Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-235).

This thesis explores the evolution, growth and sudden decline of the East Washington community, located in East Point, Georgia. This African-American community was strategically created in 1912, when the city council passed its first residential segregation ordinance. This research uses oral histories and other documents to analyze the survival techniques that enabled East Washington to endure the turmoil of Jim Crow racial segregation from its 1912 inception to its 1962 transformation due to urban renewal. First, it identifies the people who chose to migrate to this area, where they came from and what enticed them to settle in East Point. Second, it discusses the network of institutions that they built and depended upon, including businesses, schools and churches, in order to maintain their largely autonomous community. Finally, it illuminates East Washington’s demise through urban renewal.

This thesis explores the evolution, growth and sudden decline of the East Washington community, located in East Point, Georgia. This African-American community was strategically created in 1912, when the city council passed its first residential segregation ordinance. This research uses oral histories and other documents to analyze the survival techniques that enabled East Washington to endure the turmoil of Jim Crow racial segregation from its 1912 inception to its 1962 transformation due to urban renewal. First, it identifies the people who chose to migrate to this area, where they came from and what enticed them to settle in East Point. Second, it discusses the network of institutions that they built and depended upon, including businesses, schools and churches, in order to maintain their largely autonomous community. Finally, it illuminates East Washington’s demise through urban renewal.

This dissertation explores the inception, evolution, and history of the East Washington community, located in East Point, Georgia. This African American community was strategically created in 1912, when the city council passed its first residential segregation ordinance. This research uses oral histories and other documents to reveal the survival techniques that enabled East Washington residents to endure the turmoil of Jim Crow racial segregation from the community’s 1912 inception, through urban renewal, integration, white flight, and the return of African Americans in the 1980s that resulted in their population majority. First, it identifies the people who chose to migrate to this area, where they came from and what enticed them to settle in East Point. Second, it discusses the network of institutions that they built and depended upon, including businesses, schools and churches, in order to maintain their largely autonomous community. Finally, it demonstrates the methods East Washington citizens employed to build a community that educated, protected, and nurtured children who became elected city officials, fire chiefs, professors, attorneys, physicians, teachers, dentists, human rights activists, and productive citizens of society.

L’optimisation des performances énergétiques du bâtiment et la réduction des émissions de CO2 générées par le secteur de la construction sont devenus des enjeux majeurs. Il s’agit non seulement de réduire considérablement les consommations d’énergie liées au chauffage et à la climatisation durant la période de fonctionnement des bâtiments mais aussi de choisir des matériaux à faible impact carbone en privilégiant l’utilisation de ressources renouvelables et locales. Ces dernières années ont vu naître un intérêt croissant pour les bétons de chanvre. Ces agromatériaux associent un granulat végétal issu de la tige du chanvre avec un liant minéral. Il en résulte un matériau isolant qui présente une certaine efficacité à réguler les variations de température et d’humidité. Considérés comme multifonctionnels, les bétons de chanvre constituent une alternative écologique aux enveloppes traditionnelles. Face aux matériaux à isolation répartie comme le béton cellulaire ou la brique dont l’impact carbone est élevé, les bétons de chanvre présentent l’inconvénient d’être peu résistants mécaniquement et sont de ce fait associés à une structure porteuse. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche visant d’une part à diversifier la ressource végétale utilisée pour la confection des agromatériaux de construction en développant un béton innovant incorporant les balles de riz de Camargue et d’autre part à étudier certains procédés dans l’optique d’améliorer les performances mécaniques de ces matériaux après les premiers mois de cure. Le premier objectif a consisté à caractériser la balle de riz naturelle préalablement à son association avec un liant à base de chaux. Les caractéristiques propres au granulat de balles de riz se sont traduites par la fabrication d’un agrobéton moins dosé en eau et de densité apparente plus élevée que celle du béton de chanvre (en restant inférieure à 800 kg.m-3). La conductivité thermique du béton à base de balles de riz s’est montrée similaire à celle du béton de chanvre pour un ratio massique « liant/granulat (L/G) » identique. En revanche, les performances mécaniques en compression se sont révélées plus faibles pour le béton à base de balles de riz après 1 mois de cure à 20°C et 50%HR.Le second axe de travail s’est porté sur le suivi temporel des caractéristiques mécaniques et du durcissement du liant jusqu’à 10 mois de conservation soit à 20°C et 50%HR soit en conditions extérieures. Les bétons de chanvre se sont caractérisés par un gain de résistance en compression plus favorable que celui observé sur les bétons de balles de riz malgré une cinétique de durcissement du liant équivalente. Cette conservation naturelle a été comparée à une cure en carbonatation accélérée (CO2). Les résultats ont montré que ce procédé a permis d’obtenir une résistance en compression 2 mois après la fabrication des éprouvettes équivalente à celle obtenue après 10 mois de conservation à l’extérieur. Considérant que la résistance mécanique du béton à base de balles de riz est limitée par la liaison mécanique liant/particule, ce travail s’est porté également sur l’effet d’un traitement des particules à l’eau de chaux saturée. S’il s’est montré inefficace pour le béton de chanvre, il a permis d’améliorer la résistance en compression des bétons à base de balles de riz.Enfin, cette étude a traité de l’effet d’une cure humide (95%HR) et d’une élévation de température (50°C) sur le durcissement du liant et l’acquisition des résistances mécaniques à court terme. L’étude a été préalablement menée sur des mortiers de chaux. Les résultats ont montré que ce type de cure permet une très forte augmentation de la résistance mécanique du liant après 28 jours par un effet cinétique sur les réactions d’hydratation. Toutefois, ces conditions de cure ont entrainé une perturbation de la zone de transition entre le liant et la particule et par conséquent une dégradation des propriétés mécaniques des agrobétons. / The improvement of building energy efficiency and the reduction of CO2 emissions from the construction industry have become a major issue over the last years. We need to cut the energy consumption linked to heating and cooling of buildings during their operating period but also to choose materials with low carbon footprint using renewable and local resources.Hemp concretes are more and more used in green construction. These bio-based building materials consist of hemp-derived aggregates mixed with mineral binders and water. These concretes have attractive insulating properties and present some effectiveness in buffering variations of temperature and humidity in buildings. Considered as a multifunctional material, hemp concrete can offer an eco-friendly alternative to traditional building envelopes but have the disadvantage of being very low strength. Unlike cellular concrete or clay bricks, hemp concretes cannot be used as load-bearing materials but for infilling walls with a wood timber frame. The aim of this thesis work is, on the one hand, to diversify plant aggregates used for the manufacturing of bio-based concretes by developing an innovative material based on local rice husk from the Camargue area and on the other hand to investigate some processes in order to increase mechanical strength of these materials after the first months of curing. The first objective of this work was to characterize rice husks prior to incorporating them in a lime-based mix. Intrinsic features of rice husks led to the manufacturing of a new bio-based concrete designed with a lower water content and a higher apparent density than hemp concrete (by remaining below 800 kg.m-3). Thermal conductivity of rice husk concrete was comparable to that of hemp concrete for a given « binder on aggregates (B/A) » mass ratio. Nevertheless, mechanical performances in compression have proved lower for the rice husk concrete after one month of hardening at 20°C and 50%RH. The second line of the work dealt with the evolution of mechanical properties and binder hardening over time. Specimens were cured during 10 months either at 20°C and 50%RH or exposed outdoors. Hemp concrete exhibited a higher compressive strength gain over time than that achieved for rice husk concrete despite a same hardening kinetics. This curing under natural carbonation was compared to an accelerated one (CO2 curing). Accelerated carbonation provided the opportunity to obtain the same compressive after 2 months than that reached after the outdoor exposure during 10 months. Considering that compressive strength of rice husk concrete is restricted by the bonding strength between the binder and the aggregates, this work also focused on the effect of a lime-water treatment of plant aggregates. This latter was not efficient for hemp concrete but increased compressive strength of rice husk concrete. Finally, the effect of a moist curing (95%RH) and elevated temperature (50°C) on binder hardening and strength development of bio-based concretes was investigated. This aspect was also studied on lime-based mortars. The results showed that this type of curing led to a strong increase of mechanical strength for the binder after 28 days due to kinetic effects on hydration reactions. Nevertheless, these curing conditions were detrimental to the transition zone between the binder and the plant aggregates and consequently counterproductive for the mechanical performances of bio-based concretes.

This thesis examines the development of decision making taken by two countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, in response to Croatia’s declaration of independence from Yugoslavia. The focus is on the recognition process and the reasoning and rationale used by the government officials and diplomats of the United Kingdom and United States to arrive at their policy decisions and opinions. The concentration is mainly on events from the early 1990s until mid 1992. Topics explored include matters such the politics behind non-recognition, democratic social norms, respect for human rights and Western national interests. The thesis first hypothesizes, then analyses, which International Relations theory, that is, realism or constructivism, possesses the best capacity explain why these nations initially withheld their recognition of Croatia’s independence before moving to accept the Republic of Croatia as an independent state. The role of the International Relations theories is to offer an interpretation and understanding of these events and decisions. Subsequently, they are judged on their ability to do so. The thesis finds that via the insight of scholars, analysts and theoretical perspectives that both the John Major government of the UK and the George H.W. Bush Administration of the United States behaved mostly according to realist principles, with some instances of constructivist manner. / Graduate / 0615 / 1616 / 0335 / cljubic9@gmail.com