. The conclusion shows that in order for the Kenyan economy to break free from the problems of underdevelopment and to generate sustainable rates of growth, more attention must be given to improving the quality of governance and to developing a credible set of institutions to support and execute market-friendly economic policies. Good quality governance represented by accountability, transparency, rule of law, stability and efficiency appears to be the missing ingredient in making Kenya a successful economy.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the historical development of higher education in Kenya, since its independence in 1963, to determine the extent to which the original goals and objectives of the university education in Kenya are being met. To successfully complete this study and make relevant recommendations to the policy makers, the universities' demographics, academic programs, enrollment patterns, faculty and staff were examined. Education is recognized as the essential foundation for modern development. However, education cannot play this role unless its research is relevant to the needs of the country. Kenya's higher education has experienced dramatic changes in growth in the number of universities, massive enrollment of students, and diversification of the financial base for its universities. However, this growth in higher education went beyond the capacities of public universities. The growth in student enrollments opened opportunities for the establishment of private universities. The number of private universities increased from one in 1980 to now 17, with a total enrollment of about 10,000 students. To raise needed revenues for infrastructure and operations higher education institutions often host short courses, seminars, summer programs, and conferences. Businesses, governments, and non-governmental organizations are generally supportive of training schemes in highly regarded institutions. Universities should capitalize on their reputations and offer specializations and diversification of programs to enhance greater opportunities and other regional programs. Improved female participation in educational development and the cultural factor, as well as encouraging democratic processes in governance, would greatly enhance retention of well-qualified academic staff, and focused research activity should form the basis of human resources development.

This is a study of the relations between Christian missions and the colonial state in Kenya from the time of the Imperial British East Africa Company (1888), to the year before the Second World War (1938). The study concentrates on three protestant missions, the Church Missionary Society, the Church of Scotland Mission, and the Africa Inland Mission. The term 'colonial state' is used here in a wider sense to include the three races in the country. In order of racial dominance, they comprised a dominant European minority of missionaries, settlers and officials; a trading Asian community; and a majority native population. This study addresses itself to the major issues which brought the missions and the state, or a section of the state, to a point of interaction. These issues include slavery, land, labour, the Indian Question, and African political associations. In order to introduce the issues in this study, it has seemed useful to include a first chapter outlining the factors which influenced mission-state relationships in Colonial Africa, with examples drawn from Congo, Malawi, Uganda, Rhodesia, and the Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique. Admittedly, the selection of these areas is rather arbitrary, but they provide an adequate range for comparison. The second and third chapters survey the relations between the missions and the state on the East African coast prior to 1900. The central issue in these chapters is the question of slavery and the slave trade, with great emphasis being laid on its effect on the mission-state relationship then, and in the future. Chapter four is central to this study. It explores in depth for the first time the extent to which missions became involved with the alienation of native lands. It has been necessary to go into minor details to show the amount of land applied for by the missions, how it was acquired and used, and how beneficial it was and to whom. A major theme in the chapter is the extent to which land acquisition, maintenance and disposal by the missions prepared the background for future mission-state relationships in general, and enhanced the evolution of a settler-missionary identity in particular. Chapter five discusses labour as an issue in the mission-state relationship, and focuses mainly on the Kenya Missions' Volunteer Corps during World War I, and the labour crisis which emerged in the country after the war. An attempt is made here to assess how missionary response to government labour policies contributed to the emerging pattern of the mission-state relationship. The labour issue is also looked at in the context of the relations between the missions and Africans, especially chiefs. The chapter concludes with an emphasis on the growing alliance between missionaries and the white colonial society. Chapter six discusses the Indian Question within the context of the mission-state relationship. The controversy over Indian claims for equality with Europeans, which culminated in the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 asserting African paramountcy, is here seen to have resulted in a high degree of alliance between missionaries and the white society on the one hand and to have started a process of general deterioration in relations between missions and radical African politicians on the other. Chapter seven assesses the involvement by missionaries in the formation of African political associations in Central Kenya after 1919. The question of the representation of native interests is discussed here to highlight the conflicts between the radical African politicians and the loyal and missionary-directed associations. The chapter builds up to the circumcision controversy of 1929 in which the loyal associations sided with the missions against the Kikuyu Central Association and female circumcision. Further, the controversy is seen to have ushered in a process of deterioration in the relations between the missions and the state, culminating in the resignation, in 1929, of J.W. Arthur, the missionary representative of native interests in the Legislative and Executive Councils. Chapter eight addresses itself to the role of Archdeacon Owen in Nyanza politics, especially his role in the Kavirondo Taxpayers' Welfare Association. Emphasis is laid on the significance of Owen's role for his personal relations with the officials, and for the relations between his adherents and the state. A concluding chapter attempts to bring out the various themes which tie together the issues covered in the study. In this section, the settler-missionary identification is assessed; the influence of the forces in Britain (the metropolitan factor) for the mission-state relationship in Kenya is highlighted; and finally, an attempt is made to put the mission-state relationship in a historical perspective.

ABSTRACT Background: About 90% of women in Kenya report at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit yet maternal mortality rate remains high at 414 per 100,000 live births. Only 40% of childbirths occur in health facilities. A previous study of Nairobi slums in 2000 indicated that only 10.3% of women initiated ANC visits in the first trimester. High incidence of maternal deaths in Kenya especially among the very poor has been attributed to inadequate emergency obstetrical care. Decreasing numbers of women are initiating ANC within the first trimester and this may be affecting the ability of the health system to identify and cater for women whose health conditions can be effectively managed through ANC. This study aimed to determine the proportion of women initiating ANC in the first and last trimesters and the background characteristics associated with these women in two slums of Nairobi, Kenya. It also sought to determine if timing of initial ANC visit was associated with number of visits and choice of place of delivery in a slum setting. Materials and methods: This research report is a secondary data analysis of the World Bank funded Maternal Health Project conducted between 1st April and 30th June, 2006 by the African Population and Health Research Center. Participants were women 12 to 54 years, enumerated in the Nairobi Urban Health Demographic Surveillance System living in two slums of Nairobi, who had a pregnancy outcome between January 2004 and December 2005. Women 15 to 49 years were included in this analysis. Analysis of the data was done using STATA 9.2. Findings: Only 7.3% of women initiated ANC in the first trimester, with 52% making four or more visits. In the third trimester 22% of women initiated ANC. Although 97% of women reported receiving their first ANC from a skilled health professional, only 48.4% delivered in well equipped health care facilities. The median number of months pregnant at first ANC was six and median number of visits was four. Women who were most likely to initiate early ANC had secondary school or higher level of education (p=0.055) and were in a union (p=0.008). The least likely to initiate care in the first trimester were of minority ethnicity (0.011) and high parity (p=0.019). As educational level and wealth status rise, the likelihood of late ANC initiation declines. Women living with unemployed partners were less likely to initiate care in the first trimester compared to those living with employed partners (OR 0.2, p=0.046). Only women with educated partners initiated care during the first trimester. Women who initiated ANC in the first trimester were more likely to have 4 visits and more likely to deliver in appropriate facilities than those who initiated care in the third trimester. Those who initiated care to obtain an ANC card were less likely to have 4 visits than those who initiated care to verify that pregnancy was normal (OR 0.5, p=0.000). Women who initiated care in first trimester were 1.5 and 5.0 times more likely to deliver in good health facilities than those who initiated care in third trimester (p=0.040) and those who had no ANC (p=0.000), respectively. Conclusion: Women in Korogocho and Viwandani may have better chances of delivering in appropriate facilities if they have low parity and secondary level education. The presence of a partner with a means of steady income may also make it easier for women to access delivery care in good facilities. Interventions to improve the level of educational attainment among women and provide affordable family planning are necessary to increase early ANC attendance and subsequently delivery in well equipped facilities.

Research Thesis  Submitted  in  Fulfilment  of  the  Requirements  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of   Philosophy  in  Economics, School of Economic & Business Sciences Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA / The world is facing a sustainability crisis due to depletion and degradation of environmental and natural resources faster than they can be generated. Many of these resources are not partitioned by private property rights, and are held as state property, common property, or as open-access. Common Property Resources (CPRs) have two distinct attributes: (1) limited or nontrivial exclusion (it is difficult to exclude multiple individuals or users from appropriating from the resource) and (2) substractability (the resource features rivalry in consumption), meaning that appropriation by one reduces the overall resource availability and thus, subtracts from what can be appropriated by others. Examples include fisheries, grazing lands, irrigation systems, and ground water basins. Because no one has property rights or control over such resources, users of CPRs are frequently assumed to be caught in an inescapable dilemma - overexploitation of the resource. Thus, unlike the ‘invisible hand’ of Adam Smith in competitive markets, in the case of CPRs the self-interested behavior does not yield economic efficiency or optimal outcome or Pareto optimality. This study sought to understand the evolution of management dynamics and operation of governance structures developed by resource users and other stakeholders in three large scale CPRs in Kenya. The objectives are to (1) examine the evolution of management dynamics. (2) Examine the management model applied and its functioning. (3) Explore the governance structures and challenges of implementing them. (4) Explore critical variables related to user groups, institutional arrangements and external environment in the resource system. (5) Suggest measures to improve on the management and governance of the resource system. In addition, the study gives a comparative analysis of the management models applied in the three CPR systems. The general theoretical literature on CPRs has focused mainly on two basic but important conditions or categories. First, small scale communally owned and governed resources, in ii terms of the physical or geographical size of the resource system with well-defined boundaries. Secondly, group or users size, characterized by small numbers with similar identities and interests. This study therefore, contributes to literature by using large scale CPR case studies in terms of physical size of resource system and number of users and examining the evolution and dynamics in the management model and governance structures. A Qualitative Research (QR) methodology is adopted and analytical tools of institutional analysis and an empirical foundation based on field data applied. A survey research design is used. Both primary and secondary data was sourced and a pilot study was conducted to test reliability of research instruments. Data is documented, compiled and presented in form of tables, figures and general descriptions. Data analysis and synthesising is done by working through the data to arrive at a conclusion to answer the research questions and achieve the purpose of the study. The study findings show that management and governance issues in the three CPRs have evolved over time both in terms of the scale and involvement of other stakeholders in decision making process in the resource system. Specifically, the collaborations among state agencies, other stakeholders and resource users through their associations has enabled monitoring and enforcement not only be effective but also legitimate and consequently, lead to sustainable resource use. The management models used in the three CPR case studies are identified as the Partnership Fisheries Management (PFM) in Lake Victoria fishery, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Mwea Rice Irrigation Scheme and Holistic Management Framework (HMF) in Laikipia group grazing lands. The governance structures applied in the three CPRs are generally position, boundary, choice or authority, aggregation, information, payoff and scope rules. The degree of application of each set of rules however, depends on the nature of the resource system. They are designed, developed, implemented, monitored, enforced, sanctioned and arbitrated by the resource users, state lead agencies, departments and ministries iii and other stakeholders or actors. Each of these actors are involved in varying degrees in the various phases depending on their role and interest in the resource system. The management and governance structures can be strengthened and improved by enhancing certain administrative, health, safety, environmental issues and increased state support and involvement in the resource system. The co-management model design which is applied in the three CPRs yield various benefits to the resource-dependent community, public, state and resource system because it incorporates state and local (resource users) managers in decision making. However, the degree of participation of other stakeholders, challenges faced and other internal and external factors, depend on the nature of CPR, ownership and control of the CPR by resource users and the technical infrastructural investments required for the operation of the system. These results add to existing knowledge on Sustainable Development (SD) environment nexus by providing facts to multidisciplinary environmental and natural resources scholars regarding the dynamics of large scale CPR systems. Provide an in depth understanding of CPR management issues for the formulation of national strategies for SD, fisheries, Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), and irrigation farming. Lastly, they provide ways of responding to increasing challenges of shared water resources (Lake Victoria) in addition to strengthening of relations within the East African Community (EAC). Key words: Actors, bio-physical and community attributes Common Property Resources, governance structures, institutions, large scale, management models, resource users, resource systems / GR2018

A Master’s degree Dissertation presented in partial Fulfilment for the Award of Master of Management in Public Policy at University of Witwatersrand, Wits School of Governance (WSG), 2016 / As a result of the dependency created during the colonial period and later through preferential trade initiatives, Europe has been and continues to be Kenya’s major trading partner. The current trade relationship between Kenya and Europe was recently formalised after the signing of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), a reciprocal and comprehensive free trade agreement that is legal under Article XXIV of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). The agreement has caused great debate on whether it is truly beneficial to Kenya in light of the asymmetrical levels of development, with many questioning what role the agreement will play towards sustainable growth and development and specifically in the horticultural sub-sector. Sharing the pitfalls of both the Lomé Convention and Cotonou Agreement that failed to deliver the expected development there is reason to believe that few gains will be made by signing the EPAs as they are today. The horticultural sub-sector is a major provider of employment, especially in the rural areas, and is the second largest foreign exchange earner for Kenya. Facing increasing domestic and international demand, coupled with continued and enhanced market access to Europe, participation in the highly profitable sub-sector has the potential of transforming rural agriculture by presenting an opportunity for small-scale farmers to increase their income and reduce poverty. As a non-Least Developed Country (LDC) country, the loss of trade preference for Kenya could severely undermine export competitiveness and damage the horticultural sub-sector which is heavily dependent on exports to the European Union (EU). The main objectives of the Kenyan government for signing the EPAs include sustaining the current market preferences, avoiding macroeconomic instability and the disruption of economic activities in the agricultural sector. The study found that, given Kenya’s substantial dependency on the horticultural sub-sector and the limited trade schemes options available to engage in trade with the EU, the government had no option but to sign the EPAs. The failure to diversify the economy, inadequate public institutions, insufficient human and financial capacity, declining public investments in agriculture and limited intra-African trade and the failure to seek other market destinations are some of the reasons why the government entered into the agreement. The Kenyan government needs to aggressively increase investments in the agricultural sector in order to enable transformation and promote diversification through value addition. Manufacturing should be prioritised as this will enable the economy to become less exposed to commodity price fluctuations. The government should seek to develop and increase intraAfrica trade as well as explore other market options in Asia, North America and South America in efforts to lessen Kenya’s dependency on Europe. Further, Kenya and other African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries should, instead of signing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) such as an EPA, collectively call for an improved EU General Scheme of Preference (GSP) tailored for both LDC and non-LDC countries that would provide real cooperation and development. / XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Medicine Bioethics and Health Law, May 2015, Johannesburg / Surrogacy motherhood, an arrangement involving one woman gestating a baby to be raised by another, is still a relatively ‘new’ technology in Kenya seeing as the first surrogate birth in Kenya happened in August 2007. Being a new technology therefore, the practice is still stifled in uncertainty thereby raising a complex web of legal and ethical issues. The fact that there is no legal and ethical framework to regulate surrogacy arrangements in Kenya, exposes the practice to corruption and other exploitative activities. Lapses and lacuna in the legal framework makes it hard to standardize the practice of surrogacy in Kenya, leaving the consumers of the service (technology) at the mercy of personal interpretation of the service providers. It is therefore essential that a legal and ethical framework is formulated to not only curb the rising incidences of exploitation but to also safeguard the interests of all parties involved. It is under this background that I intend to normatively assess the current practices of surrogacy in Kenya and make recommendations based on best practices internationally to guide the development of a legal and ethical framework on surrogacy in Kenya.

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