Ethiopia is a country well endowed with a number of development related NGOs who have been involved in socio-economic development at national, regional and grassroots level. In a country like Ethiopia, where natural and man-made hazards persist, NGOs play a crucial role in terms of reducing poverty and other human sufferings. As one of the non-governmental organizations, the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church Development Program (EKHCDP) has played an important role in supporting and encouraging the development aspirations of local communities in the areas of environmental rehabilitation, water and sanitation, agriculture, health, education, credit and saving schemes.<br /> <br /> The study focused on the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church community development program in five selected project areas, namely Lambuda, Durame, Shashamane, Debraziet and Nazret. The analysis subsequently examined the nature and extent of community participation in the project planning, implementation and decision-making phases. Thereafter, the study brought into focus general observations gleaned from the investigation and provides recommendation to the EKHC and other stakeholders that have been involved in development activities.<br /> <br /> Quantitative and qualitative methods of research have been applied throughout the investigation. Accordingly, observation, in depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The qualitative mode was employed to gather socially dynamic information on issues relating to beneficiaries&rsquo / perceptions of processes in order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics at play. On the other hand, the quantitative mode was used to test variables related to the research problem. <br /> <br /> The findings indicate that the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church development program has played a significant role in terms of community development. Moreover, its development approach is responsive to local needs and able to mobilize local and external resources to support the poor, so that through empowerment and participation they will be released from the deprivation trap that they find themselves in. The study also indicates that the EKHCDP has good linkages and networks with other communities and partners. However, the study indicated that the intensity of community participation in decision-making is still low in certain cases. Meanwhile, the beneficiaries did not show a clear understanding of aspects such as project ownership. Finally, this study recommends that genuine community participation should be maintained because it is the core activity contributing to beneficiary empowerment and grassroots institutional capacity building and an essential ingredient for self-reliance and project sustainability.

Orientadores: Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito, Elisangela Farias Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T00:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Albuquerque_CibeleLimade_D.pdf: 1778868 bytes, checksum: a9a755f5ae6caae2a3d6ffe56099e46b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Apesar da amplitude de possibilidades terapêuticas, ainda não existe um tratamento ideal para as doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII), com perfil adequado de eficácia e segurança. Por essa razão, é de grande interesse estudar agentes com pouco efeito colateral, como um nutracêutico, no tratamento/prevenção dessas enfermidades. Neste contexto, surgiu o interesse em se estudar couve e mamão, vegetais com alto teor de carotenóides e fibras dietéticas, além de ter baixo custo e ser de uso comum na dieta de brasileiros. Sabe-se que substâncias antioxidantes e os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), principalmente o ácido butírico, proveniente da fermentação de fibras dietéticas, podem estar envolvidas na prevenção e tratamento de doenças intestinais. O ácido butírico é substrato para a reparação do tecido inflamado e inibe fatores pró-inflamatórios; portanto, quantificar a produção desse ácido é imprescindível, dado que quanto maior for sua produção, maior será a eficiência da dieta para a recuperação do tecido. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise in vitro que demonstrou que a dose de 0,3 g couve acrescido de 0,2 g de mamão era a dieta que produzia maiores quantidades de butirato, o dado foi obtido através da leitura por cromatografia de íons, metodologia essa padronizada e validada pelo grupo de pesquisa. Após a escolha da proporção dos vegetais, seguiu-se o estudo in vivo. A princípio, verificou-se a ação da mistura na modulação da microbiota intestinal em ratos saudáveis, assim como em ratos com colite induzida por ácido trinitrobenzenosulfônico (TNBS), pelo aumento do número de colônias de bactérias benéficas e redução do número de colônias de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas. Estudos têm demonstrado que o efeito prebiótico é benéfico na prevenção ou melhora dos diferentes sinais e sintomas envolvidos nas DII. Isso foi confirmado no presente estudo, uma vez que o tratamento dos ratos colíticos com a mistura que apresentou efeito prebiótico foi capaz de exercer efeito antiinflamatório intestinal, já que os animais tratados apresentaram diminuição no escore da lesão e dos níveis de alguns mediadores pró-inflamatórios, como o TNF-a, IL-1ß, atividade da MPO e expressão de iNOS. Os mesmos resultados não foram observados quando os animais foram tratados com os vegetais isolados. Conclui-se, que a mistura de couve e mamão mostrou habilidade em modular a microbiota intestinal, tanto em ratos saudáveis quanto em ratos com colite experimental induzida por TNBS; que esse efeito prebiótico veio acompanhado de recuperação da inflamação intestinal em ratos colíticos; e que houve uma ação sinérgica dos componentes ativos da couve e do mamão, quando esses estão associados. / Abstract: Despite the range of therapeutic possibilities, there is still no ideal treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with the right profile of efficacy and safety. For this reason, it is of great interest to study agents with little side effect, as a nutraceutical, on the treatment/prevention of such diseases. In this context, emerged the interest in studying kale and papaya plants with high content of carotenoids and dietary fiber, in addition to low cost and their common use in the diet of Brazilians. It is known that antioxidants and short chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially butyric acid, obtained from the fermentation of dietary fiber, may be involved in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases. The butyric acid is a substrate for the repair of inflamed tissue and inhibits pro-inflammatory factors; for that reason, to quantify the production of this acid is mandatory, given that the higher the production, the greater the efficiency of the diet for tissue recovery. Therefore, an in vitro analysis showed that the dose of 0.3 g of kale with 0.2 g of papaya was the one that produced the greatest amount of butyrate. The data was obtained by ion chromatography readings, methodology standardized and validated by the research group. After choosing the proportion of the vegetables, the next step was an in vivo study. At first, the action of the mixture in the modulation of bacterial flora was checked in healthy rats, as well as in rats with colitis induced by trinitrobenzenosulfonic acid (TNBS), by the increase on the number of colonies of beneficial bacteria and the reduction on the number of potentially pathogenic bacteria colonies. Studies have demonstrated that the prebiotic effect is beneficial in the prevention or improvement of the different signs and symptoms involved in IBD. This was confirmed by this study, since the treatment of the affected rats with the mixture that showed prebiotic effect was able to exert intestinal anti-inflammatory effect, since the treated animals showed lower scores of the lesion and reduced some pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-a, IL-1ß, MPO activity and iNOS expression. The same results were not observed when the animals were treated with the isolated plants. It can be concluded that the mixture of kale and papaya showed ability to modulate the intestinal flora in both healthy rats and in rats with experimental colitis induced by TNBS, whereas this prebiotic effect was accompanied by recovery of intestinal inflammation in rats with colitis and that there was a synergistic action of the active components of kale and papaya, when these are combined. / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Magister Artium - MA / Ethiopia is a country well endowed with a number of development related NGOs who have been involved in socio-economic development at national, regional and grassroots level. In a country like Ethiopia, where natural and man-made hazards persist, NGOs play a crucial role in terms of reducing poverty and other human sufferings. As one of the non-governmental organizations, the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church Development Program (EKHCDP) has played an important role in supporting and encouraging the development aspirations of local communities in the areas of environmental rehabilitation, water and sanitation, agriculture, health, education, credit and saving schemes.The study focused on the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church community development program in five selected project areas, namely Lambuda, Durame, Shashamane, Debraziet and Nazret. The analysis subsequently examined the nature and extent of community participation in the project planning, implementation and decision-making phases. Thereafter, the study brought into focus general observations gleaned from the investigation and provides recommendation to the EKHC and other stakeholders that have been involved in development activities. Quantitative and qualitative methods of research have been applied throughout the investigation. Accordingly, observation, in depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The qualitative mode was employed to gather socially dynamic information on issues relating to beneficiaries&rsquo; perceptions of processes in order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics at play. On the other hand, the quantitative mode was used to test variables related to the research problem. The findings indicate that the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church development program has played a significant role in terms of community development. Moreover, its development approach is responsive to local needs and able to mobilize local and external resources to support the poor, so that through empowerment and participation they will be released from the deprivation trap that they find themselves in. The study also indicates that the EKHCDP has good linkages and networks with other communities and partners. However, the study indicated that the intensity of community participation in decision-making is still low in certain cases. Meanwhile, the beneficiaries did not show a clear understanding of aspects such as project ownership. Finally, this study recommends that genuine community participation should be maintained because it is the core activity contributing to beneficiary empowerment and grassroots institutional capacity building and an essential ingredient for self-reliance and project sustainability. / South Africa

This thesis will attempt to introduce a history of the Dardanelles Jewish community during the early years of the Tanzimat, i.e. between 1839 and 1845. It analyzes the cultural and economic structure of the community and its relations with the Ottoman state in light of developments following the Baltalimani Convention of 1838 and the proclamation of the Tanzimat. This study, based mostly upon Ottoman archival documents, first will touch upon the initial Jewish settlement in the Dardanelles and the demographic composition of the city during the early years of the Tanzimat. Then it will provide information about Jewish communal organization in the Dardanelles, as it will explain the institutions, religious and lay leadership and some cultural aspects of the Jews. Next, it will bring forth, mostly in statistical tables, properties owned by the Dardanelles Jews, as well as occupational divisions among them such as in crafts, trades and agriculture. The study further will examine their economic stratification in comparison with the non-Jewish communities in the Dardanelles, and briefly outlines their commercial and diplomatic relations with the European states. This thesis also will attempt to cover the community&amp / #8217 / s relations with the Ottoman state with respect to Tanzimat reforms and in connection with the foundation of the Grand Rabbinate in 1835, the changes brought to communal administration, and adjustments on taxes paid to the Ottoman state. The fire of 1845 that totally destroyed the Jewish quarter, and its aftermath will be discussed in the last part, thus ending the thesis.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-24T16:39:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Menezes Araujo Junior.pdf: 362260 bytes, checksum: ad127ee31030ace5f6a04e4c2c1df8cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-24T16:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Menezes Araujo Junior.pdf: 362260 bytes, checksum: ad127ee31030ace5f6a04e4c2c1df8cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is considered an important pest of kale in Brazil. Botanical insecticides and the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., and Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams are promising alternatives to control aphids populations. This work aimed to evaluate isolates of entomopathogenic fungi and toxicity of the neem formulation (Neemseto®) to control L. erysimi, as well the compatibility of the selected isolates and neem oil. Survey done accros kale areas from five counties of the Agreste region in Pernambuco State resulted in presence of L. erysimi in four of them. Among 20 evaluated fungi isolates, the B. bassiana CG 001 and M. anisopliae CG 30 were the most pathogenic, providing 90 and 64% mortality towards the aphid, respectively. The CL50s for B. bassiana CG 001, M. anisopliae CG 30, and L. muscarium URPE-24 were 1,6x106,3,4x106 and 2,5x105 conidia mL-1, respectively. Bioassays with the neem formulation at concentrations 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% were done either by leaf discs dipping or spraying the aphids on the leaf discs. All treatments caused mortality higher than 60 %, however the neem spraying treatment at 2.0% provided 90% mortality. Regarding the compatibility of B. bassiana CG001, M. anisopliae CG30 isolates with the neem oil formulation at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5%, the 0.5% treatment did not affect the B. bassiana CG 001 viability. Compatibility test conducted with theisolates CG001 of B. bassiana and CG30 of M. anisopliae with Neemseto® at concentration 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5%, showed that the highest neem concentration caused negative impact on sporulation of the isolate CG001 and on vegetative growth and viability of the isolate CG30. These results show that the isolates B. bassiana CG001, M. anisopliae CG 30, L. muscariumURPE-24, and neem oil may be used to the control of L. erysimi. / O pulgão Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) tem-se destacado como praga das brássicas. Entre as medidas de controle de pulgões, o uso de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams, e de extratos de plantas têm sido considerado uma alternativa promissora. Assim, este trabalho objetivou selecionar isolados de fungos entomopatogênicos eficazes e estudar a aplicação de nim formulado para controle de L. erysimi e avaliar também, a compatibilidade entre os isolados e o nim. Levantamentos realizados em cultivos de brássicas, no Agreste de Pernambuco, mostraram que L. erysimi ocorreu em quatro das cinco localidades investigadas. Foram avaliados 20 isolados de fungos, onde CG001 de B. bassiana e CG30 de M. anisopliae apresentaram-se como os mais patogênicos causando 90 e 64% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Para a determinação da concentração letal (CL50) foram utilizou-se estes dois isolados e URPE-24 de L. muscarium. Osvalores para a CL50 foram de 1,6 x 106, 3,4 x 106 e 2,5 x 105 conídios mL-1, para B. bassiana, M. anisopliae e L. muscarium, respectivamente. O óleo de nim formulado foi testado em três concentrações (0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%) por imersão foliar e pulverização sobre os pulgões. Em todos os tratamentos observou-se mortalidade superior a 60%, porém o melhor resultado foi obtido com apulverização do nim a 2,0% proporcionando mortalidade de 90%. Testando a compatibilidade in vitro de CG001 de B. bassiana e CG30 de M. anisopliae com o Neemseto® a 0,125; 0,25 e 0,5%, observou-se que o tratamento a 0,5% afetou apenas a esporulação do isolado CG001 e o crescimento vegetativo e a viabilidade de CG30. Pode-se concluir que os isolados CG001, CG30 e URPE-24 de B. bassiana, M. anisopliae e L. muscarium, respectivamente, e óleo emulsionávelde nim podem ser utilizados para o controle de L. erysimi.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-02T12:00:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Lopes de Melo.pdf: 1316234 bytes, checksum: 08d9d42be60b63426f274a63eaa26109 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:00:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Lopes de Melo.pdf: 1316234 bytes, checksum: 08d9d42be60b63426f274a63eaa26109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a pest with Kale, in the absence of pesticides registered in Brazil for its control. The goal of this research was to evaluate the biological control with entomopatogênicos fungi and its association with Neem oil in aphids of Kale, with emphasis to L. erysimi. The participation of L. erysimi in complex of aphids-pest of kale in Pernambuco was evaluated. Among six municipalities monitored, L. erysimi was more frequent in João Alfredo (68,7%), Recife (63,9%) and Vitória de Santo Antão (74,6%). Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Lysiphlebus testaiceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams, and Syrphidae were noted. Strains Beauveria bassiana URPE 27 and L. muscarium URPE 28 of were elected as more virulent, causing in nymphs mortality rate of 83% and 77%, survival 2,1 and 3,3 days and Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 2,4x107con./ml and 7,3x106con./ml, respectively. The neem oil when sprayed shower LC50 of 0.2mL/l and 3.7mL/l applied in immersion. The combination of neem with B. bassiana URPE 27 and L muscarium URPE 28 was compatible. In the field, the strain URPE 27 caused relative efficiency of 89.6%, 88.3% and 90.4%, while URPE 28 promoted 45.5%, 62% and 64.4% against L. erysimi, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), respectively. The association with the neem oil was more favorable to the strain URPE 27. In field monitoring in Viçosa-MG, to evaluate the effectiveness of Zoophthora aphids (Hoffman in Fresenius) Batko (1964b) on L. erysimi and M. persicae, which showed average proportion of infected of 0.24 and 0.30, respectively. The third instar stage L. erysimi more likely. / Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) é uma praga relevante para couve, não existindo agrotóxicos registrados no Brasil para o seu controle. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o controle biológico com fungos entomopatogênicos e a sua associação com óleo de nim em afídeos da couve, com ênfase para L. erysimi. A participação deste, no complexo de pragas da couve em Pernambuco foi avaliada. Dentre os seis municípios monitorados L. erysimi mostrou-se mais freqüente em João Alfredo (68,7%), Recife (63,9%) e Vitória de Santo Antão (74,6%). Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Lysiphlebus testaiceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Syrphidae e Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams foram constatados. As linhagens de Beauveria bassiana URPE 27 e de Lecanicillium muscarium URPE 28 foram eleitas como mais virulentas, causando em ninfas taxa de mortalidade de 83% e 77%, sobrevivência 2,1 e 3,3 dias e Concentração Letal (CL50) de 2,4x107con/ml e 7,3x106con/ml, respectivamente. O óleo de nim, quando pulverizado apresentou CL50 de 0,2mL/l e de 3,7mL/l, aplicado em imersão. O óleo em concentração de 1,25mL/l causou mortalidade de 80% das ninfas em 24horas. Efeito fitotóxico foi promovido em concentrações acima de 2,5mL/L. A associação do nim com B. bassiana URPE 27 e L. muscarium URPE 28 mostrou-se compatível. Em campo, a linhagem URPE 27 causou eficiência relativa de 89,6%, 88,3% e 90,4%, enquanto que URPE 28 promoveu 45,5%, 62% e 64,4% contra L. erysimi, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) e Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), respectivamente. A associação com o óleo de nim mostrou-se mais favorável com a linhagem URPE 27. Em monitoramento de campo em Viçosa- MG, avaliou-se a eficácia de Zoophthora aphids (Hoffmann in Fresenius) Batko (1964b) sobre L. erysimi e M. persicae, que apresentou proporção média de infectados de 0,24 e 0,30, respectivamente. O terceiro ínstar foi a fase de L. erysimi mais susceptível.

Introduktion: Att påverka de sensoriska egenskaperna hos kyckling genom att anpassa fodret kycklingarna får vid uppfödningen, är ett intressant koncept som kan leda till många möjligheter. På Bosarps gård utanför Blentarp i Skåne har man arbetat med ett sådant koncept genom att tillföra morötter och grönkål som ett komplement till basfodret.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om morot och grönkål, som ett komplement till basfodret, påverkar kycklingköttets sensoriska egenskaper.Material och metod: För att ta reda på detta har två olika sensoriska skillnadstester använts, först ett duo-triotest och sedan ett partest.Resultat: Det fanns inga skillnader beträffande egenskaperna utseende och smak mellan kött från kycklingar som fötts upp med eller utan tillsats av morötter och grönkål i fodret, dock fanns det en signifikant skillnad avseende texturen. Morotskyckligen hade en fastare fibertextur.Slutsats: Det fanns en skillnad i texturen, som antingen kan förklaras av/bero på fodret, tillagningen, åldern på kycklingarna eller hanteringen av kycklingköttet efter slakt. / Introduction: Being able to influence the sensory properties of chicken by affecting the feed during breeding, is an interesting concept that can lead to many possibilities. At Bosarp's farm just outside of Blentarp in Skåne they have tried to execute this concept by adding carrots and kale as a complement to the chicken’s basic diet.Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate whether carrot and kale, as a complement to the basal diet, affect the sensory characteristics of the chicken meat.Material and method: To achieve the aim of this study two different sensory differences tests have been applied, first a duo trio test and then a two paired sample test.Results: There were no differences regarding the appearance and taste characteristics between the samples of meat from chickens bred with or without the addition of carrots and kale in the feed, but there was a significant difference regarding the texture.Conclusion: There was a difference in texture, which was either due to the feeding, the cooking, the age of the chicken or handling of the chicken meat after slaughter.

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