Depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir du gouvernement conservateur de Stephen Harper, les réformes du système migratoire se sont succédées les unes après les autres. C'est d'abord au ministre Jason Kenney à qui le premier ministre a confié la tâche de réformer en accéléré le système d'immigration canadien. En poste entre 2008 et 2013, il a procédé à une quantité importante de réformes. Cela constitue un tournant dans l'histoire politique canadienne. Pour mieux comprendre les politiques publiques en immigration, cette thèse se penche sur le rôle et l'influence exercée par les médias sur les réformes de 2010 et de 2012, de leur présentation devant le Parlement à leur adoption. Souvent laissés de côté par les spécialistes de l'immigration, la thèse reconnaît que les médias sont l'un des facteurs externes ayant eu un effet sur la politique d'immigration pendant l'ère Kenney. Leur influence s’exerce à un moment précis. Lors de l’étude des réformes devant le Parlement, les médias exercent une influence non négligeable grâce à leur habileté à sensibiliser le public sur certains sujets précis et par la suite en guidant son jugement, dominant ainsi l’ordre du jour des affaires publiques.

Entre as biotécnicas da reprodução, a inseminação artificial (IA) é a que proporciona maior amplitude de resultados nos programas de melhoramento genético animal. A adequada seleção dos atributos produtivos e reprodutivos de fêmeas e principalmente dos machos é a base essencial para a maximização do potencial dessa técnica. O sêmen para IA pode ser fresco, fresco diluído, refrigerado e congelado. Os diluidores têm papel fundamental na expansão do volume seminal, permitindo seu fracionamento na preservação do sêmen no processo de refrigeração, eles devem ser atóxicos, ter pH e pressão osmótica compatíveis com a sobrevivência espermática, de baixo custo e fácil preparo. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação de sêmen ovino resfriado com diluente de Kenney (K) ou diluente de Kenney mais gema de ovo (KG) por até 48 horas. Foram utilizados quatro carneiros, sendo feitas 40 colheitas. Logo após o sêmen era dividido em duas alíquotas uma com o diluente de K e outra alíquota com diluente de KG. As amostras foram resfriadas à 10ºC. As análises subjetivas usuais foram feitas nos tempos 0, 24 e 48 horas. Estas análises incluíram turbilhonamento, motilidade e vigor. Foram feitas também análises de testes funcionais como a avaliação da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal através das colorações de eosina-nigrosina e técnica da coloração Fast Green / Rosa Bengala (POPE, 1991) respectivamente, avaliação da atividade citoquímica mitocondrial através da coloração de diaminobenzidina (DAB) e avaliação da susceptibilidade do espermatozóide ao estresse oxidativo através da avaliação dos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico após a incubação com sistema gerador constituído de sulfato de ferro e ascorbato. Neste trabalho o tempo afetou significativamente a motilidade e o vigor espermático, caindo de 79,16±1,41 para 40,25±2,55 após 48hs e de 3,92±0,06, para 2,57±0,10 após 48hs respectivamente. O tempo influenciou também a integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, fazendo com que houvesse uma queda gradativa nas integridades (0hs=95,75±0,36, 24hs=90,69±0,99, 48hs=86,11±1,45) e (0hs=90,34±0,80, 24hs=84,33±1,30, 48hs=76.67±1,69) respectivamente. Foi possível observar também que ao longo do tempo houve uma diminuição da atividade mitocondrial e um aumento nas espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), que diferiu do tempo 0hs para o tempo 48hs (807,42±39.22 e 937,76 ± 41,87). Verificou-se ainda que o meio K apresentou maiores valores de vigor do que o meio KG (p=0,0144), e que o meio K foi capaz de preservar melhor a atividade mitocondrial P=0,0005. A concentração de TBARS no diluente K correlacionou-se negativamente com as variáveis motilidade, vigor, integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal. No diluente KG as correlações do TBARS e DAB III foram positiva (r=0,35), demonstrando que quanto maior a quantidade de células com baixa atividade mitocondrial, maior a concentração de TBARS. Foi também encontrada uma correlação negativa entre a variável integridade de acrossomo (ACRO) e TBARS (r=-0,40; P=0,0001), mostrando que quanto menor a porcentagem de células com acrossomo integro, maior a concentração de substancias reativas ao acido tiobarbitúrico. Concluindo que o diluente K foi eficaz em preservar as características seminais de ovino por até 48 horas e que a adição da gema de ovo ao diluente de Kenney não foi capaz de melhorar estas características. / Among the reproductive biotechniques routinely used in animal production, the artificial insemination (AI) is known to provide a greater gain in genetic improvement programs. The adequate selection of female and especially male productive and reproductive traits is the keystone to maximize the potential of this technique. Semen used for AI can be used fresh diluted or not, chilled and frozen. An essential role is played by semen extenders on volume expansion, allowing not only the fractioning in multiple insemination doses, but also the maintenance of sperm fertilizing potential. Therefore, for semen fractioning, chilling or cryopreservation, extenders are required to be atoxic, must maintain pH and osmolarity compatible to the sperm survival, and should be preferably inexpensive and easy to prepare. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate chilled ram semen using the Kenney extender (K) of the Kenney extender with egg yolk (KG) for 48 h. Forty ejaculates of four rams were (n=40) were used. Samples were equally divided into two aliquots and extended in K extender and KG extender. Samples were chilled at 10ºC and evaluated immediately after chilling (0h), 24 and 48 h later. These analyses included gross motility (swirl pattern), individual motility and vigor. Functional test analyses such as evaluation of plasma membrane integrity using the eosin-nigrosin staining technique, acrosome integrity using the fast green / bengal rose staining method (POPE, 1991), mitochondrial cytochemical activity evaluation utilizing diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining and assessment of sperm susceptibility to the oxidative stress based the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after the incubation with ferrous sulphate and ascorbate (TBARS) were performed. In this study, a significant influence of chilling period was found for spermatic motility and vigor dropping from 79.16±1.41 to 40.25±2.55 after 48 hours and from 3.92±0.06 to 2.57±0.10 after 48 hours, respectively. Time also negatively influenced the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane (0hr=95.75±0.36, 24hrs=90.69±0.99, 48hrs=86.11±1.45; and 0hr=90.34±0.80, 24hrs=84.33±1.30, 48hrs=76.67±1.69, respectively). Also, during the course of time there was a decrease in mitochondrial activity and an increase in TBARS, with an increase from moment 0 to 48 hrs (807.42 ± 39.22 and 937.76 ± 41.87). It was also found that the medium K had greater values of vigor than the medium KG (p=0.0144), and that the medium K was capable of better preserve mitochondrial activity (P=0.0005). A negative correlation was found between the TBARS concentration with motility and vigor and plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity when samples were stored with the extender K. In the KG extender, the TBARS and DAB III correlations were positive (r=0, 35) indicating that showing that the greater the number of cells with low mitochondrial activity, the higher the TBARS concentration. Also, a negative correlation between the acrosomal integrity variable (ACRO) and TBARS (r=-0, 40; P=0,0001) was found, which demonstrates that the lower the percentage of cells with intact acrosomal, the higher the susceptibility to the oxidative stress. Therefore, results indicated that the K extender was effective in preserve the seminal characteristics of ovine for 48 hours and the addition of egg yolk to kenney extender was not capable of improving such characteristics.

Entre as biotécnicas da reprodução, a inseminação artificial (IA) é a que proporciona maior amplitude de resultados nos programas de melhoramento genético animal. A adequada seleção dos atributos produtivos e reprodutivos de fêmeas e principalmente dos machos é a base essencial para a maximização do potencial dessa técnica. O sêmen para IA pode ser fresco, fresco diluído, refrigerado e congelado. Os diluidores têm papel fundamental na expansão do volume seminal, permitindo seu fracionamento na preservação do sêmen no processo de refrigeração, eles devem ser atóxicos, ter pH e pressão osmótica compatíveis com a sobrevivência espermática, de baixo custo e fácil preparo. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação de sêmen ovino resfriado com diluente de Kenney (K) ou diluente de Kenney mais gema de ovo (KG) por até 48 horas. Foram utilizados quatro carneiros, sendo feitas 40 colheitas. Logo após o sêmen era dividido em duas alíquotas uma com o diluente de K e outra alíquota com diluente de KG. As amostras foram resfriadas à 10ºC. As análises subjetivas usuais foram feitas nos tempos 0, 24 e 48 horas. Estas análises incluíram turbilhonamento, motilidade e vigor. Foram feitas também análises de testes funcionais como a avaliação da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal através das colorações de eosina-nigrosina e técnica da coloração Fast Green / Rosa Bengala (POPE, 1991) respectivamente, avaliação da atividade citoquímica mitocondrial através da coloração de diaminobenzidina (DAB) e avaliação da susceptibilidade do espermatozóide ao estresse oxidativo através da avaliação dos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico após a incubação com sistema gerador constituído de sulfato de ferro e ascorbato. Neste trabalho o tempo afetou significativamente a motilidade e o vigor espermático, caindo de 79,16±1,41 para 40,25±2,55 após 48hs e de 3,92±0,06, para 2,57±0,10 após 48hs respectivamente. O tempo influenciou também a integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, fazendo com que houvesse uma queda gradativa nas integridades (0hs=95,75±0,36, 24hs=90,69±0,99, 48hs=86,11±1,45) e (0hs=90,34±0,80, 24hs=84,33±1,30, 48hs=76.67±1,69) respectivamente. Foi possível observar também que ao longo do tempo houve uma diminuição da atividade mitocondrial e um aumento nas espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), que diferiu do tempo 0hs para o tempo 48hs (807,42±39.22 e 937,76 ± 41,87). Verificou-se ainda que o meio K apresentou maiores valores de vigor do que o meio KG (p=0,0144), e que o meio K foi capaz de preservar melhor a atividade mitocondrial P=0,0005. A concentração de TBARS no diluente K correlacionou-se negativamente com as variáveis motilidade, vigor, integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal. No diluente KG as correlações do TBARS e DAB III foram positiva (r=0,35), demonstrando que quanto maior a quantidade de células com baixa atividade mitocondrial, maior a concentração de TBARS. Foi também encontrada uma correlação negativa entre a variável integridade de acrossomo (ACRO) e TBARS (r=-0,40; P=0,0001), mostrando que quanto menor a porcentagem de células com acrossomo integro, maior a concentração de substancias reativas ao acido tiobarbitúrico. Concluindo que o diluente K foi eficaz em preservar as características seminais de ovino por até 48 horas e que a adição da gema de ovo ao diluente de Kenney não foi capaz de melhorar estas características. / Among the reproductive biotechniques routinely used in animal production, the artificial insemination (AI) is known to provide a greater gain in genetic improvement programs. The adequate selection of female and especially male productive and reproductive traits is the keystone to maximize the potential of this technique. Semen used for AI can be used fresh diluted or not, chilled and frozen. An essential role is played by semen extenders on volume expansion, allowing not only the fractioning in multiple insemination doses, but also the maintenance of sperm fertilizing potential. Therefore, for semen fractioning, chilling or cryopreservation, extenders are required to be atoxic, must maintain pH and osmolarity compatible to the sperm survival, and should be preferably inexpensive and easy to prepare. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate chilled ram semen using the Kenney extender (K) of the Kenney extender with egg yolk (KG) for 48 h. Forty ejaculates of four rams were (n=40) were used. Samples were equally divided into two aliquots and extended in K extender and KG extender. Samples were chilled at 10ºC and evaluated immediately after chilling (0h), 24 and 48 h later. These analyses included gross motility (swirl pattern), individual motility and vigor. Functional test analyses such as evaluation of plasma membrane integrity using the eosin-nigrosin staining technique, acrosome integrity using the fast green / bengal rose staining method (POPE, 1991), mitochondrial cytochemical activity evaluation utilizing diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining and assessment of sperm susceptibility to the oxidative stress based the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after the incubation with ferrous sulphate and ascorbate (TBARS) were performed. In this study, a significant influence of chilling period was found for spermatic motility and vigor dropping from 79.16±1.41 to 40.25±2.55 after 48 hours and from 3.92±0.06 to 2.57±0.10 after 48 hours, respectively. Time also negatively influenced the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane (0hr=95.75±0.36, 24hrs=90.69±0.99, 48hrs=86.11±1.45; and 0hr=90.34±0.80, 24hrs=84.33±1.30, 48hrs=76.67±1.69, respectively). Also, during the course of time there was a decrease in mitochondrial activity and an increase in TBARS, with an increase from moment 0 to 48 hrs (807.42 ± 39.22 and 937.76 ± 41.87). It was also found that the medium K had greater values of vigor than the medium KG (p=0.0144), and that the medium K was capable of better preserve mitochondrial activity (P=0.0005). A negative correlation was found between the TBARS concentration with motility and vigor and plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity when samples were stored with the extender K. In the KG extender, the TBARS and DAB III correlations were positive (r=0, 35) indicating that showing that the greater the number of cells with low mitochondrial activity, the higher the TBARS concentration. Also, a negative correlation between the acrosomal integrity variable (ACRO) and TBARS (r=-0, 40; P=0,0001) was found, which demonstrates that the lower the percentage of cells with intact acrosomal, the higher the susceptibility to the oxidative stress. Therefore, results indicated that the K extender was effective in preserve the seminal characteristics of ovine for 48 hours and the addition of egg yolk to kenney extender was not capable of improving such characteristics.

Rowland Kenney was a British propaganda agent operating in Norway during both the First World War and the Second World War. He has been forgotten by history but the re-discovery of his private collection of materials allows for an analysis of his work. Kenney was deeply involved in the development of propaganda policy and practice. In the First World War, his work in Norway resulted in thousands of pro-British articles appearing in the Norwegian press as well as the realignment of the Norwegian national news agency. In the interwar years, in spite of severe medical difficulties, Kenney continued to work within the field of propaganda, becoming instrumental in the establishment of the British Council. At the start of the Second World War, he returned again to Norway, but was forced to flee during the German invasion of April 1940. During the Second World War, Kenney became the Director of the Northern Section of the Foreign Division in the Ministry of Information where he continued to affect policy-creation and the development of propaganda. There is no doubt that Kenney was a key figure in this development. His professional network and his varied roles within the propaganda bureaucracy speak to his level of involvement, and his documented accomplishments even more so. Finally discovering Kenney's story and his impact illustrates vividly a few aspects of how the practice of propaganda mutated and changed between 1916 and 1942.

This thesis examines the development of decision making taken by two countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, in response to Croatia’s declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. The focus is on the recognition process and the reasoning and rationale used by the government officials and diplomats of the United Kingdom and United States to arrive at their policy decisions and opinions. The concentration is mainly on events from the early 1990s until mid 1992. Topics explored include matters such the politics behind non-recognition, democratic social norms, respect for human rights and Western national interests. The thesis first hypothesizes, then analyses, which International Relations theory, that is, realism or constructivism, possesses the best capacity explain why these nations initially withheld their recognition of Croatia’s independence before moving to accept the Republic of Croatia as an independent state. The role of the International Relations theories is to offer an interpretation and understanding of these events and decisions. Subsequently, they are judged on their ability to do so. The thesis finds that via the insight of scholars, analysts and theoretical perspectives that both the John Major government of the UK and the George H.W. Bush Administration of the United States behaved mostly according to realist principles, with some instances of constructivist manner. / Graduate / 0615 / 1616 / 0335 / cljubic9@gmail.com