Este é um estudo qualitativo sobre o sofrimento psíquico de familiares de mortos pela polícia militar em situações conhecidas como resistência seguida de morte, desenvol-vido a partir da uma experiência de escuta de duas famílias, cujos filhos ou irmãos fo-ram mortos no município de São Paulo. A partir de um método de coleta de dados inspi-rado na psicanálise de Sandor Ferenczi e em sua teoria do trauma, para quem o não re-conhecimento da violência e do sujeito em sua singularidade são centrais para a experi-ência traumática, discute-se como a relação entre esses sujeitos e o sistema de justiça criminal é determinante para a compreensão das consequências psíquicas dessas mortes. São componentes dessa relação tanto o tratamento com o qual os operadores do direito conferem a esses familiares (discriminatório, via de regra), bem como as decisões ope-radas por esse sistema, cujo aspecto principal é operar uma série de negações nega-se o homicídio, nega-se a vítima e seu sofrimento que foram aproximadas nesse estudo ao desmentido de Ferenczi. Discute-se como a sujeição criminal, ou criminalização de determinados sujeitos sociais, é a lógica que subjaz tanto as mortes perpetradas pela polícia, como a forma como os familiares dos mortos serão tratados pelo sistema de justiça criminal: são eles mesmos tornados criminais. Esses familiares se veem tão des-protegidos, tão desrespeitados em seus direitos mais fundamentais, quanto aqueles que efetivamente morreram pelas mãos das forças de segurança. Uma abordagem psicológi-ca dessas mortes revela que uma ampla gama de atores para além da polícia desempe-nham um papel fundamental no sofrimento psíquico que tais mortes produzem / This is a qualitative study of the traumatic experiences of indirect victims of police kill-ings in situations described as resistance followed by death in the city of Sao Paulo. Two families exposed to these violent deaths were interviewed following a method in-spired by the theory of trauma developed by Sandor Ferenczi, who defines the center of the traumatic experience as the social denial of violence suffered. This study argues that the relationship between the victims and the criminal justice system is crucial to under-standing the harmful psychological consequences of these experiences. Both the dis-criminatory treatment to which these individuals are subjected by law enforcement of-ficers and criminal justice authorities, and the decisions made by the criminal justice system are relevant components of this relationship. It discusses how the logic by which the criminal justice system responds to the claims and needs of indirect victims could be approximated to the logic that underlies the legitimization of the homicides committed by the police forces in Brazil -- criminal subjection --, which, in turn, can be related to Ferenczi´s theory of trauma. Considered just as criminals as their dead relatives, the indirect victims find themselves unprotected by the criminal justice system and forced to bear witness to the violation of their most fundamental rights, resulting in long lasting suffering. A psychological approach to the homicides committed by police reveals a wide range of actors outside of the police forces also responsible for the damages caused by these deaths

(ENG) Crimes of murder and manslaughter under sections 140 and 141 of the Czech criminal code The main objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the codification of crimes of murder and manslaughter. The last recodification from the year of 2009 brought some significant changes into the area of intentional killings, the most important of which is an increased differentiation in the typology of these crimes. The Czech criminal code now differentiates between murder, premeditated murder and manslaughter. These changes can be seen as part of an effort by the Czech legislature to modernize the criminal law along the lines of legal systems typical in Western Europe. On the other hand, it can also be argued that the new Czech codification preserves its unique approach to certain problems. This thesis analyzes individual parts of sections of the Czech criminal code concerned with murder and manslaughter in a systematic manner. The first chapter deals with the historical context of intentional killings as well as providing an analysis of the new arrangement. Chapter two follows by introducing features common along all three types of intentional killings, specifically the actus reus of the crime. The following chapters then describe the different approaches towards intentional...

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Wayne Nafziger / This Master Thesis analyzes the factors that influence the occurrence of democide. The study focuses on a set of fifty three developing countries from 1960 to 2001. The dependent variable is democide and independent variables include: democide, International Monetary Fund (IMF) credits, consumer price index (CPI), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, Gini index, military expenditures as a percentage of GDP, incidence of intrastate conflict, and democracy. An important limitation of the current literature has been the shortage of studies using yearly democide dataset. Even fewer of those studies strive to incorporate the actual number of people killed; instead they use democide as a dummy variable in their models. This study aims to fill this gap. The objective of this thesis is to answer an important question of whether the economic and social factors such as gross domestic product, IMF credits, income inequality, inflation, conflict history, and democracy play an important role in influencing murders by governments in the less developed and developing countries. The results when using democide as a dummy variable are consistent with the previous studies showing that conflict history and GDP per capita increase the likelihood of democides. This study also reveals that an increase in IMF funding last year can potentially lead to an increase in democide this year. Controlling for democracy does not have a significant effect on the regressions. The history of conflict remains statistically significant at one percent significance level in both fixed and random effect models using democide variable as an actual number of people killed regardless whether democracy variable is included or not. Military expenditures as a percentage of GDP also appear to be statistically significant at ten percent level. Even when IMF variable is replaced by IMF as a percentage of GDP and GDP per capita variable is replaced by a squared GDP, the history of conflict variables remain consistently statistically significant at one percent significance level in logit, probit, fixed, and random effect models.

No abstract available / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Why do ordinary individuals participate in mass violence perpetrated against civilians? That is the question I will attempt to answer in the following paper. I consider these men ordinary to the extent that the majority was not socially deviant. Looking at the case of Nazi Germany, two groups stand out as good case studies: the SS Einsatzgruppen and the SS cadres in the Death camps. The following analysis will focus on the motivations of these men to commit mass murder. I argue for a causal sequence of action, beginning with the onset of Nazi ideology, further followed by the dehumanization of the victim and the brutalization of the perpetrator. I will demonstrate how the ideology present during German interwar society influenced these men into participation. Dehumanization and brutalization are complimentary factors that push these men into action.

Under the Nazi regime in Germany (1933-1945) a calculated killing of chronic “mentally ill” patients took place that was part of a large biopolitical program using well-established, contemporary scientific standards on the understanding of eugenics. Nearly 300,000 patients were assassinated during this period. Nurses executed this program through their everyday practice. However, suspicions have been raised that psychiatric patients were already assassinated before and after the Nazi regime, suggesting that the motives for these killings must be investigated within psychiatric practice itself. My research aims to highlight the mechanisms and scientific discourses in place that allowed nurses to perceive patients as unworthy of life, and thus able to be killed. Using Foucauldian concepts of “biopower” and “State racism,” this discourse analysis is carried out on several levels. First, it analyzes nursing notes in one specific patient record and interprets them in relation to the kinds of scientific discourses that are identified, for example, in nursing journals between 1900 and 1945. Second, it argues that records are not static but rather produce certain effects; they are “performative” because they are active agents. Psychiatry, with its need to make patients completely visible and its desire to maintain its dominance in the psychiatric field, requires the utilization of writing in order to register everything that happens to individuals, everything they do and everything they talk about. Furthermore, writing enables nurses to pass along information from the “bottom-up,” and written documents allow all information to be accessible at any time. It is a method of centralizing information and of coordinating different levels within disciplinary systems. By following this approach it is possible to demonstrate that the production of meaning within nurses’ notes is not based on the intentionality of the writer but rather depends on discursive patterns constructed by contemporary scientific discourses. Using a form of “institutional ethnography,” the study analyzes documents as “inscriptions” that actively interven in interactions in institutions and that create a specific reality on their own accord. The question is not whether the reality represented within the documents is true, but rather how documents worked in institutions and what their effects were. Third, the study demonstrates how nurses were actively involved in the construction of patients’ identities and how these “documentary identities” led to the death of thousands of humans whose lives were considered to be “unworthy lives.” Documents are able to constitute the identities of psychiatric patients and, conversely, are able to deconstruct them. The result of de-subjectification was that “zones for the unliving” existed in psychiatric hospitals long before the Nazi regime and within these zones, patients were exposed to an increased risk of death. An analysis of the nursing notes highlights that nurses played a decisive role in constructing these “zones” and had an important strategic function in them. Psychiatric hospitals became spaces where patients were reduced to a “bare life;” these spaces were comparable with the concentration camps of the Holocaust. This analysis enables the integration of nursing practices under National Socialism into the history of modernity. Nursing under Nazism was not simply a relapse into barbarism; Nazi exclusionary practices were extreme variants of scientific, social, and political exclusionary practices that were already in place. Different types of power are identifiable in the Nazi regime, even those that Foucault called “technologies of the self” were demonstrated, for example, by the denunciation of “disabled persons” by nurses. Nurses themselves were able to employ techniques of power in the Nazi regime.

This is a scoping review about honor-related violence based on nine articles published by researchers and one report from a Swedish authority, and the aim of this study was to examine how the subject was described in existing literature. We did a concept analysis of the reviewed literature and these concepts where analyzed in relation to symbolic interactionism and intersectional theories. Honor-related violence is a phenomenon that during the 21st century has been acknowledged globally and is known to especially affect women. The result of the scoping review showed that the factors that are most claimed to result in honor-related violence differ. From a cultural point of view advocates claim that the honor is collective and it is also the most significant in a person’s life, thus when someone in the collective acts against what is subscribed to subsidise honor the whole collective is affected and the one who stripped the collective of its honor needs to be punished. The universal, also known as structural, point of view claims that honor-related violence is part of patriarchal structures and thus can be positioned as part of gender-based violence against women, where the aim of the violence is to maintain male dominance. However, this point of view does not explain why also women can be perpetrators in the name of honor, and neither does it explain why men can become victim of honor-related violence and honor-killings. The violence that is exerted is above all consisting of mental abuse such as symbolic violence and threats of different degrees. Physical abuse also occurs and in the most extreme cases an honor-killing takes place. The result also showed gaps in existing knowledge where more research should be done regarding boys and young men as victims of honor-related violence and women as perpetrators of honor-related violence.

Background: Albinism affects approximately 1 in 17,000 individuals globally with the highest prevalence in SubSaharan Africa with an estimation of 1 in 2000 - 5000 live births and 1 in 2000 live births in Malawi. The total number of people living with albinism in Malawi is estimated to be 7000 - 10,000 of the total population. Albinism is a stigmatised condition particularly in Africa and children are particularly vulnerable. Purpose of the study: to explore and describe the experiences, perceptions and understanding of mothers who have children living with albinism in Malawi. Study design: Qualitative descriptive study. Data collection Methods: The study, conducted between June and July 2018 in Malawi, included voluntary participation of ten mothers 18 years and older who had children with albinism. Purposive sampling was used to select participants who met the inclusion criteria to answer the research question and achieve the purpose of the study. Semi structured interviews were conducted in the participants’ preferred language Chichewa. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Data translation of the questionnaire from English to Chichewa was done by three different translators from Malawi using forward and backward translation. The same process was followed for translation of the data from the interviews. Data analysis: Thematic analysis guided the process of data analysis. Trustworthiness of the data analysis process was maintained. To ensure transparency in reporting the study and to allow replication, reporting guidelines from the equator Network were used to evaluate the quality of the study. The quality of semistructured interviews was evaluated by using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ), a 32-item checklist. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) were used to evaluate the quality of the completed study. Findings: Four themes emerged from the data: 1) stigmatisation, discrimination and harm, 2) Mothers’ impression of a child with albinism, 3) Mothers’ awareness of albinism and 4) Psychosocial effects of albinism. Conclusion: A description of the experiences and perceptions of mothers of children living with albinism in Malawi and their understanding of the condition has revealed that these children are stigmatised and unsafe in their communities and that these mothers experienced this acutely even though they were overwhelmingly positive about accepting and loving their children and attempted to protect them from harm whatever the cost. Being the first such reported Malawian study it has filled a gap in the existing knowledge in this field and provides a foundation for further research specific to people living with albinism in Malawi

No description available.

The United States has experienced several mass shootings in the past few years. It has been averaging one shooting every week in 2015, and something must be done about it. This problem appears to be limited to the United States since several other nations have been able to minimize, and almost eliminate the number of mass shootings. By taking an analysis of the gun laws of the United States with those of Australia and Canada it can be concluded that some aspects of strict gun control can reduce the number of mass shootings. Further, the United States should look at what other common law nations have done to reduce the number of mass shootings. The United States is also the only nation that recognizes a fundamental right to keep and bear arms, and any legislation must address that right. Some ways to address strict gun control in the United States is to strengthen the background check system, add a liability insurance requirement, and strictly enforce culpable negligent statutes. Adding some elements of strict gun control will help minimize the amount, and impact of the shootings. Canada, and Australia both have active hunting communities that require the need for some legal firearms. A night at the movies, a day at school, or attending a church event should not bring about worry that an individual may get shot and killed by a deranged individual. Other similar nations have shown that rampage shootings do not have to be a side effect of living in a free society.