One of the main interests in commercial methane production is to maximize the gas yield, and it is thus appealing to use material with relative high methane potential. However, such material often results in process instability whereas ammonia inhibition is common. Removal of ammonia through adsorption is a fairly unexplored method in the field of biogas production, and could prove to be cost-effective.The adsorption capacity of pulp fibres from the paper making industry were investigated through batch adsorption experiments. Additionally, the fibres effect on small scale batch digesters in terms of methane production and cellulase activity was explored. Overall, the adsorption capacity of the pulp fibres was low, whereas Kraft hardwood had the highest adsorption capacity in both an aqueous ammonium solution and digester fluid at 11±3 and 60±20 mg g-1, respectively. The initial total ammonium nitrogen concentration had the highest effect on the adsorption capacity with a positive correlation. The pulp fibres seemingly had no effect on the ammonia inhibited anaerobic digestion systems. However, the cellulase activity was higher after day 5 in the anaerobic digestion systems with a high ammonia concentration.In essence, the overall results showed that the adsorption of the fibres was relatively low and most likely not suitable as a material to prevent ammonia inhibition in an AD.

This report details the development and validation of a model for the simulation of supported liquid membrane processes, as applied to the extraction of lanthanides. Supported liquid membranes are systems where two phases, usually aqueous, are separated by a third phase, typically organic, which acts as a membrane, in order to separate solutes from one phase to the other. The model employs an analytical solution to the diffusion equation for the organic phase and linear approximations of the resistances to mass transfer in the aqueous phase boundary layers. The goal of this model is to underline the importance of taking these boundary layer resistances into account. / Detta arbete introducerar, deriverar och evaluerar en matematisk modell för simulering av vätskemembranprocesser, tillämpat på vätskeextraktion av lantanider. Immobiliserade vätskemembran betecknar system där två faser oftast vatten, separeras av en tredje organisk fas som agerar membran för att separera och transportera lösta komponenter från den ena vattenfasen till den andra. Modellen utnyttjar sig av en analytisk lösning till diffusionsekvationen för den organiska fasen och linjära approximationer för motstånden mot masstransport i de båda vattenfasernas gränsskikt. Målet med modellen är att understryka vikten av att inkludera dessa gränsskikt i beräkningarna.

The basic ingredient of paper is the individual wood fibers. The property of the fibers depends on a variety of factors e.g., method of pulp production and processing. The final sheet quality depends in part on how the fibers interface between each other and therefore factors that affect the fiber size are of interest. The flexibility of the fibers depends in part on the pore water i.e., the fiber swelling. The sheet becomes less flexible at low water content which gives a loss in strength. Thus it becomes desirable to increase the water uptake. The experimental investigation described in this report consists of exposing the wood fibers to different ions and ionic strength and then measure the pore size by thermoporosimetry where a DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) is used. DSC measures the freezing point of water in the pores of the wood fibers. As the freezing point varies with the pore size the size distribution can be determined. The results show that there are complications with thermoporosimetry measurements at different ion concentrations. The strength of the ionic solutions will contribute to a fictitious pore volume, which makes analysis difficult to interpret.

Solvents play a crucial role in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturing and are used in large quantities. Most of the industries incinerate the waste solvents or send it to waste management companies for destruction to avoid waste handling and cross-contamination. It is not a cost effective method and also hazardous to the environment. This study has been performed at AstraZeneca’s API manufacturing plant at Sodertalje, Sweden. In order to find a solution, a solvent recovery system is modeled and simulated using ASPEN plus and ASPEN batch modeler. The waste streams were selected based on the quantity and cost of the solvents present in them. The solvent mixture in the first waste stream was toluene-methanol in which toluene was the key-solvent whereas in the second waste stream, isooctane-ethyl acetate was the solvent mixture in which isooctane was the key-solvent. The solvents in the waste stream were making an azeotrope and hence it was difficult to separate them using conventional distillation techniques. Liquid-Liquid Extraction with water as a solvent followed by batch distillation was used for the first waste stream and Pressure Swing Distillation was used for the second waste stream. The design was optimized based on cost analysis and was successful to deliver 96.1% toluene recovery with 99.5% purity and 83.6% isooctane recovery with 99% purity. The purity of the solvents was decided based on the quality conventions used at AstraZeneca so that it can be recovered and recycled in the same system. The results were favorable with a benefit of €335,000 per year and preventing nearly one ton per year carbon dioxide emissions to the environment. A theoretical study for the recovery system of toluene-methanol mixture was performed. The proposed design was an integration of pervaporation to the batch distillation. A blend of polyurethane / poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PU / PDMS) membrane was selected for the separation of methanol and toluene mixture. The results of preliminary calculations show 91.4% toluene recovery and 72% methanol recovery with desired purity.

The knowledge of kinetics of pyrolysis is important. It is also challenging to find parameters for kinetic which can be applied at different sizes of biomass. Many researchers have been investigating the pyrolysis behavior of wood powders due to heat and mass transfer limitations. They have also been focusing on determining the effects of feedstock characterization, residence time, gas environment, heating rate and the final temperature as well as the arrangement of the pyrolysis reactor and modeling of the kinetics. This project presents a qualitative understanding of the pyrolysis process based on data from slow heating rates. Samples of spruce chips at different masses, namely 4 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg and 800 mg and also 4 mg powder have been used in experiments with thermogravimetric analysis to understand the mass loss behavior. Furthermore, kinetic parameters for biomass are taken from literature and have been used in modeling to understand to which extent these parameters are different for different particle sizes. The kinetic model that is chosen to investigate in this project is where each component of biomass shows different characteristics during the thermal decomposition. The experimental results on wood chips at different sample masses show same behavior for all of them and there is no heat and mass transfer limitations. The results from experiments on powders shows different behavior than for chips at the end of the mass loss curve only. This means less char is produced for powders than it is for the chips. The results from modeling show that kinetic parameters such as activation energy and the prefactor are the same for both powders and chips. The only parameter that is different is the pre-determined char yield for hemicellulose second reaction. The kinetic model and the kinetic parameters used in this report are in good agreement to the experimental results. The model used, where each component show different behavior during its thermal decomposition and the final products are volatiles and char is a reliable model to describe the mass loss behavior of biomass. The difference in the experimental results between powders and chips can be explained by the modeling. It can be stated that the difference is in the char yield from thermal decomposition of hemicellulose. / Kunskap om kinetiken för pyrolysprocessen är viktig. Det är även en utmaning att finna parametrar för kinetiken som kan tillämpas till olika massor och storlekar av biomassa. Många forskare har undersökt pyrolys beteenden på bara träpulver på grund av värme- och massöverföring begränsningar. De har också fokuserat på att undersöka effekterna av råvara karakterisering, uppehållstid, gasmiljö, uppvärmningshastighet och den slutliga temperaturen samt arrangemanget av pyrolysreaktorn och modellering av kinetiken. I detta projekt presenteras en kvalitativ förståelse av pyrolysprocessen baserad på data från långsamma uppvärmningshastigheter. Prover av granflis vid olika massor; 4 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg och 800 mg och även 4 mg pulver har använts i experimenten med thermogravimetric analys för att förstå massförlust uppträdandet. Dessutom har kinetiska parametrar för biomassa tagits från litteratur och har använts i modelleringen för att förstå i vilken utsträckning dessa parametrar skiljer sig åt för pulver och flis. Den kinetiska modellen som har valts att undersökas i detta projekt är den där varje komponent av biomassa visar separata och olika egenskaper under termisk nedbrytning. De experimentella resultat på flis vid olika provmassorna uppvisar samma beteende för dem alla och det finns ingen värme- och massöverföringsbegränsningar. Resultaten från experiment på pulver visar annorluna beteende än för träflis endast i slutet av massförlust kurvan. Detta innebär att mindre kol produceras för pulver än vad det gör för flis. Resultaten från modelleringen visar att kinetiska parametrar såsom aktiveringsenergin och prefactor är densamma för båda pulver och flis. Den enda parameter som skiljer sig är den förutbestämda utbytet av kol för hemicellulosa’s andra reaktion. Den kinetiska modellen och kinetiska parametrar som används i denna rapport är i god överensstämmelse med de experimentella resultaten. Denna modell som används, där varje komponent visar enskilt beteende under dess termisk nedbrytning och slutprodukterna är bara gaser och kol, är en pålitlig modell för att beskriva beteendet för massförlust av biomassa. Skillnaden i de experimentella resultaten mellan pulver och flis kan förklaras av modelleringen. Det kan konstateras att skillnaden är i kol utbytet från sönderdelningen av hemicellulosa.

This work investigates the fluid flow in a cylindrical millilitre vial stirred by a magnetic stirred bar using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). Stirred millilitre vials are used to study nucleation phenomena and crystallization as an outline of literature study of nucleation and crystallization phenomena and the role of stirring in this process. The baffle free vial was meshed with around 500,000 cells. To simulate the stirring a rotary frame and moving walls were used. Stirring speeds were between 100 and 1000 rpm where considered, correspondently to a stirrer Reynolds number between 260 and 2600. For stirring speeds bellow 500 rpm, simulations by both the both laminar flow model and the k-ε model where run, while above 500 rpm only k-ε was used. Results of the two models were very similar indicative the adequacy of k-ε to simulate the flow even at low Reynolds. The flow shows expected circulation pattern with upwards pumping close to side walls and downwards pumping in the centre of cylindrical vial. At 1000 rpm circulation patterns expands up to the top of the vial while at 300 rpm and lower the upper half of the vial is poorly mixed. The average turbulent energy of the flow is very low comparing with the squared stirrer tip speed and the power number decrees with Reynolds number, indicating that the flow is not fully turbulent.

Cement production is responsible for around 7% of the global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. More than half of these emissions are due to the unavoidable release of carbon dioxide upon thermal decomposition of the main raw material limestone. Many different options for carbon capture are currently being investigated to lower emissions, and one potential route to facilitate carbon capture could be the implementation of an electrified separate calcination step. However, potential effects on the phase composition of cement clinker need to be investigated, which is the aim of the present study. Phases of special interest are alite, belite, aluminate, ferrite, calcite, and lime.  The phase composition during clinker formation was examined through HT-XRD lab-scale experiments, allowing the phase transformations to be observed in situ. Two different methods of separate calcination were investigated, one method in which the raw meal was calcined separately, and one method where the limestone was calcined separately. The former yielded an alite amount similar to that of the reference experiments, whereas the latter method yielded a lower amount. It could, unfortunately, not be excluded that the difference was due to poor experimental conditions, and additional experiments are needed to investigate the matter further. The study does, however, indicate that a calcined raw meal might be used to produce a clinker of similar phase composition concerning major phases belite, aluminate, ferrite, alite, and free lime. A raw meal containing calcined limestone might, however, need longer residence time at clinkering temperature too obtain similar phase composition. In addition, a raw meal containing calcined limestone was observed to be carbonated to a greater extent upon reheating than a calcined raw meal. Further experiments are needed to fully understand the effects on clinker composition of an electrified separate calcination step, and several improvements to the experimental method are given in the study.

Since the beginning of the 20th century plastic has been a widely used material, which has resulted in large quantities of plastic being produced in the last century. The plastics of today are mainly produced from fossil raw materials, which gives it a high climate impact. Plastic also has a long service life, which creates problems with handling after the new period when new plastic is produced at a faster rate than plastic debris can be recycled or incinerated. One possible approach is to switch from plastic from fossil sources to bioplastics, which is produced by renewable sources. This means a reduction in the environmental impact as the amount of fossil CO2 emissions from combustion of plastics would decrease. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are created by short volatile fatty acids (VFAs) added to bio sludge from a wastewater treatment plant at a pulp and paper mill where there is a lot of bacteria and microorganisms. Some of the bacteria in the sludge have the ability to accumulate PHA when VFA is added in excess and then be able to use it as an energy and carbon source in cases of starvation. This means that PHA produced in this way can be degraded by bacteria making it biodegradable while having similar properties as oil-based plastics. Production of PHA is currently expensive as it is often necessary to purchase VFA for production. To make it economically sustainable to replace oil-based plastics with PHA, the cost of PHA production must therefore be reduced. This can be done by using mixed bacterial cultures from, for example, industrial wastewater treatment plants and by creating their own composition of VFA through fermentation. At the paper mill at BillerudKorsnäs Gruvön there are several process streams that today are led to the water treatment plant, one of which is from PM6 (Paper Machine 6). By fermenting that stream, VFA can be formed with a composition of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. The current may thus be suitable to use as a substrate in PHA production. Another way to produce VFA is to ferment the residual flow from hydrothermal carbonation (HTC) of bio sludge. According to (Samorì et al., 2019), acetic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid are formed, which means that even this stream may be suitable as a substrate for PHA production. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of the composition of VFA on the production of PHA from forest industrial bio sludge. The study covers two different cases, Case PM6 and Case HTC, where two different types of composition of VFA are added to paper sludge from the paper mill. The experiments were performed in cylindrical tanks on three occasions where the first two experiments had a volume of 30 liters and the last experiment a volume of 10 liters. On the first occasion, the maximum accumulation rate in the growth phase was studied. In the second instance, a high accumulation rate was sought, but also survival after the growth phase. The first two trials were batch trials where the sludge was dosed until saturation was achieved. On the third occasion, the possibility of carrying out PHA production with a continuous sludge exchange was studied. The experiments were analyzed by FTIR which provided information on the absorbance of the sludge which shows how the PHA concentration increased during the course of the experiments. Extractions were then performed to obtain the concentration of PHA that eventually accumulated in the sludge. The results show that biomass from BillerudKorsnäs Gruvön's mills accumulated PHA faster with VFA composition from fermented PM6 effluent compared to VFA composition from fermented HTC condensate. Calculations made with input from the experiments indicate that it is possible to produce a larger amount of PHA per year with Case PM6. The conclusion is therefore that Case PM6 is preferable if as large a PHA production as possible wants to be achieved. Case HTC is instead preferred if reduced PHA production can be tolerated in favor of biocarbon production.

Användningen av biobränslen har ökat för att minska utsläppen från fossila bränslen. Biobränslen kan dock leda till beläggningar inuti injektorn, vilka påverkar fordonets  körbarhet. Den mest trodda hypotesen bakom beläggningsbildningen är att förorening av motorolja i bränslesystemet leder till bildning av kalciumsulfatkristaller som mjuka partiklar fäster till. Dessutom påstås det att temperaturen har en signifikant påverkan på beläggningsbildningen. För att ställa om till mer förnyelsebara bränslen krävs mer förståelse bakom beläggningarnas mekanism. Därför var syftet med denna studie att undersöka mekanismen bakom interna injektorbeläggningar med en nydesignad rigg i laboratorieskala för att få en djupare förståelse av mekanismen, och i synnerhet rollen av kalciumsulfat och temperatur. Syftet uppnåddes genom att dela upp det experimentella arbetet i två delar:a) Köra riggen med testbränslen följt av analyser av de körda proverna med huvudsakligen SEM-EDX och FTIR, för att förstå rollen av temperatur och motorolja för beläggningarnas mekanism. b) Löslighetsstudier av kalciumsulfat för att förstå rollen av kalciumsulfat för beläggningarnas mekanism. Resultaten visade att den nydesignade testriggen fungerade bra med resultat som överensstämde med litteratur och erbjöd repeterbarhet. Därmed rekommenderas riggen för framtida studier av interna injektorbeläggningar. En djupare förståelse av mekanismen bakom interna injektorbeläggningar uppnåddes framgångsrikt. För första gången utfördes en FTIR och SEM-EDX studie över en temperaturgradient, vilket gjorde det möjligt att se starttemperaturen för olika reaktioner och identifiera beläggningar i olika temperaturintervall. Det visades att beläggningsbildningen var temperaturberoende med olika typer av beläggningar i olika temperaturintervall. Vid temperaturer under 100°C var zinksulfat och oreagerat metallkarboxylat de dominanta ämnena. Över 100°C ändrade metallkarboxylatet form och blev mer koncentrerat medan koncentrationen av zinksulfat minskade. Dessutom visades det att kalciumsulfat bildades i stor utsträckning när temperaturen översteg 100°C. Temperaturstudien och resultaten är unika och okända i litteraturen. Ostwald-mognad har föreslagits som en möjlig mekanism i litteraturen men visade sig vara osannolik. Upplösningen av kalciumsulfat av motoroljans additiv följt av utfällning i bränslet visade sig vara en mer sannolik mekanism. Det visades också att tvålbeläggningar främjade beläggningsbildning av kalciumsulfatkristaller, vilket överensstämmer med fältobservationer då de vanligtvis samexisterar. / The use of biofuels has increased to reduce the emissions from fossil fuels. However, the use of biofuels results in deposit formation inside the injector, which leads to issues with the drivability of the vehicle. The most believed hypothesis behind the deposit formation is that engine oil contamination in the fuel system leads to formation of calcium sulphate crystals that soft particles adhere to. Moreover, temperature is claimed to have a significant effect on the deposit formation. To ease the shift towards more renewable fuels, more understanding behind the deposit mechanism is needed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind internal injector deposits with a newly designed lab scale rig to get a deeper understanding of the mechanism, and especially the role of calcium sulphate and temperature. The aim was achieved by dividing the experimental work into two parts:a) Running the test-rig with test fuels followed by analyses of the samples with mainly SEM-EDX and FTIR, to understand the role of temperature, and engine oil for the deposit mechanism. b) Solubility studies of calcium sulphate to understand the role of calcium sulphate for the deposit mechanism. The results showed that the newly designed test rig worked well, where the results were consistent with literatureand offered repeatability. Thereby, the rig is recommended for future studies of internal injector deposits. A deeper understanding of the mechanism behind the internal injector deposits was successfully achieved. For the first time, a FTIR and SEM-EDX study was performed over a temperature gradient, which made it possible to see the onset temperature for different reactions and to identify deposits in different temperature ranges. It was showed that the deposit formation was temperature dependent with different types of deposits in different temperature ranges. At temperatures below 100°C, zinc sulphate and unreacted metal carboxylates were the dominant species. Above 100°C, the metal carboxylates changed form and became more concentrated while the concentration of zinc sulphate decreased. Moreover, calcium sulphate showed to be formed to a large extent when the temperature exceeded 100°C. The temperature study and results are unique and unknown in the literature. Ostwald ripening has been proposed as a possible mechanism in the literature but turned out to be unlikely. The dissolution of calcium sulphate by engine oil additives followed by precipitation in the fuel showed to be a more likely mechanism. It was also shown that soap deposits promoted the deposit formation of calcium sulphate crystals, which is in line with the field observations since they normally coexist.

Norrvatten är en av Sveriges största dricksvattenproducenter. Med ett ökande behov av en större produktionskapacitet och nya regleringar, planerar dem att förbättra sin reningsprocess. En aspekt som kräver omfattande undersökning är val av reningsmetod för att nå den nya gränsen från Livsmedelsverket för fyra PFAS kemikalier. PFAS är en grupp kemikalier som är mänskligt producerade sedan 1950-talet, vilka är persistenta och farliga för människors hälsa. Deras stabilitet i miljön leder till att de ackumulerar i naturen och hamnar i mat och dricksvatten. För att uppnå de nya regleringarna måste Norrvatten minska sin PFAS4 koncentration från cirka 5.7 ng/L till 4 ng/L. PFAS-separationen är planerad att genomföras via antingen aktivt kol eller en kombination där flotation även implementeras. Aktivt kol har en bevisad möjlighet att separera och destruera PFAS4, men nyligen har indikationer på en potential hos flotation uppenbarats. Dock är forskningen kring dess effektivitet begränsad vilket medför ett behov av att utvärdera dess användbarhet. Denna rapport syftar till att förse Norrvatten med ett underlag på effektiviteten och gynnsamheten med flotation inför beslutet att implementera flotation. Av den anledningen undersöktes separationseffektiviteten som uppnås i en befintlig flotationsbassäng i Norrvattens vattenverk. Genom att mäta PFAS4 koncentrationen i inflödet, utflödet och slammet kunde en borttagningseffektivitet på 19-38% bestämmas för olika belastningar. Slamkoncentrationen mättes till ungefär 200-700 ng/L. Felkällor kunde identifieras i mätningarna eftersom massbalansen inte stämde överens trots att mätosäkerheten från analysen adderades. Dessutom gjordes en omanalys av två prover som skilde sig från det förväntade resultatet, vilket gav avsevärda skillnader i resultatet. Trots att några felkällor kunde identifieras kunde inte en fullständig förklaring till avvikelserna fastställas. Trots detta kunde slutsatser dras att den uppmätta separationseffektiviteten och slamkoncentrationen kunde förse ett korrekt intervall. Dessutom indikerade resultaten att flotation inte kan appliceras enskilt för att nå koncentrationsmålet utan bör kombineras med kompletterande kolfilter f ̈or att nå gränsvärdet. Flotation ger upphov till en mer koncentrerad ström av PFAS som kräver behandling för att eliminera kemikalierna från miljöns kretslopp. Flera potentiella behandlingsmetoder identifierades för hur slammet kan hanteras. Jämförelsen inkluderade aktivt kolfilter, jonbytare, membran, oxidationsprocesser, sonolys, förbränning, deponi, jordrening, flotation, skumfraktionering, behandling på reningsverk och återanvändning för jordförbättring. Metoderna jämfördes utifrån bevisad robusthet, kostnad och applicerbarhet. Ett möjligt slamhanteringsalternativ visade sig vara ett sekundärt steg med flotation, förbränning av det uppkoncentrerade slammet och behandling av permeatet med jonbytare. Med den föreslagna slamhanteringen kunde implementering av flotation utvärderas baserat på maximal PFAS destruktion, ekonomi, koldioxidutsläpp och energiförbrukning. Det visade sig att energiförbrukningen är större för processen som inkluderar flotation men koldioxidutsläppen är mindre. Dock är det möjligt att avgränsningarna för koldioxid kan ha gynnat flotationsprocessen eftersom utsläpp från reaktivering av kolfilter inkluderades men inte utsläpp från förbränning eller energiproduktion. PFAS destruktionen blev ungefär 1-2% större för processen med exklusivt kolfilter eftersom flotationsprocessen innehåller ytterligare en ström som släpper ut PFAS efter behandling med jonbytare. Det mest ekonomiska alternativet visade sig bero på koncentrationsgränsen där implementering av flotation var dyrare för en PFAS4 koncentration på 4 ng/L i dricksvattnet, men billigare vid en gräns på 3 ng/L. Slutligen upptäcktes det att volymen av sekundärt slam som beräknades att skickas till förbränning har en stor påverkan på driftkostnaderna. Därför bör optimeringar genomföras för att minimera den sekundära slamvolymen om flotation implementeras. / Norrvatten is one of the largest drinking water producers in Sweden. With the need to increase their production capacity and new regulations, they are planning to improve their treatment process. One aspect that requires extensive investigation, is the treatment approach to reach the new limit from the Swedish Food Agency of four PFAS chemicals. PFAS is a group of chemicals that have been humanely produced since the 1950s, which are persistent and hazardous to human health. Their environmental stability causes them to accumulate in nature and ends up in foods and drinking water. To fulfill the new regulations, Norrvatten has to decrease the PFAS4 concentration in their drinking water from approximately 5.7 ng/L to 4 ng/L. The removal is planned to be achieved through either activated carbon filters or a combination where dissolved air flotation is included. Activated carbon has a proven separation and destruction possibility for PFAS4 but recently, DAF has appeared to be a promising alternative. However, there is limited research on its efficiency, which establishes a need for investigations on the potential of DAF for PFAS removal. To navigate Norrvatten through the decision between exclusively applying GAC filters or implementing a combination with DAF, this thesis intends to provide a basis of its efficiency and favorability. Therefore, this thesis investigated the removal efficiency that was obtained in one existing DAF basin in Norrvattens waterworks. By measuring the PFAS4 concentration in the inlet, outlet, and sludge flow, a removal efficiency of 19-38% was acquired for different flow levels. In addition, the sludge concentration was measured to approximately 200-700 ng/L in the water phase. Presence of sources of errors could be identified in the measurements as the mass balance did not add up despite the addition of the measurement uncertainty in the analysis. Also, two samples were analyzed twice as the results differed from the expected results, which provided significant variations. Although some sources of error were identified, a full explanation for the differing results could not be disclosed. However, through some consistency, it was possible to conclude that the removal efficiency and sludge concentration could provide an accurate interval to illustrate the reality. In addition, the results indicate that DAF cannot be applied alone to reach the concentration goal, but has to be combined with additional GAC filters to reach the target. DAF provides a separation of PFAS into a sludge stream that requires treatment to remove the chemicals from the environmental cycle. To investigate how the sludge could be managed, several treatment methods were identified. The comparison included GAC, AIX, membranes, oxidation processes, sonolysis, incineration, landfill, soil cleaning, DAF, foam fractionation, treatment at a wastewater facility, and reuse for soil improvement. The methods were compared based on proven robustness, cost, and applicability. It was concluded that a viable alternative was to transfer the sludge to a second stage of DAF, incinerate the concentrated sludge, and treat the permeate with AIX. From the sludge management proposal, the implementation of DAF was analyzed based on maximum PFAS destruction, economics, carbon emissions, and energy requirements. It was found that the energy requirement was larger for the process including DAF but the carbon emissions are smaller. However, the delimitations on the carbon emissions may have been in favor of the DAF process as the GAC reactivation emissions are included but emissions due to incineration or energy production are excluded. The PFAS destruction was approximately 1-2% larger for the process that excluded DAF as an additional stream containing PFAS would be released into the environment after AIX, which is not present when only GAC is implemented. The economic out-come depended on the concentration limit, where implementation of DAF was more expensive for a treatment target of 4 ng/L in the drinking water and more economical for 3 ng/L. Lastly, it was found that the volume of the concentrated sludge that would be sent for incineration had a large impact on the operational cost. Therefore, if DAF is implemented optimizations are of relevance to minimize the volume of that stream.