Complexos diimínicos de cobre(II) têm despertado grande interesse como modelos estruturais e funcionais do sítio ativo de diversas proteínas e enzimas dependentes deste metal, particularmente aquelas relacionadas ao oxigênio molecular e seus derivados reduzidos. Embora sejam bons miméticos da SOD, uma enzima antioxidante, estes compostos também podem apresentar atividade peroxidásica considerável, causando danos oxidativos a diversos substratos. Neste trabalho, 3 novos complexos diimínicos de cobre(II), derivados de 2,3-butanodiona e 2-(2-aminofenil)benzimidazol, 2-(aminometil)benzimidazol ou 2-(2-aminoetil)piridina, foram sintetizados e posteriormente caracterizados através de análise elementar, medidas magnéticas e espectroscopia UV/Vis, IR e EPR, com a finalidade de verificar como modificações no ligante podem modular suas propriedades, especialmente frente a oxidantes biológicos, como peróxido de hidrogênio e peroxinitrito. Estes novos complexos preparados tiveram ainda suas propriedades comparadas às de espécies semelhantes, derivadas de piridinaldeído e etilenodiamina ou acetilpirazina e propilenodiamina, estudadas anteriormente. As propriedades antioxidantes dos complexos foram estimadas através da atividade catalítica acentuada na dismutação de radicais superóxidos, em comparação a complexos similares descritos na literatura, indicando que estas espécies são bons miméticos da SOD. Evidências da distorção tetraédrica ao redor do íon cobre, similar à observada na enzima nativa, foram obtidas através de parâmetros espectroscópicos característicos. Os novos complexos também mostraram atividade pró-oxidante, gerando radicais hidroxil em quantidades apreciáveis, em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio, detectados e identificados por EPR com a adição de captador de spin. Danos oxidativos promovidos por estas espécies complexas foram observados através da peroxidação lipídica de lipossomos de fosfatidilcolina de lecitina. Estes danos foram expressivamente aumentados em presença de íons nitrito e/ou bicarbonato. Sua atividade catalítica na decomposição do peroxinitrito, em presença e ausência de dióxido de carbono, bem como na nitração do 4-hidroxifenilacetato, mediada por peroxinitrito, foi também estudada através de medidas de cinética rápida (stopped-flow). Evidências de intermediários de reação foram obtidas através de mudanças significativas no espectro EPR. As propriedades eletroquímicas e a estabilidade termodinâmica relativa dessas espécies, estimada pela técnica de dicroismo circular, usando a albumina bovina como quelante fisiológico, foram também verificadas. Todos os estudos relatados foram desenvolvidos para melhor correlacionar a reatividade observada com determinadas características estruturais dos complexos de cobre preparados. / Many investigations on diimine copper(II) complexes have been carried out in order to mimic functional and structural properties of the active sites in proteins and enzymes dependent on this metal. Special interest has been focused on their reactivity toward molecular oxygen and its reduced derivatives, and more recently toward peroxynitrite. These diimine copper(II) complexes exhibited SOD-like activities, but have also shown considerable peroxidase activity, causing oxidative damage to different targets. In this work, some new diimine copper(II) complexes were prepared, derived from 2,3-butanedione and 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzimidazole, 2-(aminomethyl) benzimidazole or 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine, and characterized using UV/Vis, IR and EPR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and determination of the effective magnetic moment. Those complexes have also been compared to similar species, derived from pyridinaldehyde and ethylenediamine, or acetylpyrazine and propylenediamine, previously prepared. The studied complexes showed significant SOD activity, indicative of antioxidant properties, and a pronounced tetrahedral distortion around the copper ion, estimated by characteristic spectroscopic parameters. On the other hand, the new compounds also exhibited pro-oxidant activities, by generating hydroxyl radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, detected by the spin-trapping EPR method. The extension of lipid peroxidation promoted by these diimine copper(II) complexes was also investigated, using liposomes of lecithin L-α-phosphatidylcholine as membrane mimics. An enhancement of their peroxidase activity in the presence of bicarbonate and/or nitrite anion was also observed. Further, the decomposition of peroxynitrite, in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide, and the peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, catalyzed by these copper compounds, was measured by stopped-flow kinetic runs. Evidence of intermediary species was provided by significant changes in the EPR spectra. Finally, their electrochemical properties were estimated by cyclic voltammetry and their relative thermodynamic stability was verified through the technique of circular dicroism, using a competitive reaction with albumin, a physiological Cu(II) chelator. All those studies were performed at the aim of correlating some structural characteristics to the observed reactivity of the diimine copper(II) complexes.

Complexos diimínicos de cobre(II) têm despertado grande interesse como modelos estruturais e funcionais do sítio ativo de diversas proteínas e enzimas dependentes deste metal, particularmente aquelas relacionadas ao oxigênio molecular e seus derivados reduzidos. Embora sejam bons miméticos da SOD, uma enzima antioxidante, estes compostos também podem apresentar atividade peroxidásica considerável, causando danos oxidativos a diversos substratos. Neste trabalho, 3 novos complexos diimínicos de cobre(II), derivados de 2,3-butanodiona e 2-(2-aminofenil)benzimidazol, 2-(aminometil)benzimidazol ou 2-(2-aminoetil)piridina, foram sintetizados e posteriormente caracterizados através de análise elementar, medidas magnéticas e espectroscopia UV/Vis, IR e EPR, com a finalidade de verificar como modificações no ligante podem modular suas propriedades, especialmente frente a oxidantes biológicos, como peróxido de hidrogênio e peroxinitrito. Estes novos complexos preparados tiveram ainda suas propriedades comparadas às de espécies semelhantes, derivadas de piridinaldeído e etilenodiamina ou acetilpirazina e propilenodiamina, estudadas anteriormente. As propriedades antioxidantes dos complexos foram estimadas através da atividade catalítica acentuada na dismutação de radicais superóxidos, em comparação a complexos similares descritos na literatura, indicando que estas espécies são bons miméticos da SOD. Evidências da distorção tetraédrica ao redor do íon cobre, similar à observada na enzima nativa, foram obtidas através de parâmetros espectroscópicos característicos. Os novos complexos também mostraram atividade pró-oxidante, gerando radicais hidroxil em quantidades apreciáveis, em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio, detectados e identificados por EPR com a adição de captador de spin. Danos oxidativos promovidos por estas espécies complexas foram observados através da peroxidação lipídica de lipossomos de fosfatidilcolina de lecitina. Estes danos foram expressivamente aumentados em presença de íons nitrito e/ou bicarbonato. Sua atividade catalítica na decomposição do peroxinitrito, em presença e ausência de dióxido de carbono, bem como na nitração do 4-hidroxifenilacetato, mediada por peroxinitrito, foi também estudada através de medidas de cinética rápida (stopped-flow). Evidências de intermediários de reação foram obtidas através de mudanças significativas no espectro EPR. As propriedades eletroquímicas e a estabilidade termodinâmica relativa dessas espécies, estimada pela técnica de dicroismo circular, usando a albumina bovina como quelante fisiológico, foram também verificadas. Todos os estudos relatados foram desenvolvidos para melhor correlacionar a reatividade observada com determinadas características estruturais dos complexos de cobre preparados. / Many investigations on diimine copper(II) complexes have been carried out in order to mimic functional and structural properties of the active sites in proteins and enzymes dependent on this metal. Special interest has been focused on their reactivity toward molecular oxygen and its reduced derivatives, and more recently toward peroxynitrite. These diimine copper(II) complexes exhibited SOD-like activities, but have also shown considerable peroxidase activity, causing oxidative damage to different targets. In this work, some new diimine copper(II) complexes were prepared, derived from 2,3-butanedione and 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzimidazole, 2-(aminomethyl) benzimidazole or 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine, and characterized using UV/Vis, IR and EPR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and determination of the effective magnetic moment. Those complexes have also been compared to similar species, derived from pyridinaldehyde and ethylenediamine, or acetylpyrazine and propylenediamine, previously prepared. The studied complexes showed significant SOD activity, indicative of antioxidant properties, and a pronounced tetrahedral distortion around the copper ion, estimated by characteristic spectroscopic parameters. On the other hand, the new compounds also exhibited pro-oxidant activities, by generating hydroxyl radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, detected by the spin-trapping EPR method. The extension of lipid peroxidation promoted by these diimine copper(II) complexes was also investigated, using liposomes of lecithin L-α-phosphatidylcholine as membrane mimics. An enhancement of their peroxidase activity in the presence of bicarbonate and/or nitrite anion was also observed. Further, the decomposition of peroxynitrite, in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide, and the peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, catalyzed by these copper compounds, was measured by stopped-flow kinetic runs. Evidence of intermediary species was provided by significant changes in the EPR spectra. Finally, their electrochemical properties were estimated by cyclic voltammetry and their relative thermodynamic stability was verified through the technique of circular dicroism, using a competitive reaction with albumin, a physiological Cu(II) chelator. All those studies were performed at the aim of correlating some structural characteristics to the observed reactivity of the diimine copper(II) complexes.

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No description available.

Ce mémoire traite de la chimie des complexes pinceurs de nickel (II) cationiques ayant un ligand de type POCOP. Elle se divise en deux parties. La première traite de la synthèse, de la caractérisation et de la réactivité des complexes cationiques pinceurs de Ni(II) de type POCOP (POCOP = 1,3-bis(phosphinitobenzene), où C fait partie d’un cycle benzénique et est lié au métal, et P est un ligand phosphoré aussi lié au métal). Ces complexes ont un ligand acétonitrile coordonné au centre métallique et sont du type [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3], où R est un substituant du cycle benzénique et R’ est un substituant sur le ligand phosphoré (R’ = iPr: R = H (1), p-Me(2), p-OMe(3), p-CO2Me(4), p-Br(5), m,m-tBu2(6), m-OMe(7), m-CO2Me(8); R’ = t-Bu : R = H (9), p-CO2Me(10)). Les complexes cationiques sont préparés en faisant réagir le dérivé Ni(II) neutre correspondant R-(POCOPR’)Ni-Br avec Ag(OSO2CF3¬) dans l’acétonitrile à température ambiante. L’impact des groupements R et R’ du ligand POCOP sur la structure et sur les propriétées électroniques du complexe a été étudié par spectroscopies RMN, UV-VIS et IR, analyse électrochimique, et diffraction des rayons X. Les valeurs de fréquence du lien C≡N (ν(C≡N)) augmentent avec le caractère électroattracteur du complexe, dans l’ordre 7 < 3 ~ 2 ~ 6 < 1 < 5 ~ 8 < 4 et 9 < 10. Ces résultats sont en accord avec le fait qu’une augmentation du caractère électrophile du centre métallique devrait résulter en une augmentation de la donation σ MeCN→Ni. De plus, les complexes cationiques montrent tous un potentiel d’oxydation Ni(II)/Ni(III) plus élevé que leurs analogues neutres Ni-Br. Ensuite, une étude d’équilibre entre un complexe neutre (R-POCOPR’)NiBr et un complexe cationique [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3] démontre l’échange facile des ligands MeCN et Br. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire consiste en deux chapitres. Le premier (Chapitre 3) est une étude structurelle permettant une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme d’hydroamination des oléfines activées promue par les complexes présentés au chapitre 1, suivi de tentatives de synthèse de nouveaux composés POCOP cationiques comportant un ligand amine et nitrile, et de déplacement du groupement amine par un groupement nitrile. Le deuxième chapitre (4) décrit la réactivité et la cinétique de la réaction d’hydroamination et d’hydroalkoxylation d’oléfines activées, qui permet ainsi de mieux comprendre l’impact des différentes variables du système (groupements R et R’, température, substrats, solvent, etc.) sur la réactivité catalytique. / This thesis describes the chemistry of nickel (II) cationic pincer complexes bearing a POCOP ligand. The content is divided into two parts. The first part (chapter 2) concerns the synthesis, characterization and reactivities of nickel (II) cationic POCOP pincer complexes with an acetonitrile ligand coordinated to the metal center via the nitrile moiety, [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3] where R is a ring substituent and R’ is a P-substituent (R’ = iPr : R = H (1), p-Me(2), p-OMe(3), p-CO2Me(4), p-Br(5), m,m-tBu2(6), m-OMe(7), m-CO2Me(8); R’ = t-Bu : R = H (9), p-CO2Me(10)). The cationic complexes are synthetized by reacting the neutral nickel (II) bromide derivatives R-(POCOPR’)Ni-Br with Ag(OSO2CF3) in acetonitrile at room temperature. The impact of R and R’ groups of the POCOP ligand on the structure and electronic proprieties of the complexes has been studied by NMR, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, as well as by single crystal x-ray diffraction studies and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The observed ν(C≡N) values were found to increase with the increasing electron-withdrawing nature of R, i.e., in the order 7 < 3 ~ 2 ~ 6 < 1 < 5 ~ 8 < 4 and 9 < 10. This trend is consistent with the anticipation that enhanced electrophilicity of the nickel center should result in an increase in net MeCN→Ni σ-donation. It is also interesting to note that all cationic complexes show a much higher Ni(II)/Ni(III) oxidation potential than their neutral Ni-Br analogues. Following this, an equilibrium study is presented that shows the facile exchange of the MeCN/Br ligands between the charge-neutral and cationic complexes (R-POCOPR’)NiBr and [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3]. The second part of this thesis consists of two chapters describing, respectively, structural studies that are relevant to our understanding of the mechanism of hydroamination reactions promoted by the title complexes (chapter 3), and reactivity and kinetic studies aimed at understanding the impact of different variables (R and R’; temperature; substrates; solvent; etc.) on the Michael-type hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation of acrylonitrile and its substituted derivatives (chapter 4). Chapter 3 will also discuss the attempted synthesis of new amine and nitrile POCOP cationic and neutral complexes, as well as the facile displacement of the amine moiety by a nitrile.

No description available.