I studien, vilken omfattade 177 svenskfödda studenter, utvecklades och kontrollerades enegenkonstruerad enkät: SAPS. Även könsskillnader i fördomar mot okända personers etnicitetoch kön samt könsskillnader i Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) undersöktes. Fördomarmättes med SAPS och SDO mättes med en svensk översättning av SDO scale (Pratto et al.,1994). SDO scale användes också som validitetskontroll av SAPS. Statistisk prövning medSpearmans Rho visade på en negativ korrelation mellan SAPS och SDO scale. ANCOVAvisade en stark tendens till interaktionseffekt mellan bedömarens kön och objektets etnicitet,och en huvudeffekt av kön återfanns. Ingen interaktionseffekt återfanns mellan bedömarensoch objektets kön vid testning med ANOVA. Mann-Whitney U-test visade på signifikanthögre värden på SDO hos de manliga deltagarna än hos de kvinnliga. Resultaten diskuterasmed stöd i tidigare forskning om fördomar.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MASTER OF EDUCATION (EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY) UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 2007. / This study investigates the perceptions of South African Police Service officials towards HIV/AIDS at Mthatha Central Accounting Police Station towards HIV/AIDS. Selection of the respondents was done through stratified random sampling. Data was obtained from a sample of 115 police officials. These officials were of different ranks from the level of Constable up to that of the Director of the South African Police Service. Male respondents were in the majority, and Grade 12 was the dominant highest qualification amongst the police officials. The main research instrument was a questionnaire. The questionnaire had three sections: the first was compiling profile, the second poses closed-ended questions generally requiring "yes/no" responses, and the third asks open-ended questions requiring perceptions about HIV/AIDS. Collection of data was done through semi-structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using Excel where tables and graphs were used for closed-ended questions, while themes were formed in the analysis of open-ended questions. The findings of the study revealed that the police officials had different impressions about HIV/AIDS Furthermore, police officials indicated that they would treat cases of HIV/AIDS differently and generally believe that condoms are not reliable

Postoperative ICU admission is afforded to patients with high clinical severity, but the benefits and harms of such an endeavour are debateable. The purpose of my thesis was to further understand a) the type of patients being admitted to ICU, b) the role of age in ICU admission, and c) the association (if any) between ICU admission and subsequent mortality and complications. The thesis consists of 4 chapters. Chapter I provides a brief introduction of the topic and the rationale behind the researched questions. Chapter II examines the association between chronological age and ICU admission in postoperative patients. This analysis sheds light on one of the 17 variables included in the score (i.e. age), which drives the clinical severity score in parts of the population. Chapter III uses a propensity score model to match patients that were admitted to ICU and those that were not based on several pretreatment variables, to assess the impact ICU admission has on postoperative mortality and complications. Finally, Chapter IV reflects the conclusions of the thesis and suggests further research agendas. Overall, these three thesis components will illustrate the role of ICU admission in an adult postoperative population as well as its consequences in comparison to those not admitted to an ICU. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

During magnetically disturbed periods, the spatially and temporally structured electron precipitation in the auroral zone creates a significant population of thermal secondary ions. Acceleration mechanisms exist that are capable of energizing the thermal population to suprathermal energies (1 eV to 1 keV). Suprathermal ions escape into the magnetosphere and undergo "bounce" motion along magnetic field lines. These ions are bound to the magnetic flux tubes, which undergo ExB convective drift within the magnetosphere. Magnetospheric convection transports flux tubes of bouncing suprathermal ions through the auroral zone and the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) regions. Precipitating suprathermal ions enhance ionospheric plasma density structure and constitute a possible source for the enhanced echo occurrence observed by ground-based radars in the SAPS region. Satellite energy spectrometer data often show multiple bands of suprathermal particles with enhanced number and energy flux, and with an energy increase with increasing latitude. The present work examines the hypothesis that these signatures are the result of thermal secondary ions that have been accelerated out of the auroral ionosphere over the short time scales characterizing bursts of intense auroral electron precipitation. The analysis of three events of energy-dispersed ion signatures was facilitated by three-dimensional ion tracing software developed for this thesis. The short-lived acceleration hypothesis can account for the energy-dispersed ion signatures if there exist inter-hemispheric field aligned potentials of the order of 100 V. If the source of the ions is within the auroral zone, the suprathermal ions observed in the SAPS region are most likely to be O+ ions. The long bounce period of O+ (compared to H+) allows convection to transport O+ auroral ions equatorward through a convection reversal, into the SAPS region during a single half-bounce.

During magnetically disturbed periods, the spatially and temporally structured electron precipitation in the auroral zone creates a significant population of thermal secondary ions. Acceleration mechanisms exist that are capable of energizing the thermal population to suprathermal energies (1 eV to 1 keV). Suprathermal ions escape into the magnetosphere and undergo "bounce" motion along magnetic field lines. These ions are bound to the magnetic flux tubes, which undergo ExB convective drift within the magnetosphere. Magnetospheric convection transports flux tubes of bouncing suprathermal ions through the auroral zone and the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) regions. Precipitating suprathermal ions enhance ionospheric plasma density structure and constitute a possible source for the enhanced echo occurrence observed by ground-based radars in the SAPS region. Satellite energy spectrometer data often show multiple bands of suprathermal particles with enhanced number and energy flux, and with an energy increase with increasing latitude. The present work examines the hypothesis that these signatures are the result of thermal secondary ions that have been accelerated out of the auroral ionosphere over the short time scales characterizing bursts of intense auroral electron precipitation. The analysis of three events of energy-dispersed ion signatures was facilitated by three-dimensional ion tracing software developed for this thesis. The short-lived acceleration hypothesis can account for the energy-dispersed ion signatures if there exist inter-hemispheric field aligned potentials of the order of 100 V. If the source of the ions is within the auroral zone, the suprathermal ions observed in the SAPS region are most likely to be O+ ions. The long bounce period of O+ (compared to H+) allows convection to transport O+ auroral ions equatorward through a convection reversal, into the SAPS region during a single half-bounce.

ABSTRACT Government departments in the Republic of South Africa do not have access to unlimited funds and therefore have to manage allocated financial resources effectively and efficiently. The South African Police Service (SAPS) KwaZulu-Natal Province, fuel and oil budget has been overspent by 14 million rand, on average for 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 financial book years (SAPS Annual reports for 2007/2008 and 2008/2009). The overarching aim of the current study was to contribute to more effective and efficient fuel and oil management in the SAPS KwaZulu-Natal Province by answering the following research questions and make practical recommendations based on the findings of the study: i)Are SAPS KwaZulu-Natal station commissioners adequately knowledgeable of SAPS policies and procedures in relation to fuel and oil management? ii)How do SAPS KwaZulu-Natal station commissioners perceive police officials manage fuel and oil within the SAPS compared to their privately owned vehicles? Two valid and reliable measuring instruments were developed and administered to a representative sample (66/183) of all station commissioners in the SAPS KwaZulu-Natal Province: a)A 20-item SAPS fuel and oil management knowledge test; and b)A 19-item self-report perception questionnaire that measures SAPS fuel and oil management perceptions of SAPS station commissioners. The study amongst others found that SAPS KwaZulu-Natal station commissioners believe that police officials do not find it important to treat state vehicles the same way as they treat their private vehicles. The study also found that the SAPS station commissioners that participated in the study, in general, did not have a 100% knowledge base (memory) (as required by SAPS Top Management) of SAPS Special Force Order (General) 3A of 1987 that relates to effective and efficient fuel and oil management, West Bank procedures, and other SAPS policies that guide effective and efficient management of fuel and oil in SAPS. The study amongst others recommended that all SAPS KwaZulu-Natal station commissioners and their respective subordinates be outcome-based oriented, assessed, and held accountable in terms of SAPS policies and guidelines on the effective and efficient management of fuel and oil.

It is important to have a productive and healthy police service in South Africa and to research suicide ideation and burnout. The objectives of this research were to determine the relationship between suicide ideation, work stress and coping; to determine if work stress and coping can be used to predict suicide ideation; to determine the casual factors of suicide ideation; to determine if t he Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) is a valid and reliable instrument to measure burnout; to determine the relationship between work stress and burnout and to determine if coping strategies can moderate or mediate the relationship between work stress an burnout. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A random sample (n = 340) was taken from police stations in the Western Cape. The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ), MBI-GS, Police Stress Inventory (PSI), COPE questionnaire and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The results showed that job stress can indeed cause suicide ideation, but that an individual's coping response is a critical component in the determining of the impact of a stressor. Suicide ideation correlates statistically significant with job demands and a lack of resources, and job stress and coping can be used to predict suicide ideation in the SAPS. Avoidance, alcohol misuse, the presence of a medical condition, a previous suicide attempt, and rank are variants which could predict suicide ideation in the SAPS. The MBI-GS is a reliable and valid measuring instrument. Job stress leads to higher levels of exhaustion, which in turn leads to higher levels o f cynicism and lower levels of professional efficacy. Coping strategies c an moderate or mediate the relationship between job stress and burnout. Recommendations for the prevention and management of suicide ideation and burnout have been made, as well as recommendations with regard to future research on suicide ideation and burnout in the SAPS in the Western Cape. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

It is important to have a productive and healthy police service in South Africa and to research suicide ideation and burnout. The objectives of this research were to determine the relationship between suicide ideation, work stress and coping; to determine if work stress and coping can be used to predict suicide ideation; to determine the casual factors of suicide ideation; to determine if t he Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) is a valid and reliable instrument to measure burnout; to determine the relationship between work stress and burnout and to determine if coping strategies can moderate or mediate the relationship between work stress an burnout. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A random sample (n = 340) was taken from police stations in the Western Cape. The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ), MBI-GS, Police Stress Inventory (PSI), COPE questionnaire and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The results showed that job stress can indeed cause suicide ideation, but that an individual's coping response is a critical component in the determining of the impact of a stressor. Suicide ideation correlates statistically significant with job demands and a lack of resources, and job stress and coping can be used to predict suicide ideation in the SAPS. Avoidance, alcohol misuse, the presence of a medical condition, a previous suicide attempt, and rank are variants which could predict suicide ideation in the SAPS. The MBI-GS is a reliable and valid measuring instrument. Job stress leads to higher levels of exhaustion, which in turn leads to higher levels o f cynicism and lower levels of professional efficacy. Coping strategies c an moderate or mediate the relationship between job stress and burnout. Recommendations for the prevention and management of suicide ideation and burnout have been made, as well as recommendations with regard to future research on suicide ideation and burnout in the SAPS in the Western Cape. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL) / This study set out to determine how trainers construct their professional identities in a changing work environment in a training academy of the South African Police Service (SAPS) in the context of a police-university partnership. The study differentiates between three professional identities (academic, police and trainer) and builds on the notion that the construction of professional identity is a conscious and dynamic process, which is formed in social contexts and settings where individuals participate in communities of practice or act on affordances to participate in organisational activities. Following a constructivist methodological approach, the study involved face-to-face interviews with trainers of the SAPS Academy and an analysis of police documents in the Academy. The study portrays trainers’ professional identity construction as relational and ongoing. Trainers perceive their changing roles in the SAPS Academy as a form of progression in their professional identity where one aspires to become an academic as a form of achievement. While the SAPS Academy attempts toregulate the construction of professional identity through enforcement of policies, it strengthens police trainer identities rather than enabling the construction of the needed new academic identities. Trainers therefore have to navigate the tensions between the institutional culture and construction of professional identity. Trainers negotiate their professional identities when they become part of the trainer pool, where they join smaller communities of practice, and when they make use of affordances for learning and development. The practice of multi-skilling of trainers, an authoritarian institutional culture and challenges to academic freedom and autonomy hamper their attempts to construct academic identities at both institutional and disciplinary level. The study suggests that organisations need to understand how policies contribute to employees’ construction of professional identities, particularly when new and unfamiliar professional identities are to be constructed. Development of higher academic qualifications is not enough. Workplaces need to apply organisational policies consistently and without ambiguity. A holistic approach should be followed when organisations embark on the construction of professional academic identities as employees construct professional identities through their lived experiences. Finally, the study showed that workplaces should provide a suitable environment that would stimulate professional and academic identity construction.

The Sub-Auroral Polarization Stream (SAPS) is a narrow, intense and persistent westward (sunward) ionospheric convection flow channel observed equatorward of the auroral electron precipitation boundary, predominantly on the nightside. Previous studies have identified disturbed-time SAPS to be a geomagnetic activity dependent phenomenon, which exhibits average pre-midnight and post-midnight velocities of 1000 m/s and 400 m/s respectively. Numerous studies have reported even narrower and more intense westward plasma flows called SAIDs to be embedded within SAPS channels, especially during substorm recovery phases. Quiet-time SAPS studies, although relatively few, have shown these SAPS to be associated with much weaker velocities and to be influenced by substorm intensifications. However, these studies have been limited in their ability to make simultaneous measurements of SAPS flow velocities over many hours of MLT. The recent expansion of SuperDARN radars to middle latitudes facilitates unprecedented large-scale observations of SAPS over 10 hours of MLT with high temporal and spatial resolution. In this thesis, we first examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of one quiet-time SAPS event, using the mid-latitude SuperDARN radars. The SAPS was identified as elevated flows lying equatorward of the auroral electron precipitation boundary specified by the NOAA POES satellites. We demonstrate the L-shell fitting technique to analyze the dynamics in the strength and direction of the two-dimensional SAPS flow velocities at three separate magnetic longitudes. The quiet-time SAPS event thus examined lasted for over 4 hours in UT and extended over 10 hours of MLT, as is commonly observed for disturbed-time SAPS. However, the decrease in SAPS peak latitudes and peak velocities with MLT and MLon respectively, observed for disturbed-time SAPS, was not observed for this event. We also find the dynamics of the enhancements in the quiet-time SAPS peak velocities, to correlate well with that of substorm intensifications identified using the CARISMA magnetometers. We then identify numerous such conjunctions between quiet-time SAPS and substorms to infer that quiettime SAPS were almost always associated with substorms and their durations were well bounded by that of the substorms for most cases. Next, we extend this analysis over to a statistical study of quiet-time and disturbed-time SAPS events identified over two years. From this study, we find quiet-time SAPS to occur between the relatively narrow nightside MLT range of [18, 4] whereas disturbed-time SAPS was found to occur between the broader nightside MLT range of [15, 5]. We also find the occurrence percentage of quiet-time SAPS to be at its highest between the narrow latitude range of 60-66⁰, while disturbed-time SAPS was observed to occur within a much broader latitude range of 55-66⁰. Finally, the calibration and validation of a control card used in the SuperDARN radar transmitters, is discussed. / Master of Science