This study presents an alternative approach to the novels of Franz Kafka through demonstrating that the Kafkan protagonist may be conceptualized in terms of mythic archetypes: the knight errant and the pharmakos. These complementary yet contending personalities animate the Kafkan victim-hero and account for his paradoxical nature. The widely varying fates of Karl Rossmann, Joseph K., and K. are foreshadowed and partially explained by their simultaneous kinship and uniqueness. The Kafka protagonist, like the hero of quest-romance, is engaged in a quest which symbolizes man's yearning to transcend sterile human existence.

This dissertation examines the figure of the hand in Kafka’s literary, professional and personal writings and ties that figure to the contemporary contexts of (1) industrial labor, (2) the statistical, depersonalized perspective on the subject and its body in the modern social and insurance state, and (3) the exacerbation of these conditions during World War One. I show that hands occur in Kafka’s oeuvre wherever the subject’s identity, agency, and physical integrity is under negotiation. The first chapter analyzes Kafka’s novel Der Verschollene. It links the figure of the hand with the contexts of manual labor and industrial work practices, especially Taylorism, and shows that hands emerge when there is a tension between the worker viewed as an individual and the worker as part of the larger machinery of production. The second chapter describes Kafka’s professional background and his responsibilities at the Bohemian Workmen’s Accident Insurance Institute, thereby providing the biographical context for Kafka’s use of the hand trope. It traces the origins of social accident insurance and its inherent tension between two opposing views on the subject--the subject as impersonal part of a collective versus the subject as an individual. The chapter then provides a close reading of one of Kafka’s office writings, an illustrated report about how to prevent work accidents and in particular hand injuries. This text reveals that, even in the professional context, Kafka uses the hand as a metonymy of the threatened body, both of the worker and of its administrator. The third chapter examines the novel Der Proceß as an illustration of the abstract and anonymous worldview dominant in the insurance state, which threatens not only the blue-collar worker but also the white collar employee. Hands appear as random and arbitrary signs of an incomprehensible court system and are at the same time used by the protagonist to establish connections to the court and “grasp” his situation. In addition, the hand represents the writing and creating hand; by connecting the dimension of writing with the figure of the hand as primary political trope in Der Proceß, Kafka shows that the private and public are inseparable. The fourth chapter shows how the short but paradigmatic text “Meine zwei Hände begannen einen Kampf” draws together themes of blue-collar manual labor, white-collar responsibility and authorship by imagining a violent battle between the narrator’s left and right hand, a display of violence that should be read in the context of World War One. In his position at the insurance institute, Kafka was responsible for wounded veterans and traces of his work with amputations and prosthetics show clearly in his later texts. The dissertation will conclude with a brief analysis of “Ein Bericht Für eine Akademie” to show that the hand is the quintessentially human body part that encapsulates the violence and crises that the modern subject has to undergo in order to be a member of (human) society.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-01-04T13:16:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_NietzscheKafkaNiilismo.pdf: 877302 bytes, checksum: 2964c1763db8e0496679c6e36eb28a0d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-01-09T13:51:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_NietzscheKafkaNiilismo.pdf: 877302 bytes, checksum: 2964c1763db8e0496679c6e36eb28a0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-09T13:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_NietzscheKafkaNiilismo.pdf: 877302 bytes, checksum: 2964c1763db8e0496679c6e36eb28a0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / A pesquisa procura analisar o termo filosófico niilismo na obra de Nietzsche, desde sua origem até suas vertentes no pensamento maduro do autor. Entendendo o processo da decadência como niilista, Nietzsche coloca Sócrates como o primeiro pensador da décadence, que seria perpetuada até a modernidade pelo platonismo, cristianismo, budismo e outras doutrinas e modelos colaterais tornando o tipo escravo como o homem modelo. Esboçamos a maneira como Nietzsche pretende superar esse homem, não apresentando um outro modelo, mas, através da superação dos valores que o cultivam, procurando um novo estado fisiopsicológico mais saudável ao homem. Para isso Nietzsche coloca a vontade de poder como a possibilidade da transvaloração e criação, e nos usamos da tese da vontade de poder enquanto um fazer artístico para compreensão de como seriam as possibilidades da criação e/ou aniquilamento do que está aí, em detrimento de não se rebaixarem e se resignarem ao valor dado pela moral vigente. Quando se chega à modernidade, observamos que Nietzsche elenca a política e a burocracia dentre tantos outros ídolos, como novos meios de conservação e apequenamento do homem, o que leva a critica-la como mais um meio de nivelamento e empobrecimento da vida. Kafka então surge em nosso trabalho como a síntese de parte do que Nietzsche compreendeu de sua época, o seu diagnóstico dos próximos duzentos anos é ilustrado através das obras de Kafka, que caracteriza o homem como o ser adoecido pelos valores que lhe são impossíveis de serem vividos ou literalmente levados a cabo. Para isso todo o entendimento da fisiologia do artista segundo Nietzsche nos leva a uma compreensão e interpretação da obra de Kafka para além de sua época. / The research aims to analyze the phylosophical term niilism in Nietzsche’s work, from its origin until its developments in the author’s mature thinking. Understanding the decadence process as a niilist, Nietzsche places Socrates as the first thinker of the decadence, that would be perpetuated until the modernity by cristianism, turning the slave type into the model man. We sketch the manner in which Nietzsche aims to overcome this man, by exceeding the values that cultivate him, looking for a healthier new physiopsychological state for the man. To this end, Nietzsche places the will for power at the center of the transvaluation, and the artists as the more capable of creating something, instead of degrade and submit themselves to the value given by the accepted moral. In modernity the bureaucracy receives emphasis in the public functionalism, what inspires Nietzsche to criticize it as another way of leveling and impoverishing life. Kafka then appears in our work as the synthesis of part that Nietzsche understood in his epoch, his diagnosis of the next two hundred years is illustrated through Kafka’s works, that characterize the man as the being sickened by the values which are impossible for him to live or to carry out. For this all the understanding of the artist’s physiology, according to Nietzsche, gives us a comprehension and interpretation of Kafka’s work for beyond its epoch.

Diplomarbeit : Germanistik : Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität : 1990. / Bibliogr. p. 93-98.

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Le present essai propose en premier lieu une analyse de la theorie linguistique de Walter Benjamin telle qu'enoncee dans son essai de 1916, Uber Sprache uberhaupt und uber die Sprache des Menschen. Dans un meme temps, il propose aussi une analyse de la theorie linguistique de la Kabbale telle qu'elaboree par Gershom Scholem tout au long de sa vie, dans un nombre non negligeable de publications, theorie dont il chercha a faire la synthese dans son essai de 1970, Der Name Gottes und die Sprachtheorie der Kabbala. / Cet essai se propose ensuite de demontrer comment Scholem et Benjamin ont trouve dans l'oeuvre de Franz Kafka l'expression litteraire de leurs theories linguistiques. / En conclusion, cet essai se propose de demontrer comment Scholem et Benjamin, a partir de leurs theories linguistiques respectives, et malgre la proximite indeniable de celles-ci, en sont venus a interpreter Kafka d'une facon diametralement opposee. Scholem, en effet, voyait dans cette oeuvre l'expression d'une des theories les plus nihilistes de la Kabbale: Die Unvollziehbarkeit der Offenbarung, une negation de la Revelation divine; Benjamin voyait pour sa part chez Kafka l'expression d'une tres mince possibilite de redemption.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literatura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-07-18T14:38:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_SâmellaMichellyFreitasRusso.pdf: 1952313 bytes, checksum: 12075d1b0d54482c3da2efa0d772e8e8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-08-23T19:56:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_SâmellaMichellyFreitasRusso.pdf: 1952313 bytes, checksum: 12075d1b0d54482c3da2efa0d772e8e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T19:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_SâmellaMichellyFreitasRusso.pdf: 1952313 bytes, checksum: 12075d1b0d54482c3da2efa0d772e8e8 (MD5) / Tendo a fragmentação e a elipse como métodos estruturantes no modo de contar histórias, a literatura de Franz Kafka e o cinema de Michael Haneke instauram narrativas enigmáticas. Eleito o romance O Castelo como ponto de partida, o filme homônimo dirigido por Haneke busca a materialização imagética da linguagem protocolar kafkiana, convergindo para o seu cinema literário. Propomos então realizar uma reflexão crítica e analítica da transposição midiática orquestrada pelo diretor alemão do romance inacabado de Kafka. Respondendo à imensa crítica do escritor, intentamos estabelecer uma leitura literal do texto romanesco, evitando as exegeses que tendem a condicionar a tônica de sua literatura. Em seguida, acessando toda a filmografia do diretor, foi possível conjeturar panoramas, a fim de investigar de que maneira a prosa kafkiana serve de substrato na edificação de sua controversa estética. Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno, Roberto Calasso e Milan Kundera conduziram a trajetória analítica da obra literária, especialmente por se tratar de teóricos que teceram importantes contribuições para a compreensão da prosa do autor tcheco. Com o intuito de delinear as vicissitudes desse encontro interartístico entre escritor e diretor e a tônica dialógica daquilo que chamamos de “cinema de liberdade”, recorremos essencialmente a Mikhail Bakhtin e à Estética da Recepção, além de Roland Barthes e Robert Stam. Nessa arena dialógica das artes, ao absterem-se de decretar a palavra final sobre aquilo que é escrito ou mostrado, escritor e diretor se encontram na edificação de linguagens verbais e imagéticas que provocam o ativismo de leitores e espectadores. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Having the fragmentation and the ellipse as structuring methods in the way of storytelling, both Franz Kafka’s literature and Michael Haneke’s cinema manage to set enigmatic narratives. With the novel The Castle elected as starting point, the homonymous movie directed by Haneke aims an imagetic materialization of the solemn Kafkaesque writing, converging to his literary cinema. This proposal intends to set forth a critical and analytical reflection on the mediatic transposition of the unfinished Kafka’s novel orchestrated by the German director. Responding to the overwhelming criticism of the writer, we seek to establish a literal reading of his novelistic text while avoiding the exegesis that tend to constrain his literature’s keynote. After accessing the entire filmography of the director, it was possible to conjecture viewpoints in order to investigate in which way the Kafkaesque prose serves as substrate to his contentious aesthetics. Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno, Roberto Calasso and Milan Kundera conducted the literary work’s analytic path, mainly for being scholars responsible for offering important contributions for the comprehension of the Czech author’s prose. Seeking to outline the vicissitudes of this interartistic meeting between writer and director, and the dialogic keynote of that which we call “freedom cinema”, we turn essentially to Mikhail Bakhtin and the Reception Aesthetics, besides Roland Barthes and Robert Stam. In this artistic dialogical arena, by refusing to state the final meaning of what is written or shown, both writer and director work together to build verbal and imagetic languages that provoke the activism of readers and viewers.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, 2011. / Submitted by alcianira lima persch (alcyrpl@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-06-28T23:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_RitadeCássiaSilvaDionísio.pdf: 2564047 bytes, checksum: 97b9b2a9bf641f22916bd222874a0c57 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elna Araújo(elna@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-29T18:58:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_RitadeCássiaSilvaDionísio.pdf: 2564047 bytes, checksum: 97b9b2a9bf641f22916bd222874a0c57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-29T18:58:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_RitadeCássiaSilvaDionísio.pdf: 2564047 bytes, checksum: 97b9b2a9bf641f22916bd222874a0c57 (MD5) / Franz Kafka (1883 - 1924, Áustria), escritor tcheco de língua alemã, conforme críticos diversos, autor da mais importante obra literária do século XX, escreveu, entre outros livros, A Metamorfose (1915) e O Processo (1925) - considerado a sua obra-prima. Modesto Carone (1937 - Sorocaba, São Paulo), crítico literário, tradutor, contista, escritor conhecido e elogiado pela crítica, publicou dois livros de crítica literária, um livro de ensaios e cinco livros de ficção, entre os quais estão As marcas do real (1979), Resumo de Ana (1998) e Por trás dos vidros (2007). Trata-se de dois autores cujas prosas colocam-se no "entrelugar" das identidades linguísticas e culturais: Kafka, um homem judeu exilado em seu próprio país, não podendo se expressar em sua própria língua, mas que aprendeu a organizar as suas narrativas na língua alemã, com a qual não se identificava; Carone, conhecedor da língua e cultura alemãs, cria uma prosa em português - sua língua materna - mas efetivamente marcada pelos textos do escritor tcheco, que forjam a sua formação como escritor. Para Carone, que concluiu recentemente a tradução de toda a ficção de Kafka diretamente do alemão para o português, a sua tarefa de ficcionista está completamente relacionada à sua atividade de tradutor e crítico literário e o conjunto da sua vida literária só se completa com as obras de Kafka, de quem teria assimilado a linguagem enxuta, burocrática, protocolar. Esta tese objetiva ser uma análise crítica das obras, sobre o arcabouço teórico das seguintes disciplinas: a literatura comparada e os estudos da tradução. É importante ressaltar que, considerando os novos paradigmas da literatura comparada, o presente trabalho não se propõe a identificar laços diretos ou de influência entre os dois autores, mas sim paralelos e afinidades de caráter textual. A partir das teorias sobre as intersecções textuais e, mais especialmente, sobre o conceito de transtextualidade, de Gérard Genette, pretende-se refletir sobre as ressonâncias kafkianas presentes na obra Por trás dos vidros, de Carone - a partir de uma perspectiva comparatista entre essa e a obra Narrativas do espólio, de Kafka - considerando a influência da experiência tradutora deste autor, entre outros fenômenos, como uma forma de atualizar e renovar a obra literária do escritor tcheco. Após a apresentação das teorias sobre a impregnação dos textos, a apresentação das teorias da tradução e da análise das obras ficcionais dos autores que compõem o corpus desta investigação, como resultado final, a pesquisa apresenta uma proposta conceptual - a transversalidade literária - para nomear o procedimento de absorção do kafkiano por Modesto Carone. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Franz Kafka (1883 – 1924, Austria), Czech writer of German language, according to diverse critics he is the author of the most important literary work of the XX century, wrote, among others, A Metamorfose (1915) and O Processo (1925) - that is considered his masterpiece. Modesto Carone (1937 – Sorocaba, São Paulo), a literary critical, translator, story teller, known and commended writer by critical, published two literary critical books. one book of essays and five fiction books, among them are As marcas do real (1979), Resumo de Ana (1998) and Por trás dos vidros (2007). It is about two authors whose prose put themselves in "between-place" of linguistic and cultural identities: Kafka, a Jew man exiled in his own country, unable to express in their own language, but that learned to organize their narratives in the German language, with which he himself did not identify; Carone, who knew the German language and culture, create an prose in Portuguese - his mother tongue - but effectively marked by texts of the Czech writer, which forges his training as a writer. To Carone, who recently completed the translation of all the fiction of Kafka directly from German into Portuguese, his job as fictionist is entirely related to his activities as a translator and literary critic, and the whole of his literary life is only complete with the works of Kafka, whom he had assimilated the dry , bureaucratic and protocol language. This thesis aims to be a critical analysis of the works on the theoretical framework of the following disciplines: comparative literature and translation studies. It is important to point out that, considering the new paradigms of comparative literature; this present paper does not purport to identify direct links or influence between the two authors, but parallels and affinities of textual character. From the theories about the textual intersections, and more particularly on the concept of transtextuality, by Gérard Genette, we intend to reflect about the resonances Kafkaesque present in the work Por trás dos vidros, by Carone - from a comparative perspective between that and the work Narrativas do espólio, by Kafka - considering the influence of translated experience of this author, among other phenomena, as a way to upgrade and renovate the literary work of Czech writer. After the presentation of the theories about the impregnation of the texts, the presentation of the theories of translation and analysis of fictional works of authors who make up the corpus of this research, as a final result, the research presents a conceptual proposal - the transversality literary - to name the procedure for absorption of the Kafkaesque by Modesto Carone.