Breakwaters are constructed in coastal areas to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions. Due to economic reasons, natural stones (armourstone) are very frequently used for the constructions of the breakwaters. Considering the functions of the stones at different zones of the breakwaters, various sizes with variable properties of the armourstones are used in breakwaters.Deterioration of armourstones with time in the form of abrasion and disintegration may end up with the damage of the engineering structures. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the long-term performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be sound and durable. In this thesis, the properties of four limestones taken from two quarries with a known site performances as armourstones in Mersin and Kumkuyu harbors are studied .The site performances and durability of the limestones are compared with the field measurements and laboratory works. For this purpose, the material and mass properties of the limestones are studied. Thus, the information obtained is used to assess long-term durability of the armourstones. The long&amp / #8211 / term performaces of the Degirmen&ccedil / ayi and Tirtar upper level limestones are observed to be good whereas it is rather poor for the Tirtar middle and lower level limestones. Comparison between the predicted and observed durabilities of the armourstones indicated that CIRIA/CUR, RDId, RERS, and wet to dry strength ratio give better results based on their field performances. However, the prediction of the durability of the limestones is poor in case RDIs, average pore diameter, and saturation coefficient are used.

This thesis examines the practice of the profession of journalism in Turkey and whether the fundamental ethical codes and standards of journalism are being honored in the contemporary market-driven media sector. While media owners have consistently used the press as an instrument in the furtherance of their interests, this problem has been aggravated by the recent concentration in media ownership. The perception of readers as &lsquo / consumers&rsquo / has put a premium on entertainment and sensationalism while jeopardizing basic journalistic values. Forced to practice a type of journalism different to the model which drew them to the profession, many journalists have lost pride in their work along with confidence in the ability of the media to fulfill the public right to information in a democratic society. The thesis begins with an overview of the emergence of the ethical codes and practices of the profession before focusing on the Turkish media and the implementation of the various codes of practice and regulatory procedures which have been developed in Turkey. v The basic issue in media ethics is the morality of those in the sector and the compatibility of journalism and ethics. In order to ascertain if Turkish journalists believe these standards are being maintained, extensive interviews were undertaken with a sample group of a 114 journalists, comprising new and veteran reporters, editors and members of editorial boards. The study confirms that ethical codes and standards are not being followed in the Turkish media because of commercial constraints underlined by increasing concentration in the sector. Keywords: Turkish media, ethics.

Coherence in written discourse has been a problematic concept for many English Language Teachers when teaching to write in English. It is considered as a crucial part of academic written discourse, which students are expected to master to be able to pursue their academic studies. This study aims to examine how much the coherence-related difficulties/problems of Turkish EFL students in writing English essays are related to writing Turkish essays. The subjects for this study were chosen from the upper-intermediate level students at the Preparatory Program of Istanbul Bilgi University. For a detailed understanding of the nature of the coherence-related difficulties/problems of students&rsquo / Turkish and English essays, this study suggests a pragmatic analysis, involving the use of Grice&rsquo / s Cooperative Principle and maxims and sub-maxims of Cooperation. This study was conducted in the middle of 2005-2006 Academic Year with the participation of 20 students who were chosen randomly. Each student was asked to write an essay in English on a given topic from their weekly program. Threeweeks later, the same students were asked to write essays on the same topic in Turkish. Thus, 20 English essays and 20 Turkish essays (i.e., Total 40 essays) were collected as data for this study. The essays were rated for coherence by three different raters. All English essays were analyzed by one monolingual Americanrater and one bilingual (Turkish and English) rater. Similarly, all Turkish essays were analyzed by one monolingual Turkish rater and the same bilingual (Turkish and English) rater. The coherence ratings showed that there is a positive significant correlation between the coherence judgments of monolingual raters and the bilingual rater, which means that both monolingual raters and the bilingual rater agree on the similar coherence judgments. Next, the essays were analyzed in light of the Gricean Maxims to find the violations of each maxim in each essay by the researcher. In the comparison of maxim violations and the coherence judgments of the raters, the maxim of Relation was found to be the most significant maxim that affected the coherence judgments of the raters both for Turkish and English essays. In addition, Manner maxim was significant for Turkish essays and Quantity maxim was significant for English essays. However, in the comparison of the violation of individual maxims in Turkish and English essays, the violation of Relation maxim in English essays was found to correlate with the violation of Relation, Quality and Quantity maxims in Turkish essays. Similarly, violation of Manner maxim in English essays was also found to correlate with the violation of Quantity and Relation maxims. On the other hand, the violation of Manner maxim in Turkish essays was found to correlate with the violation of Quantity maxim in English essays. In conclusion, by looking at these relationships between Turkish essays and English essays, it may be argued that students may have inadequacies in writing skills or may lack some writing skills in Turkish, which may cause inadequacies in English academic writing skills. However, this study suggests the same study be replicated in different contexts and with larger sample sizes, similar research studies be conducted in Turkish writing instruction in the contexts of Turkish Secondary Education, and further studies be conducted on the effect of Relation and Manner maxims on other maxims.

ABSTRACT GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF LIQUIDAMBAR ORIENTALIS MILL. VARIETIES WITH RESPECT TO matK REGION OF CHLOROPLAST GENOME &Ouml / ZD&amp / #272 / LEK, Asli M.S., Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya August 2007, 87 pages Liquidambar L. genus is represented with mainly 4 species in the world and one of these species, Turkish sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) which is a relictendemic species is naturally found in only southwestern Turkey, mainly in Mugla Province. The limited distribution of species with two disputed varieties (var. integriloba Fiori and var. orientalis) and increased anthropogenic threats to its genetic resources signify the importance of studying genetic diversity in the species to have better conservation and management programs. For this purpose, 18 different populations were sampled throughout the species range and matK region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was sequenced to assess the genetic structure of the species. Turkish Liquidambar orientalis populations were evaluated at two categories: variety level and geographic level. Also, two sectors of matK region were examined to assess which part of the region was more variable. All molecular analysis was conducted in this study by using MEGA version 3.1 and Arlequin 2.000 softwares. v Moleculer diversity analysis indicated that the population located in Fethiye- G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi district has the highest number of polymorphic sites. This population is also genetically the most distant from the others (average genetic distance 0.0038). Among the studied varieties, the average genetic distance within var. integriloba (0.0016) which also includes population Fethiye-G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi was the greatest. Among the geographic regions, Mugla-1 including Fethiye-K&ouml / ycegiz-Aydin district as well as population Fethiye-G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi showed the highest average genetic distances within the region with a value of 0.0015. According to the molecular variance results, among varieties and among geographic regions, there was no significant differentiation, but great amount of total variation was found (~86%) within Turkish sweet gum populations. With respect to the Fst values among varieties, the highest genetic differentiation was observed between var. orientalis and unknown group (0.040). Furthermore, based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, Turkish populations of L. orientalis have genetically closer to USA relative (L. styraciflua L.) than Chinese relatives (L. acalycina H.T Chang and L. formosana Hance). In conclusion, 10 Turkish sweet gum populations were found to be important for conservation issues. Furthermore, eight of these located in Mugla province and sixth of them belong to var. integriloba. Especially Fethiye-G&uuml / nl&uuml / kbasi, Marmaris&Ccedil / etibeli and Mugla-Kiyra populations should be included in either insitu or exsitu or in both conservation programs in the future.

This study is a critical inquiry into the changes of the conceptualisations of the term &ldquo / program&rdquo / in architectural discourse, particularly after the 1960s and early 1970s. The aim of this thesis is to benefit from the difficulty of defining &ldquo / program&rdquo / in architecture as a fruitful, pragmatic and intellectual source. Although several terms, such as &ldquo / function,&rdquo / &ldquo / use,&rdquo / &ldquo / occupation,&rdquo / &ldquo / activity,&rdquo / and &ldquo / event&rdquo / fulfil some aspects, none of them suggest an exact definition of the term &ldquo / program&rdquo / in architecture. Neither does the introduction of the existence of the terms &ldquo / temporary activities,&rdquo / &ldquo / spontaneity,&rdquo / &ldquo / coincidence,&rdquo / &ldquo / hybridisation,&rdquo / and &ldquo / interface spaces,&rdquo / which consider the emergence of &ldquo / temporality&rdquo / as a more considerable variable in contemporary architecture, provides an adequate definition for the term. Therefore, in this research &ldquo / program&rdquo / in architecture is problematized as a &ldquo / weakly&rdquo / defined phenomenon. This study introduces the idea of &ldquo / programmatic experimentation&rdquo / by exploring and re-reading the work of Gordon Matta-Clark, in which &ldquo / experimentation&rdquo / led to the evaluation of &ldquo / program&rdquo / as &ldquo / concept.&rdquo / &ldquo / Program&rdquo / is re-conceptualised under two theoretical statements defining the general framework of this study: &ldquo / Concept&rdquo / and &ldquo / Experimentation&rdquo / . &ldquo / Concept,&rdquo / as introduced by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze, produces a direction towards thinking to allow a new understanding by constructing multiple situations rather than constricting program&rsquo / s definition with specific terms. &ldquo / Experimentation&rdquo / suggests that the consequences of the experimental attempts of the 1960s and early 1970s are more than just technological possibilities inserted into architecture, revealing a shift in architectural &ldquo / program.&rdquo / In the end, the implementation of the constructed togetherness of the two terms is traced through the work of Matta-Clark as a radical criticism of the established conventions of architectural discourse.

Evaporate minerals were very important raw materials in very different and broad industries for years. Since gypsum became important raw material especially in construction industry as plaster, demand to these minerals rises each following year. The aim of this thesis is to map out these industrial raw materials by using remote sensing techniques. Ankara Bala region has very rich Gypsum sites and this region is showed as one of the best gypsum potential sites of Turkey according to the studies of MTA so that this area is selected for the usage of remotely sensed data. For the remote sensing analyses ASTER images which have high spatial and spectral resolution are used. The analyses are applied using PCI Geomatica software and ARCGIS software is used for mapping purposes. Band ratio, decorrelation stretch, principal component analysis and thermal indices are used in order to map gypsum minerals. For gypsum minerals previously known Crosta method is modified and by the selection of suitable bands and principle components, gypsum minerals are tried to map and it is seen that it has a high success. For TIR indices previously known Quartz index is modified as Sulfate index and used for gypsum mapping. For relative accuracy all the results are add, percentages of the results are estimated. According to results / 288 km2 area is mapped as gypsum with the total of four methods but it is seen that only 8 km2 is found by every methods. According to these percentages modified Crosta method and Sulfate Index methods are showed the highest success.

ABSTRACT SYNTHESIS OF FUROPYRROLONE AND FUROPYRIDAZINONE DERIVATIVES: A NEW CLASS OF COMPOUNDS Karahan, Emrah M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci February 2011, 102 pages Furopyrrolone has a bicyclic structure consisting of furan and a pyrrolone ring. It is isoelectronic with isoindolinone which is also a heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen containing pyrrolone ring. Pyrrolones, pyrrolidines, pyrrolidinones, pyridazines and pyridazinones are precursors to many pharmaceuticals. In this project we developed new synthetic procedures leading to the synthesis of furopyrrolone derivatives. To do this, the starting compound, methyl 2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-furoate, was converted to isocyanate, regioselectively. This isocyanate was converted into the corresponding urethane and/or urea derivatives by treatment with alcohol and amine, respectively. It is known that acyl chlorides are more reactive than esters and carboxylic acids. Therefore, ester was converted to more reactive compound acyl azide that was used for intramolecular cyclization to get desired furopyrrolone skeletons. In the second part, methyl 2-formylfuran-3-carboxylate was treated with hydrazine and hydrazine salts. Then, intramolecular molecular cyclization caused the formation of desired heterocycles via acyl chloride intermediate.

Wellbore stability problems make up huge over-costs worldwide. Since in recent years declining resource volumes and favorable oil prices are encouraging operators to drill deeper, more complex well trajectories drilling for hydrocarbons have turn into a much more challenging task. Furthermore, the complexity and variations of those wells have added the weight to planning and problem anticipation at both drilling and production stages. The thesis will describe the geomechanical wellbore stability analysis of Sayindere, Karabogaz and Karababa formations drilled in X field, Adiyaman. The analysis assumes validity of linear elastic theory for porous media and requires drilling reports, well logs, laboratory tests and core analysis. It was observed that with the assessment of geomechanical wellbore stability analysis mud weight window, which includes minimum mud weight and maximum mud weight can be determined for the studied formations.

This study analyzes the relationship between the information search of internet users and the keywords advertising effects. According to the result of literature review, this study takes ¡§information search on the internet¡¨, four perceptual antecedents of keywords advertising including ¡§informativeness¡¨, ¡§irritation¡¨, ¡§entertainment¡¨ and ¡§credibility¡¨, ¡§advertising value¡¨ and ¡§advertising attitudes¡¨ as our dimensions to analyze the keywords advertising effects. This study adopts questionnaire survey method to collect sample information and the research targets are users who searched information on the internet and understood keywords advertising. This study finds that the higher degree of search of internet users, the greater the informativeness of keywords advertising they perceive, and the keyword advertising is more valuable thus, however, the search degree has no direct effect on keywords advertising. Moreover, informativeness, irritation, entertainment and credibility of keywords advertising all have effects upon the value of keywords advertising; irritation, entertainment and credibility of keywords advertising all have effects upon the attitudes toward keywords advertising. Finally, this study discovers that the value of keywords advertising has effect on the internet users¡¦ attitudes toward keywords advertising.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Security threats against computer systems are a big problem today which also includes PHP made applications. The report is focused on protection with the help of code and not how you protect a web server. Its purpose is not to educate the readers of the thesis how to make a PHP application, the purpose is how to program a safer PHP application. The thesis contains information about common security threats against PHP scripts. It contains in most cases examples of what an attack can look like and how a protection for that example can be achieved. We have tested all code examples if they work by installing our own server with the configurations according to the delimitations of the thesis and putting up small PHP applications, which we have attacked and then protected. The contents and result of this thesis can benefit developers that use PHP as a programming language for creating web applications, by giving them information about common threats and protection.</p>